TECHNICAL CHAMBER OF GREECE HELLENIC CONCRETE SECTION

J APAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL ENGINEERS

20th November 2009, ELECTRA PALACE Hotel
Advancement of technology
to improve seismic performance
of concrete bridge after Kobe earthquake
Hikaru NAKAMURA
Nagoya University, J apan
Hanshin-Awaji (Kobe) Earthquake
Collapsed highway piers
the supporting columns collapsed over 600m
Date : J anuary 17, 1995
Magnitude : 7.2
Type : inland type due to active fault
Depth of epicenter : 14km
Max. Acc. : 818cm/ s
2
The dead persons : 6425
Economic Loss 100billion Euro
Earthquakes in J apan from 1960-2009
over magnitude 6.5
Strong earthquakes occurred many times and in all area
Earthquake map
Earthquake history
2000 1900 1980 1960 1970
I mpossible to avoid damage due to earthquake!
Economy loss forecast due to
future earthquakes
Big earthquake risk
Loss of huge money
Loss of many human life
Probability map of earthquake
Economy loss forecast and
occurrence probability
Economy loss
(billion Euro)
Probability
during 30
years
I nland
earthquake in
Tokyo
700
70%
Tonankai and
Nankai
earthquake
350
50%
Tokai
Earthquake
200
86%
CONTENTS
Damage of concrete structures
due to recent earthquakes in J apan
Advancement of seismic design
- J SCE Standard Specifications
for Seismic Performance Verification -
Advancement of seismic performance
- Seismic Retrofit method, Seismic isolation
and Vibration Control Technique -
CONTENTS
Damage of concrete structures
due to recent earthquakes in J apan
Advancement of seismic design
- J SCE Standard Specifications
for Seismic Performance Verification -
Advancement of seismic performance
- Seismic Retrofit method, Seismic isolation
and Vibration Control Technique -
Recent strong earthquakes concrete
structures were damaged
1: Kobe, 95.1.17, M7.2
2: Tottori,00.10.6, M7.3
3: Geiyo, 01.5.24, M6.7
4: South of sanriku-oki,
03.5.26, M7.1
5: Miyagi-oki, 03.7.26, M6.2
6: Tokachi-oki, 03.9.26, M8.0
7: Niigata-ken chuetsu,
04.10.23, M6.8
8: fukuoka-oki, 05.3.20, M7.0
9: Noto Hanto,
07.5.25, M6.9
10: Niigata-ken chuetsu-oki,
07.7.16, M6.8
After Kobe Earthquake, the concrete structures have been
damaged due to several earthquakes in Japan.
1
3
4
5
6
2
8
7
10
9
Mechanism of earthquakes
150km
100km
50km
0
Interplate
Inland
magma
reservoir
J apan
trench
J apan
sea
mantle
Outbreak of
magma
volcano
Intraslab
P
a
c
i
f
i
c

