OBJECTIVE

To determine the change of standard Gibbs free energy for the decomposition of sodium
hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO
3
) from the change of standard enthalpy and the change of
standard entropy.
THEORY
Free energy is a state function that epresses the spontaneity of a chemical process in term of
enthalpy and entropy change of a system under conditions of constant temperature and
!olume (Hemholt" free energy) and constant temperature and pressure (Gibbs free energy).
#t is a $uantity of non%pressure%and%!olume &or' that a system can perform.
Gibbs free energy also 'no&n as Gibbs function.
G ( H ) T* +
&here H+ * and T denote enthalpy+ entropy and temperature respecti!ely.
Gibbs function for a chemical reaction system is based on differences in standard free
energies formation of products and reactants+ in &hich+ ,G - . means reaction proceeds to
the right+ ,G / . means reaction proceeds to the left and ,G ( . reaction is at e$uilibrium.
Gibbs function also epresses the 0escaping tendency1 of a reaction component in terms of
pressure of a gas+ phase change and concentration of a solute.
2hen the state of the system changes at constant temperature 3
dG ( dH ) Td* (if the change at constant infinitesimal)
,G ( ,H ) T,* (if t is measurable)
and at standard conditions of 456C and 7 atm
,G ( ,H % T,*
8y determining the $uantity of ,H eperimentally according to Hess9s :a& and etraction
of ,* from the data ,G of the reaction can be estimated easily.
#n this eperiment+ the heat released;absorbed by decomposition of NaHCO
3
can not be
measured directly and need to be carried out in t&o separate eperiments in determining the
$uantities ,H for the reactions of NaHCO
3
and Na
4
CO
3
.
The reaction are as follo&3
4NaHCO
3
(s) < H
4
*O
=
(a$)

Na
4
*O
=
(a$) < 4CO
4
(g) < 4H
4
O (l) >7? ,H ( @ 'Amol
%7
Na
4
CO
3
(s) < H
4
*O
=
(a$)

Na
4
*O
=
(a$) <H
4
O (l) < CO
4
(g) >4? ,H ( B 'Amol
%7
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
>7? ) >49?
4NaHCO
3
(s)

Na
4
CO
3
(s) <H
4
O (l) < CO
4
(g) >3? ,H ( D 'Amol
%7
The enthalpy+ H is defined as 3 H ( E < FG
H change in enthalpy s e$ual to the heat supplied at constant pressure to a system in the
case&here the system does no additional &or' 3 dH ( d$
For a measurable change+ ,H ( $
p
. The heat released;absorbed by each reaction is calculated
by using formula 3 $
p
( mC
p
,T.
CHEMICALS
*odium hydrogencarbonate po&der+ NaHCO
3
*odium carbonate po&der+ Na
4
CO
3
7I *ulphuric acid+ H
4
*O
=
APPARATUS
5.m: pipette+ thermos+ thermometer+ 7..m: bea'er and stop&atch
PROCEDURE
=.=37Jg NaHCO
3
&as &eighed and recorded. 5.m: of 7I H
4
*O
=
&as pipetted out
and transferred into a thermos. The cor' &ith thermometer &as used to co!er the thermos.
The stop&atch &as started and the temperature of H
4
*O
=
&as measured and recorded e!ery 7
min for = min. Ht 5
th
min+ the &eighed NaHCO
3
&as poured into the thermos and co!ered
&ith cor' and thermometer. The temperature &as measured and recorded e!ery 7.s for the
net = min.
The steps abo!e &ere repeated &ith 3.3444g Na
4
CO
3
.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Iass of NaHCO
3
3 =.=37Jg
Iass of Na
4
CO
3
3 3.3444g
Table 7 3 Temperature of the H
4
*O
=
e!ery 7 min for = min
Time (min) Temperature ! H
"
SO
#
!r
NaHCO
$
(%C)
Temperature ! H
"
SO
#
!r
Na
"
CO
$
(%C)
7 33.. 3=..
4 33.. 3=..
3 33.. 3=..
= 33.. 3=..
Table 4 3 Temperature after NaHCO
3
and Na
4
CO
3
&ere transferred into H
4
*O
=
e!ery 7.s for =
min respecti!ely.
Time (&) Temperature a!ter
a''in( NaHCO
$
(%C)
Temperature a!ter
a''in( Na
"
CO
$
(%C)
7. 37.. 3=..
4. 37.. 3=.5
3. 3... 35..
=. 4K.5 35..
5. 4K.5 35..
L. 4K.. 35.5
M. 4K.. 35.5
J. 4K.. 35.5
K. 4K.. 35.5
7.. 4J.. 35.5
77. 4J.. 35.5
74. 4J.. 35.5
73. 4J.. 35.5
7=. 4J.. 35.5
75. 4J.. 35.5
7L. 4J.. 35.5
7M. 4J.. 35.5
7J. 4J.. 35.5
7K. 4J.. 35..
4.. 4J.. 35..
47. 4J.. 35..
44. 4M.. 35..
43. 4M.. 35..
4=. 4M.. 35..
The heat change for the reactions of 3
a. NaHCO
3
&ith H
4
*O
=
4NaHCO
3
(s) < H
4
*O
=
(a$)

