Tall Building Analysis Tall Building Analysis

in GT STRUDL for in GT STRUDL for

Wind Tunnel Studies Wind Tunnel Studies
Craig D. Blanchet, P.E. Craig D. Blanchet, P.E.
Associate Associate
LeMessurier Consultants LeMessurier Consultants
Outline Outline
Wind Related Issues for Tall Buildings Wind Related Issues for Tall Buildings
Wind Tunnel Studies Wind Tunnel Studies Goals & Methods Goals & Methods
Modeling & Analysis Considerations Modeling & Analysis Considerations
2 2
nd nd
Lotte World Super Tower Lotte World Super Tower 2 2
nd nd
Lotte World Super Tower Lotte World Super Tower
Boston Theatre District Hotel Boston Theatre District Hotel
GT STRUDL v29 GT STRUDL v29
My GT STRUDL Wish List My GT STRUDL Wish List
Wind & Tall Buildings Wind & Tall Buildings
Important Design Considerations Important Design Considerations
1. 1. Strength Strength
Main Main Wind Wind Force Force Resisting Resisting System System
Cladding Cladding & & Architectural Architectural Features Features Cladding Cladding & & Architectural Architectural Features Features
2. 2. Stiffness Stiffness
Drift Drift
Dynamic Dynamic Response Response
Strength Strength
u
F
) or or ( 5 . 0 6 . 1 2 . 1 R S L L W D
r
+ ++ + + ++ + + ++ + = == =
) 0.8 or ( ) or or ( 6 . 1 2 . 1 W L R S L D
r
+ ++ + + ++ + = == =
H W D 6 . 1 6 . 1 9 . 0 + ++ + + ++ + = == =
n u
M M
n u
P P
n u
V V
0 . 1
2
2
3
2
1
2 1
+ ++ + + ++ +
n
u
n
u
n
u
M
M
M
M
P
P






Stiffness Stiffness
TT = Building Period (sec) = Building Period (sec)
sec/story 0.1 8 . 0 =

T
B W

H
BH
ave

Equation relating drift Equation relating drift

to period. Proposed by to period. Proposed by
William J. LeMessurier. William J. LeMessurier.
Target period based Target period based
on past experience. on past experience.
TT = Building Period (sec) = Building Period (sec)
= Building Density (lbs/ft = Building Density (lbs/ft
3 3
) )
BB = Building Width (ft) = Building Width (ft)
HH = Building Height (ft) = Building Height (ft)
= Top Displacement (ft) = Top Displacement (ft)
W W
ave ave
= Average Wind Pressure (lbs/ft = Average Wind Pressure (lbs/ft
2 2
) )
Stiffness Stiffness Dynamic Response Dynamic Response
Vortex Vortex Shedding Shedding
Dr Dr.. Theodore Theodore von von Karmen Karmen
When When wind wind passes passes around around a a bluff bluff body body
(like (like a a building), building), low low pressure pressure vortices vortices (like (like a a building), building), low low pressure pressure vortices vortices
are are shed shed from from each each side side of of the the body body..
Stiffness Stiffness Dynamic Response Dynamic Response
Vortex Vortex Shedding Shedding
mph 60 50 V
Vortices shed symmetrically in Vortices shed symmetrically in
pairs. Along pairs. Along- -wind impulses only. wind impulses only.
mph 60 50 > >> > V
Vortices shed alternately
downwind from each side at
the frequency of the along-wind
impulses. Along-wind and cross-
wind impulses.
Stiffness Stiffness Dynamic Response Dynamic Response
Vortex Vortex Shedding Shedding Along Along- -wind wind Response Response
g D e
p D D
C

C
KsF
g n a


2 2
4 = == =
aa = Acceleration (ft/s = Acceleration (ft/s
2 2
) ) aa = Acceleration (ft/s = Acceleration (ft/s
2 2
) )
n n = Fundamental Frequency (Hz) = Fundamental Frequency (Hz)
gg
pp
= Peak Factor = Peak Factor
KK = Surface Roughness Coefficient = Surface Roughness Coefficient
s s = Size Reduction Factor = Size Reduction Factor
FF = Gust Energy Ratio = Gust Energy Ratio
CC
ee
= Exposure Factor = Exposure Factor
= Critical Damping Ratio = Critical Damping Ratio
= Top Displacement (ft) = Top Displacement (ft)
CC
g g
= Gust Response Factor = Gust Response Factor
Stiffness Stiffness Dynamic Response Dynamic Response
Vortex Vortex Shedding Shedding Cross Cross- -wind wind Response Response