p
l
a
t
e
Eurasian
plate
Inland type: occur at fault and epicenter is near ground surface
Kobe(M7.2) , Tottori(M7.3), Off miyagi(M6.2), Niigata(M6.8)
Interplate type: occur at interplate and epicenter is relatively deep
Off Tokachi(M8.0)
Intraslabtype: occur inside plate and epicenter is deep
Geiyo(M6.7), South of sanriku-oki(M7.1)
Mechanism of earthquakes
Kobe Earthquake
on J anuary 17, 1995
Many Concrete Structures were collapsed.
First experience of big Inland type earthquake at city area.
Magnitude : 7.2
Type : inland
Depth of epicenter : 14km
Max. Acc. : 818cm/ s
2
Kobe Earthquake occurred at Hyogo
Prefecture in 1995.
Damage due to Kobe Earthquake on
J anuary 17, 1995
Geiyo Earthquake
on March 24, 2001
Magnitude : 6.7
Type : intraslab
Depth of epicenter : 50km
Max. Acc. : 830cm/ s
2
The Geiyo Earthquake occurred at
Aki-nada in the Seto Inland Sea
Damage due to Geiyo Earthquake on
March 24, 2001
146 piers in RC elevated bridges of Sanyo Shinkansen were damaged.
The shear failure with the spalling of cover concrete was observed by
12 piers among these. Photo shows a damaged two story RC rigid
frame elevated bridge. The feature of damage is that severe diagonal
shear crack was observed in the middle layer beam.
Tokachi-Oki Earthquake
on September 26, 2003
The feature of the earthquake ground
motion was that long-period wave is
dominant and the duration time is long.
A fire of the oil storage tank occurred due
to sloshing and the effect of the long-
period wave have been paid to attention.
Magnitude : 8.0
Type : inter-plate
Depth of epicenter : 42km
Max. Acc. : 972cm/ s
2
The Tokachi-Oki Earthquake occurred at
southeast offshore of Hokkaido and the
magnitude was 8.0.
Tsunami was also observed. It was typical
inter-plate type earthquake.
For pier, the spalling of the concrete cover and the buckling of the
longitudinal re-bars occurred.
For the floor slab at the end of girder, damage occurred due to the
collision between girders.
Damage of Toshibetsu-gawa railway bridge
Damage of a pier Damage of floor slab
Typical Damage
Left photo shows the flexural failure in the piers in which spalling of
concrete cover and buckling of the longitudinal re-bars were observed.
Right photo shows the punching shear failure at support due to
horizontal force from anchor.
Damage of Chiyoda highway bridge
Damage at a support
Damage of a pier
Damage of Uroho-gawa railway bridge
The spalling of the concrete cover and buckling of the longitudinal
re-bars occurred at cut-off plane of the longitudinal re-bars.
Moment
Capacity
South of Sanriku-Oki Earthquake
on May 26, 2003
The feature of the earthquake ground motion
is that short-period wave is dominant.
Magnitude : 7.1
Type : intraslab
Depth of epicenter : 71km
Max. Acc. : 1106cm/ s
2
The South of Sanriku-Oki Earthquake
occurred at Off Miyagi Prefecture in 2003.
The severe damages were observed in 5 one story RC
viaduct of Tohoku Shinkan-sen constructed in 1977 to 1978.
The feature of these damages was that the end columns are
mainly damaged.
Damage due to South of Sanriku-Oki
Earthquake on May 26, 2003
damaged one story RC elevated bridges
Two of the end columns failed in shear with the spalling of the cover
concrete, while others were observed diagonal cracks. The damage
due to flexure hardly observed.
The feature of structures is that the end columns has severe condition
for shear failure, because they are shorter than intermediate columns
