Overview

Communication (defined)
Types of communication
Communication theory models
Communication
Communicating well or poorly =
success or failure in every kind of
human relationship.
T d k i ll Todays work requires well-
developed communications skills.
Information society
How is communication
communicated?
English Word Quiz
How is communication
communicated?
Language (verbal)
How is communication
communicated?
Language (verbal)
5,000 words just to get by
15,000 educated people
30 000 kill d i t 30,000 skilled communicator
How is communication
communicated?
Language (verbal)
Symbols
Meaning triangle
Meaning, symbol and referent
constitute a system. Each element is linked
by a convention.
Meaningg
Symbol Referent
Meaning triangle
Meaning
Symbol
(or label)
Referent
Word:
ALLIGATOR
How is communication
communicated?
Language (verbal)
Symbols
Nonverbal: body language,
actions, gestures, facial expressions
How is communication
communicated?
Language (verbal)
Symbols
Nonverbal: body language,
actions, gestures, facial expressions
Communication is a process.
Defining communication
Webster:
Communication is
a process by which
information is information is
exchanged between
individuals through a
common system of
symbols, signs or
behaviors.
Linear communication model
Process is a straight line, through
specific stages.
Limitation: Communication doesnt
i l t t d t ff simply start and turn off.
Sender
Receiver
Interactive communication
Responding to the sender.
Get feedback. Role-taking -- taking
role of other. (Interactive)
Sending and receiving messages Sending and receiving messages
simultaneously.
Sender/
Receiver
Receiver/
Sender Message
Feedback
Role-Taking
Communication model
R i Ch l
Message Signal
NOISE!!!
Sender
Receiver
Feedback
Channel
Message
(encoded)
Signal
(decoded)
Claude Shannon & Warren Weaver, The Mathematical Theory of Communication (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1949), p. 98.
The point at which frames of reference
overlap is where true understanding
occurs.
Frame of reference
Same frame of
REFERENCE
Differing frames of reference.
Frame of reference
Types of communication
Dyadic -- two-person
communication.
Types of communication
Dyadic -- two-person
communication.
Small group communication
Types of communication
Dyadic -- two-person
communication.
Small group communication
Public communication
Types of communication
Dyadic -- two-person
communication.
Small group communication
Public communication
Mass communication
New technologies
Each new medium imposes special
requirements on the ways
messages are formulated.
G th d d i Governs the speed and convenience
with which message transmission
takes place.
Influences the ways in which
receivers reconstruct meaning from
what is sent to them.
Convergence
Electronic media converging on the
Web.
TV reporters writing print stories for
the Web.
Videographers shoot still photos for the
Web.
Radio reporters streaming news
reports.
Print reporters learning to shoot video
and photos for the Web.
Newspapers have Web presence and
linking to TV stations.
Two-Step Flow
Mass Media
Opinion Leader
Individual/Group
Two-Step Flow
Opinion leaders are
Leaders for specific topic areas
Their leadership depends on their
personal characteristics such as socio personal characteristics, such as socio-
economic status, life cycle, and social
contacts
And they use mass media more to
follow the topics on which they are
opinion leaders.
Nearly everyone is an opinion
leader for certain topics.
Multi-Step Flow
Mass Media
Mass Audience
Opinion Leaders
Cliques
Interconnected
networks
Other opinion leaders
Experts
Colleagues
Social media
Traditional media/flow
Traditional media
Social media flow