= == =
W
r
p W W
g
a
WD g n a

2
aa = Acceleration (ft/s = Acceleration (ft/s
2 2
) ) aa = Acceleration (ft/s = Acceleration (ft/s
2 2
) )
n n = Fundamental Frequency (Hz) = Fundamental Frequency (Hz)
gg
pp
= Peak Factor = Peak Factor
W W = Cross = Cross- -wind Plan Dimension (ft) wind Plan Dimension (ft)
D D = Along = Along- -wind Plan Dimension (ft) wind Plan Dimension (ft)
aa
r r
= Acceleration Factor (ft/s = Acceleration Factor (ft/s
2 2
) )
= Average Building Density (lbs/ft = Average Building Density (lbs/ft
3 3
) )
gg = Acceleration Due to Gravity (ft/s = Acceleration Due to Gravity (ft/s
2 2
) )
= Critical Damping Ratio = Critical Damping Ratio
Stiffness Stiffness Dynamic Response Dynamic Response
Vortex Vortex Shedding Shedding
Cross Cross- -wind wind Response Response Usually Usually Controls Controls When When
1

WD
Slender Slender
3

H
W W = Cross = Cross- -wind Plan Dimension (ft) wind Plan Dimension (ft)
D D = Along = Along- -wind Plan Dimension (ft) wind Plan Dimension (ft)
HH = Building Height (ft) = Building Height (ft)
Slender Slender
Von Krmn Vortex Street Von Krmn Vortex Street
Vortex Shedding Equations Vortex Shedding Equations
f f = Frequency of Vortex Shedding = Frequency of Vortex Shedding
D
SV
f = == =





= == =
Re
S
7 . 19
1 198 . 0
VV = Steady Upstream Wind Velocity = Steady Upstream Wind Velocity
D D = Building Width or Diameter = Building Width or Diameter
S S = Strouhal Number = Strouhal Number (~0.20 cyl., ~0.13 sq.) (~0.20 cyl., ~0.13 sq.)
Varies with wind velocity Varies with wind velocity
Re Re = Reynolds Number = Reynolds Number
mph 60 50 V
Vortices shed symmetrically in Vortices shed symmetrically in
pairs. Along pairs. Along- -wind impulses only. wind impulses only.
Recall Recall
Vortex Vortex Shedding Shedding
mph 60 50 > >> > V
Vortices shed alternately
downwind from each side at
the frequency of the along-wind
impulses. Along-wind and cross-
wind impulses.
Critical Wind Velocity Critical Wind Velocity
S
D f
V
bldg
crit
= == =
Resonance Resonance
Lock Lock- -in in Lock Lock- -in in
Slight Slight changes changes in in VV will will not not change change the the
frequency frequency of of vortex vortex shedding shedding because because the the
shedding shedding becomes becomes controlled controlled by by the the
oscillations oscillations of of the the building building.. Lock Lock- -in in occurs occurs
within within about about 10 10% % of of f f
bldg bldg
so so a a precise precise value value of of
S S is is unnecessary unnecessary..
Wind Tunnel Studies Wind Tunnel Studies
Goals & Methods Goals & Methods
1. 1. Loads Loads Pressure Pressure Model Model
Wind Wind speeds speeds for for pedestrian pedestrian comfort comfort
Pressures Pressures on on cladding, cladding, roofs, roofs, soffits, soffits, etc etc
Forces Forces on on primary primary structural structural system system Forces Forces on on primary primary structural structural system system
2. 2. Dynamic Dynamic Effects Effects Force Force Balance Balance Model Model
Response Response to to buffeting buffeting and and vortex vortex shedding shedding
Peak Peak forces forces on on primary primary structural structural system system
(combined (combined results results with with pressure pressure model) model)
Effect Effect of of motions motions on on occupants occupants
Boundary Layer Wind Tunnel Boundary Layer Wind Tunnel
Pressure Model Pressure Model - - Vortices Vortices
Cladding Pressures Cladding Pressures
Coordinate System Coordinate System
Structure Mass Structure Mass
Modes & Frequencies Modes & Frequencies
Mode Shapes Mode Shapes
Forces Balance Forces Balance
Viscoelastic Viscoelastic Damping Damping
Viscous Viscous Dampers Dampers
Tuned Tuned Mass Mass Dampers Dampers
Damping Damping
2
'
bldg of mass d generalize
TMD of mass active