to support simple beam between elevated bridges.
Damage of four bay one story
RC viaduct of Shinkan-sen
SBspalling of cover concrete)
SCcrack width > 1mm)
SDcrack lwidth < 1mm)
No observed crack
b
a
(a) damage of end column (view from a) (b) damage of intermediate column (view from b)
Restoration procedure was (1) injection of epoxy resin to cracks, (2)
restoration of cross section by shrinkage compensating mortar, and
(3) steel jacketing.
Process of repair and strengthening
of damaged structures
Restoration finished
only in 3 days
May 26: earthquake occur
May 27: shinkan-sen start to drive slow speed
May 29: shinkan-sen drive normal speed again
Niigata-ken Chuetsu Earthquake
on October 23, 2004
The earthquake occurred when
a Shinkan-sen was running.
Then, Shinkansen was derailed.
Magnitude : 6.8
Type : inland
Depth of epicenter : 13km
Max. Acc. : 1722cm/ s
2
The Niigata-ken Chuetsu Earthquake
occurred at Mid Niigata Prefecture.
It was caused by inland active fault.
Left photo shows damage of end columns failed in shear. The end
columns show severe damage more than intermediate columns. This
failure is the same as the one explained in the South of Sanriku-Oki
Earthquake.
Damage of three bay one story RC frame
elevated bridge of Shinkan-sen
Dai-san Wanazu Bridge R1 of Joetsu Shinkansen
Damage of end column Column strengthened
by the steel jacketing
The spalling of the concrete cover and buckling of the longitudinal re-bars
occurred at the mid height. Failure occurred at the cut-off plane of the
longitudinal re-bars. Lateral ties at that location detached.
Damage of Uono-gawa Bridge of
J oetsu Shinkansen
(a) Panorama of Uono-gawa bridge (b) Close-up of damaged portion
Niigata-ken Chuetsu-oki Earthquake
on J uly 16, 2007
The earthquake occurred near
nuclear power station.
Magnitude : 6.8
Type : inland
Depth of epicenter : 17km
Max. Acc. : 1018cm/ s
2
The Niigata-ken Chuetsu-oki Earthquake
occurred at Mid Niigata Prefecture.
It was caused by inland active fault.
Same type earthquake occurred 3 years ago
near the place.
CONTENTS
Damage of concrete structures
due to recent earthquakes in J apan
Advancement of seismic design
- J SCE Standard Specifications
for Seismic Performance Verification -
Advancement of seismic performance
- Seismic Retrofit method, Seismic isolation
and Vibration Control Technique -
Kobe earthquake Niigata-ken Chuetsu Earthquake
Shear failure of RC column
The damage due to Kobe earthquake is severer, but they are same failure type
Similar damage due to recent earthquakes
Similar damage due to recent earthquakes
We already observed similar damage for several earthquakes
Kobe(1995) Niigata-ken Chuetsu(2004)
For all structures, the spalling of the concrete cover and buckling of the longitudinal
re-bars occurred at mid height in piers where the longitudinal re-bars are cut off
Most major life-line structures were
constructed in 1960s and 1970s in Japan.
Then, the knowledge and design code for
seismic performance were insufficient.
Tokachi-oki(2003)
Change of J SCE Specification for Design
Before 1986, the allowable stress design method was applied in JSCE
Specification. Then, the allowable shear stress is large value and the
minimum web reinforcement ratio is small value.
Therefore, structures constructed in 1960s and 1970s do not have
sufficient shear capacity. This is the reason that many concrete
structures failed in shear.
year
1940
1.2
A
l
l
o
w
a
b
l
e