=
TMD
top
l addn

Additional Damping For a Given Mode Additional Damping For a Given Mode
112 112 stories stories
500 500 meter meter ++ 100 100 meter meter spire spire
( (1640 1640 ft) ft) ( (328 328 ft) ft)
280 280,,000 000 m m
2 2
( (3 3,,000 000,,000 000 ft ft
2 2
) )
22
nd nd
Lotte World Lotte World
Super Tower Super Tower
280 280,,000 000 m m
2 2
( (3 3,,000 000,,000 000 ft ft
2 2
) )
5 5 Levels Levels Below Below Grade Grade
Challenging Challenging Geometry Geometry
Custom Custom Software Software
Preliminary Preliminary 2 2D D Models Models
Test Test Models Models
3 3D D Model Model
Rhino Rhino
22
nd nd
Lotte World Lotte World
Super Tower Super Tower
Rhino Rhino
OBJ OBJ to to GTI GTI
GT GT STRUDL STRUDL Model Model
Statistics Statistics & & Results Results
Dyn Dyn.. Wind Wind Tunnel Tunnel Props Props
Wind Wind Tunnel Tunnel Recommendations Recommendations
Schematic Schematic Design Design
Preliminary Models Preliminary Models
Preliminary Models Preliminary Models
Virtual Work Optimization Virtual Work Optimization
Preliminary Models Preliminary Models
Preliminary Models Preliminary Models
Preliminary Models Preliminary Models
Preliminary Models Preliminary Models
Test Models Test Models
Test Models Test Models - - Speed Speed
Test Models Test Models
Stiffness Stiffness
3D Model 3D Model Rhionceros Rhionceros
NURBS NURBS
OBJ to GTI OBJ to GTI
Wavefront Wavefront OBJ OBJ File File
Simple Simple ASCII ASCII Text Text
MSWord MSWord VBA VBA
2554 2554 Lines Lines of of Code Code 2554 2554 Lines Lines of of Code Code
17 17 Subroutines Subroutines
Write Write GTI GTI File File
OBJ to GTI OBJ to GTI
OBJ to GTI OBJ to GTI Input Dialog Input Dialog
GT STRUDL Model GT STRUDL Model
27620 27620 Joints Joints
14925 14925 Members Members
24686 24686 Elements Elements
8976 8976 SBHQ SBHQ 8976 8976 SBHQ SBHQ
15710 15710 IPLQ/CSTG IPLQ/CSTG
Bandwidth Bandwidth
108 108..516 516 ++ 117 117..862 862
GT STRUDL Model GT STRUDL Model
2 2 1 1..0 0 GHz GHz Pentium Pentium III III
1 1..0 0 GB GB RAM RAM
GT GT STRUDL STRUDL v v26 26
Stiffness Stiffness Analysis Analysis 19 19 min min 28 28 sec sec Stiffness Stiffness Analysis Analysis 19 19 min min 28 28 sec sec
Dynamic Dynamic Analysis Analysis 3 3 Modes Modes
Eigensolution Eigensolution: : 97 97 min min 18 18 sec sec
Checks Checks: : 58 58 min min 32 32 sec sec
Mode #1 Mode #1 T=6.64731 sec T=6.64731 sec
Mode #2 Mode #2 T=6.54169 sec T=6.54169 sec
Mode #3 Mode #3 T=4.91990 sec T=4.91990 sec
Force Balance Model Force Balance Model
Force Balance/Prox. Model Force Balance/Prox. Model
Recommendations Recommendations
TMD to reduce torsional velocities below TMD to reduce torsional velocities below
3 milli 3 milli- -rad/sec rad/sec
Additional 1% damping required Additional 1% damping required
Design Design Corner Columns Corner Columns
Design Design Tie Beams Tie Beams
Design Design Tie Beams Tie Beams
Boston Theatre Boston Theatre
District Hotel District Hotel
26 26 stories stories
310 310 feet feet
50 50% % Hotel Hotel // 50 50% % Condo Condo
2 2 Levels Levels Below Below Grade Grade
Irregular Irregular Footprint Footprint
Non Non- -parallel parallel Systems Systems
Torsional Torsional Modes Modes
Boston Theatre Boston Theatre
District Hotel District Hotel
Original Original Scheme Scheme ( (2001 2001) )
New New Owner/Scheme Owner/Scheme ( (2005 2005) )
3 3D D Model Model
Rhino Rhino - - DXF DXF Rhino Rhino - - DXF DXF
GT GT STRUDL STRUDL Model Model
Virtual Virtual Work Work Studies Studies
Statistics Statistics & & Results Results
Dyn Dyn.. Wind Wind Tunnel Tunnel Props Props
Original Scheme (2001) Original Scheme (2001)
100 100% % Hotel Hotel
Staggered Staggered Truss Truss System System Studied Studied
Braced Braced & & Moment Moment Frames Frames Chosen Chosen (Cost) (Cost)
18 18 milli milli- -g/sec g/sec Criterion Criterion 18 18 milli milli- -g/sec g/sec Criterion Criterion
2 2 Cycles Cycles in in Wind Wind Tunnel Tunnel
Whipping Whipping Action Action at at NE NE Corner Corner
Put Put on on Hold Hold After After 9 9//11 11
Original Scheme Original Scheme
Original Scheme Original Scheme
Line Line 3 3 Line Line 4 4 Line Line 5 5 Line Line 7 7
Zipper Zipper Columns Columns
Transfers Transfers
Architects WIN!!! Architects WIN!!!
New Owner/Scheme (2005) New Owner/Scheme (2005)
50 50% % Hotel, Hotel, 50 50% % Condo Condo
Use Use Same Same Frames Frames w/ w/ Modifications Modifications @ @Top Top
15 15 milli milli- -g/sec g/sec Criterion Criterion
Original Original Scheme Scheme Barely Barely Worked Worked for for 18 18 milli milli- -gg Original Original Scheme Scheme Barely Barely Worked Worked for for 18 18 milli milli- -gg
Modifications Modifications @ @Top Top Decrease Decrease Stiffness Stiffness
Solved Solved 21 21 psf psf Structural Structural Steel Steel
Originally Originally 18 18 psf psf ( (16 16..7 7% % Increase) Increase)
Modified Scheme Modified Scheme
Line Line 3 3 Line Line 5 5 Line Line 9 9 Line Line 12 12
NO NO
Zipper Columns Zipper Columns
NO NO
Transfers Transfers
$$$ WINS!!! $$$ WINS!!!
Longitudinal Frames Longitudinal Frames
GT STRUDL Model GT STRUDL Model
11307 11307 Joints Joints
3253 3253 Members Members
8312 8312 Elements Elements
IPLQ/CSTG IPLQ/CSTG IPLQ/CSTG IPLQ/CSTG
Bandwidth Bandwidth
240 240..276 276 ++ 135 135..196 196
Virtual Work Studies Virtual Work Studies
Final Final Scheme Scheme
- -26% 26%
- -1% 1%
- -17% 17%
Average Average
Mode #1 Mode #1 T=4.16339 sec T=4.16339 sec
Mode #2 Mode #2 T=2.40004 sec T=2.40004 sec
Mode #3 Mode #3 T=2.18549 sec T=2.18549 sec
Mode Shapes Mode Shapes
GT STRUDL GT STRUDL 29 Beta 29 Beta
2 2
nd nd
Lotte World Super Tower Lotte World Super Tower
v28 v28 v29 v29
Stiffness Analysis Time Stiffness Analysis Time 897.62 897.62 173.22 173.22
5.18x 5.18x 5.18x 5.18x
Eigensolution Time Eigensolution Time 746.44 746.44 224.68 224.68
3.32x 3.32x
Eigensolution Check Time Eigensolution Check Time 514.35 514.35 173.55 173.55
2.96x 2.96x
My GT STRUDL My GT STRUDL Wish List Wish List
Analysis & Design Analysis & Design
Virtual Work Based Deflection Virtual Work Based Deflection
Optimization Optimization
Communication with BIM products Communication with BIM products Communication with BIM products Communication with BIM products
Open database for access from object Open database for access from object
oriented programming interfaces (.NET etc) oriented programming interfaces (.NET etc)
Accomplish via DBX files? Accomplish via DBX files?
Graphical Graphical
Visualize Specified Masses Visualize Specified Masses
Output Animation Files (mpeg, etc.) Output Animation Files (mpeg, etc.)