s
h
e
a
r

s
t
r
e
s
s
60 80 2000
0.8
0.4
Effective depth 3m
Main bar ratio 0.5
0
year
M
i
n
i
m
u
m

w
e
b

r
e
i
n
f
o
r
c
e
m
e
n
t

r
a
t
i
o
(
%
)
1940
0
0.1
JSCE
Railway
Highway
60 80 2000
0.2
0.3
Example for square
section of 1m
length(D32)
Allowable shear stress
Min. web reinforcement ratio
Many concrete structures were failed
roadways, railways, the port, and other lifelines
Underestimation of design seismic loads
Underestimation of shear capacity
Insufficient structural details
detaching of lap splices of web re-bar
buckling of longitudinal re-bar
breaking of longitudinal re-bar at spliced portion
New seismic design concept had been adopted
in Japanese code after Kobe earthquake
Three major reasons why many structures were damaged
Change of J SCE Specification for Design
Allowable
Stress design
Limit state
design
Performance
based design
1986
2002
1996
1995 KOBE earthquake
Seismic
design
Seismic
performance
verification
Design
Structural
performance
verification
Structural
design
Seismic
design
Design
(one chapter)
Performance
based design
At 1986, limit state design was adopted, then seismic design was described
as one chapter in the specification for design. After Kobe earthquake, seismic
design code was established based on the performance based design.
At 2007, it was included in design code again.
2007
Design
Change of J SCE Specification for
Seismic Performance Verification
2002 J SCE standard specification
for Seismic performance verification
1996 J SCE standard specification
for Seismic design
The methods for seismic performance verification of
concrete structures was described basically. It includes
definition of seismic performance, definition of design
earthquake ground motion, modeling and analytical
method and Structural details
Definition of seismic performance, definition of design
earthquake ground motion are same. The items of (1)earthquake
ground motion in verification, (2) evaluation for the effect of
ground, (3) verification technique(analytical method) were
enhanced based on the knowledge of seismic performance and
the advancement of the analytical technique. Moreover, it was
systematized that the more reasonable seismic performance
verification becomes possible.
2007
Procedure to verify the seismic performance
based on Seismic Performance Verification
Verification
Response Analysis
Setting Structure
Modeling of
Structure and Ground
Setting
Seismic Performance
Setting
Limiting Values
Setting
Ground Motion
Estimation of
Response Values
END
In the specification, the methods how to consider these items are described.
Nonlinear
analysis
nonlinear finite
element analysis
standard technique to verify
seismic performance
Seismic
Performance 1
Function of the structure during an earthquake is maintained,
and the structure is functional and usable without any repair
after the earthquake.
Seismic
Performance 2
Function of the structure can be restored within a short period
after an earthquake and no strengthening is required.
Seismic
Performance 3
There is no overall collapse of the structural system due to an
earthquake even though the structure does not remain
functional at the end of the earthquake.
Seismic Performance
Seismic performance is classified into 3 cases
The damage is allowable for strong earthquake.
Performance 1 : serviceability
Performance 3 : safety
Performance 2 : serviceability and restoration ability
from social and economic points of view
Concept
Important point is to make clear damage for restoration process
Limit values for members
When the seismic performances of structures are verified,
limit values of response should be determined to assure
the defined seismic performance.
Seismic
Performance 1
displacement of a member does not exceed the yield
displacement
Seismic
Performance 2
shear and torsional capacity of a member, and ultimate
displacement of a member are not reached
Seismic
Performance 3
shear capacity of vertical members and self-weight
support capacity is not exceeded
An example of skeleton curve of member
Disp.
yield
load
Load
yield disp. ultimate disp.
Shear
failure
shear failure
after yielding
flexural
failure
Performance 3 Performance 2 Performance 1
Level 1 Design Earthquake
Ground Motion
earthquake ground motion that is likely to
occur a few times within the lifetime of a
structure.
Level 2 Design Earthquake
Ground Motion
very strong earthquake ground motion that has
only a rare probability of occurrence within the
lifetime of a structure.
Earthquake ground motion in verification
Before Kobe Earthquake, the design seismic coefficient was
assumed as 0.2 and it was considerably small compared with the
earthquake ground motion at the location that structures damaged
in the Kobe Earthquake.
Level 2 ground motion is chosen from the ground motion caused by
an inland type beneath or close to the site and by large scale inter-
plate type occurring in the neighborhood of land.
design earthquake ground motion was classified into two level
Earthquake ground motion in verification
The earthquake ground motion used for seismic performance verification is
expressed as the time history waveform of acceleration.
This is examples of simulated earthquake ground motion waveforms at the
engineering base layer for inland type and inter-plate type. Inland type has
very large acceleration and Inter-plate type has long duration time.
0 20 40 60 80
-800
-600
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
800
A
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
(
g
a
l
)
TimeS
Max. Acc. 749 gal
Examples of an inland type Level 2 earthquake ground motion
0 20 40 60 80
-400
-200
0
200
400
Max. Acc. 347 gal
A
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
(
g
a
l
)
TimeS
Examples of a off-shore type Level 2 earthquake ground motion
Example of combination with seismic
performance and earthquake level
Damage
location
Level 1 earthquake seismic performance 1 (no repair)
Rotation angle of all members should be less than y
Level 2 earthquake seismic performance 2 (short time repair)
upper and
underground beam
less than n
column less than n
pile less than m
Rotation angle of pile is limited
to smaller value in comparison
with other members, because
pile is difficult to repair.
Railway frame structure
Moment
Rotation angle
Yield
point
Maximum
moment
Ultimate
deformation
My,Mn
Mm

y

m

n
Evaluation for the Effect of Ground
Methods to analyze the structure with ground
The response of a structure during an earthquake is strongly
affected by neighboring ground and others. Therefore, the whole
structural system including foundation or neighboring ground
should be analyzed.
Engineering base layer
g
r
o
u
n
d
Engineering base layer
To consider the effect of ground, a coupled analysis modeled for
structure and ground should be use to obtain the response of
structure. Input place of the earthquake ground motion is at the
engineering base layer.
Evaluation for the Effect of Ground
Methods to analyze the structure and the ground independently
According to types or characteristics of structures and ground,
dynamic interaction between structures and ground can be neglected.
Then, the responses of the structures and the ground may be analyzed
independently.
First, only ground model is solved for input
earthquake ground motion at the
engineering base layer and obtain the wave
form at the base part of structure.
Then, only structure is
solved for obtained
ground motion at the
base part of structure.
Engineering
base layer
Base part of
structures
Subsurface
grounds
Input to
structures
Earthquake ground
Motion for verification
Earthquake ground motion
at ground surface
Verification technique
(analytical method)
The seismic performance is verified by a nonlinear
analysis based on finite element method.
linear member beam element
planar member plate or layered shell element
x
z
y
Fiber model
beam element is divided into many
cells with fiber technique In which
material stress-strain relationships
are considered.
Mechanical model using nonlinear analysis
The constitutive model of concrete, reinforcing bar, and
soil should be described with those hysteresis.
Stress strain relationship shall include
softening branch after peak stress
residual plastic strain
stiffness degradation on loading and reloading path.
A simplified hysteresis model of concrete
( ) a , a
Hysteresis curve
(unloading)
skeleton curve
( ) a , a
y
0 G
( )
( )
( )
1 r
y 0
r
a
a 0 a
G 2
a G

+
+ =
1
G
y
Hysteresis curve
(loading)
dynamic shear stress-strain
curve of the soil
Structural Details
It was observed many damages that are related to insufficient
structural details in Kobe Earthquake. Therefore, structural details
were greatly revised from 'Seismic Design(1996).
Revised points
Development of longitudinal re-bar
Splices of longitudinal re-bar
Spacing of Lateral Re-bar
Splices of Lateral Re-bar
Anchorage of Lateral Re-bar
Development of longitudinal re-bar
Tensile re-bar shall be anchored into concrete sections not
subjected to tensile stresses. It may, however, be anchored into
concrete sections subject to tensile stresses, when the moment and
shear capacity are sufficiently greater than design shear force.
V
u
: shear force
V
ydl
: design shear capacity at termination point of re-bar
M
u
: flexural moment
M
l
: flexural moment at termination point of re-bar
M
udl
: design flexural moment at termination point of re-bar
Cut off
plane
Damage due to insufficient development
Splices of longitudinal re-bar
For the splices of longitudinal re-bar, the longitudinal re-bar shall be
spliced in a manner that the splices perform satisfactorily even
under repeated stress in plastic hinge zone.
Lap splices shall not be provided in plastic hinge zones subjected to
repeated stress.
Damage due to insufficient splices
Longitudinal reinforcement broke at
pressure welding portion in Kobe
earthquake.
Therefore, provision about splices
greatly revised.
Spacing of lateral re-bar
For spacing of lateral re-bar, it is necessary to provide sufficient
amount of lateral re-bar, because the lateral re-bars restrain the
progress of diagonal cracks, increase shear capacity, prevent buckling
of longitudinal re-bars, and also provide confinement of core concrete.
Damage due to insufficient amount of lateral re-bar
Shear failure Buckling
ties(diameter
t
)
(diameter
l
)
ties
ab
sa/2 ands12
l
Anchorage and splices of lateral re-bar
The ends of ties shall be acute-angle hooks enclosing the
longitudinal re-bars and anchored in the core concrete.
For splices of ties, the ties should transmit full strength, even if the
spalling occurs. Considering this requirement, flare welding or
mechanical coupler are recommended.
lap splices with
standard hooks
flare
welding
Acute-angle
hook
web re-bar did not transmit
stress after spalling
Damage due to insufficient details
Ties are detached Shear crack open greatly
CONTENTS
Damage of concrete structures
due to recent earthquakes in J apan
Advancement of seismic design
- J SCE Standard Specifications
for Seismic Performance Verification -
Advancement of seismic performance
- Seismic Retrofit method, Seismic isolation
and Vibration Control Technique -
CONTENTS
Seismic Retrofit Technique
of Concrete Piers
Seismic Isolation and
Vibration Control Technique
Seismic Retrofit Technique
of Concrete Piers
Shear Failure of Reinforced Concrete Columns
Shear Strength Enhancement
Buckling and Fracture of Re-bar
Ductility Enhancement(Confinement Effect)
Damage from Re-bar Cut Off Plane
Ductility and Shear Strength Enhancement
We observed three typical damage.
Seismic Retrofit Technique
of Concrete Piers
There are three major methods for
seismic retrofit of reinforced concrete
piers.
reinforced concrete jacketing
steel plate jacketing
fiber sheets jacketing (Carbon / Aramid)
The best method is determined among them
considering cost, vicinity of construction site,
and handling of jacketing materials etc.
Additional cross
section is thin.
Retrofit materials is
light ( possible to
transport by human
power )
Additional cross
section is thin.
Cheep for construction
and maintenance.
Thick additional cross
section is need for
retrofitting.
t= 1020mm t= 40mm t=250mm
FRP jacketing Steel plate jacketing RC jacketing
Injected
mortar
Steel plate
RC jacket
at the root
longitudinal
direction
Hoop
direction
Top coat
Fiber
RC jacket
footing
pier
superstructure
Rebar
Examples of Retrofit Measure
Crane
Girder
Steel
plate
Cofferdam
Scaffold
River
2m
River
Scaffold
Light,
High-
Strength
Fiber
Girder
2m
Cut-off
Section
Anchor
Steel Jacketing FRP Jacketing
Purpose of Seismic Retrofit
Retrofit of
Cut-off Zone
Enhancement
of Ductility
Vertical Gap between
Jacket and Top of Footing
H-beam Retrofit in
Plastic Hinge Zone
Enhancement of Flexural
Strength by Anchor Bars
Retrofit of
Cut-off Zone
Enhancement
of Ductility
Vertical Gap between
Jacket and Top of Footing
H-beam Retrofit in
Plastic Hinge Zone
Enhancement of Flexural
Strength by Anchor Bars
In order to enhancement only shear strength and ductility, there is vertical
gap between jacket and top of footing.
In order to enhancement of flexural strength, jacket is anchored to footing.
Then, the effect of basement should be considered.
RC J acketing
Reinforced concrete jacketing has the advantage of cost for construction
and maintenance compared with the other two methods.
So if there is no restriction, reinforced concrete jacketing will be adopted.
Usual method
Steel J acketing
DEMERIT
Retrofit materials
is heavy
It will be often adopted to piers in
urban site considering the merits
MERIT
Additional cross
section is thin
Construction
period is short
FRP J acketing
Additional cross section is thin
Retrofit materials is light and possible to transport by human power.
It will be adopted to narrow site, cut-off section
in middle height of piers, or high-pier.
Special Technique for Seismic
Retrofit of Concrete Piers
There are three major methods for seismic
retrofit of reinforced concrete piers.
reinforced concrete jacketing
steel plate jacketing
fiber sheets jacketing (Carbon / Aramid)
Several special technique have been
proposed considering construction work.
Special Technique
Coupler J oint Steel jacket
No welding work
Good joint quality
No scaffold
short construction time
Merit
Quality of steel jacket method depend on welding work.
Special Technique
Rib Plate Method
The method is possible to construct by human.
It will be applied to narrow site.
Steel plate with coupler joint is arranged out side of column
Steel plate with coupler joint is arranged out side of column

Steel plate
Coupler
joint

rubber
Coupler joint
mortar
Steel
plate
Steel J acket Steel plate
When bottom part of piers is retrofitted, the parts are usually
underground or underwater. Then, excavation work is needed.
Special Technique
retrofit underground or underwater parts
RC
jacket
soil
water
RC jacket
cofferdam
Therefore, the retrofit technique without excavation work is
required for easy and quick construction work.
The retrofit of pier bottom in a ground is constructed without excavation
work.
Steel pipe between hold concrete and footing is played as compression
strut to increase neutral axis and to reduce compressive deformation.
Special Technique
Steel Pipe Strut Method
Strut
( steel pipe)
RC
jacket
Hold concrete
of steel pipe
Steel pipe driving in a ground
to footing
Construction of hold concrete
and RC jacket on the ground
Special Technique
Steel Pipe Strut Method
Steel pipe
hold concrete
Steel pipe driving
Hold concrete construction
Special Technique
Steel Sheet Pile Method
Pier in water is enclosed
by steel sheet piles.
The space between pier
and steel sheet piles is
excavated and is filled by
concrete.
Construction of RC
jacket on the water
surface.
R
C

River surface
River bed
RC J acket
Steel Sheet Pile
footing
Infilled concrete
The retrofit of pier bottom in a water is constructed
without cofferdamand excavation work.
Special Technique
Steel Sheet Pile Method
soil
water
RC jacket
cofferdam
soil
water
RC jacket
Steel sheet
piles
The method will be applied to the case of piers in
water or the difficult location of excavation.
Special Technique
Steel Sheet Pile Method
RC jacket
Steel sheet piles
Special Technique
Girder Collision Method
J acket
Permit collision of Girder to abutment using energy
absorption material. Then, the deformation of pier
in water can be decrease.
Usual method
Several retrofit methods are proposed for pier in the
water. Easiest method is no-retrofit of pier in water.
Reduce damage of pier in water
BIG Damage
small damage
Other feature of damage at Kobe Earthquake
Unseating caused by bearing
failures were observed.
Unseating Prevention System
(Fail-safe System)
Girders are connected by cable, and restrainers of displacement are set.
Peldampers are set at several place in order to reduce the effect of collision.
CELL TYPE
Unseating Prevention Devices
PELDAMPER
Connection cable
HONEYCOMB TYPE
Restrainers
Unseating Prevention Devices
Connection cable
Restrainers
Increase of seat width
peldamper
Utilization of Seismic Isolator
Retrofit Concept
Elongation of natural period
Enhancement of damping
Seismic Isolation
72
Seismic Isolator
Super-High Damping Rubber Bearing PbRubber Bearing
Several isolators as bearing have been proposed.
Vibration Control System
Expansion joint
Usual Design
Isolation
bearing
Dumper
Vibration Control
Vibration control
dumper is applied
Reduction of
displacement
Scale down of
expansion joint
Omission of unseating
prevention device
Reduction of
seismic force
Scale down of
isolation bearing
Scale down of piers
unseating prevention
device
Isolation
bearing
Expansion joint
Example of Damper
Low yield stress steel damper
Bingham material damper
Damping using the effect
of filler(silicon resin)
Damping using yielding behavior
Combination with bucking
prevention system
Several isolators have been proposed for
buildings. The technique is applied to bridge.
Vibration Control of Railway Viaduct
The method was developed in
order to control of displacement
of railway viaduct.
X shape damper brace method
damper
brace
Brace and damper
are combined.
CONCLUSION
Following contents were presented.
Damage of concrete structures
due to recent earthquakes in J apan
Advancement of seismic design
Advancement of seismic performance
J apan has big earthquake risk and it is difficult to prevent the
damage due to earthquake perfectly.
As fundamental aspects of design method, accurate evaluation
of dynamic response and design system from construction to
restoration after earthquake are required.
Seismic retrofit greatly advanced after KOBE earthquake.
Isolation and vibration control technique will be important topic.
Thank You Very Much
for Your kind Attention !