Na
4
*O
=
(a$) < 4CO
4
(g) < 4H
4
O (l)
$
p
( mC
p
,T
( (5.m: 7cm
3
;m: 7.J=g;cm
3
7'g;7...g) (7.3J'A'g
%7
N
%7
) (4J..%
33..)
( < ..L3=J 'A
,H ( $
p
; n
( ..L3=J 'A ; (=.=37J g ; J=...J gmol
%7
)
( ..L3=J 'A ; ...54M5 mol
( < 74..3= 'Amol
%7
b. Na
4
CO
3
&ith H
4
*O
=
Na
4
CO
3
(s) < H
4
*O
=
(a$)

Na
4
*O
=
(a$) <H
4
O (l) < CO
4
(g)
$
p
( mC
p
,T
( (5.m: 7cm
3
;m: 7.J=g;cm
3
7'g;7...g) (7.3J'A'g
%7
N
7
) (35.5%
3=..)
( % ..7K.= 'A
,H ( $
p
; n
( ..7K.= 'A ; (3.3444 g ; 7.5.KK gmol
%7
)
( ..7K.= 'A ; ...373= mol
( % L..MM 'Amol
%7
,H for the decomposition of NaHCO
3
3
4NaHCO
3
(s)<H
4
*O
=
(a$)

Na
4
*O
=
(a$)<4CO
4
(g)<4H
4
O(l) >7? ,H (<74..3= 'Amol
%7
Na
4
CO
3
(s)<H
4
*O
=
(a$)

Na
4
*O
=
(a$)<H
4
O(l)<CO
4
(g)>4? ,H (%L..MM 'Amol
%7
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
>7? ) >49?
4NaHCO
3
(s)

Na
4
CO
3
(s) <H
4
O (l) < CO
4
(g) >3? ,H ( D 'Amol
%7
,H ( D 'Amol
%7
( >7? ) >49?
( ><74..3='Amol
%7
? ) ><L..MM 'Amol
%7
?
( <5.K5M 'Amol
%7
,* for the decomposition of NaHCO
3
3
,* ( *
>products?
) *
>reactants?
( 735.KJ AN
%7
mol
%7
) 7.4..K AN
%7
mol
%7

( obtained from Hppendi 3 Thermodynamic Oata at std condition)
( 33.JKAN
%7
mol
%7

,G for the decomposition of NaHCO
3
3
,G
ep
( ,H % T,*
( 5K5M Amol
%7
) >(33..<3=..);4) < 4M3.75 N? > 33.JK AN
%7
mol
%7
?
( 5K5M Amol
%7
) >3.L.L5 N 33.JK AN
%7
mol
%7
?
( 5K5M Amol
%7
) 7.3K3.3M Amol
%7
( % ==35.3M Amol
%7
,G
theory
( G
>products?
) G
>reactants?
( >%7.=M.LM Amol
%7
? ) >%J57.JL Amol
%7
?
( %7K5.J7 Amol
%7
Thus+ ,G
ep -
,G
theory
*ince ,H / .
+
,*

/ . and

,G
ep -
.+ the decomposition of NaHCO
3
can be considered as
spontaneous and for&ard reaction &hich more stable at higher temperature.
The maPor sources of error during this eperiment are &hile &hen the cor' &ith thermometer
&as not really suited &ith the thermos. This sho&s that the thermos &as not really isolated.
There might be some heat change bet&een the system and the surrounding. 8esides+ &hile
transferring NaHCO
3
and Na
4
CO
3
into the thermos respecti!ely+ some of them &ere stac'ed
to the mouth of the thermos and split out onto due to strong &ind causing some losses of
mass &hich affected the accuracy &hile calculating the ,H . Other than that+ there &as a
problem &hile ta'ing temperature reading on e!ery 7.s for = min. #t &as $uite rushed to ta'e
temperature reading of the first 7.s due to limited time to co!er the thermos and to focus on
stop&atch as &ell as the temperature reading. This caused the delay of ta'ing the actual
temperature reading for fe& seconds &hich affect the accuracy and precision.
CONCLUSION
,G
ep
(==35.3M Amol
%7
)

- ,G
theory.
(%7K5.J7 Amol
%7
)
2hile ,H / .
+
,*

/ . and

,G
ep -
.+ the decomposition of NaHCO
3
can be considered as
spontaneous and for&ard reaction &hich more stable at higher temperature.
RE)ERENCES
Ht'ins+ F+ Faula+ AQ. (4..L). Physical Chemistry. Ninth Qd. 3 Oford Eni!ersity Fress.
:o&er+ *. (4.7.). Free energy: the gibbs function (gibbs energy). Retrie!ed on Iarch 4M
4.73 from http3;;&&&.chem7.com
*UESTIONS
7. T
i
( 44.L 6C
T
f
( 4L.3 6C
Iass of HCl ( 5.m: 7..=gm:
%7

( 54g
Iass of NaOH ( M5m: 7..=gm:
%7
( MJg
$
p
( m
HCl
C
HCl
(T
f
-T
i
) + m
NaOH
C
NaOH
(T
f
-T
i
)
( (54g) (=.7JLAg
%7
C
%7
) (4L.3%44.L

C ) < (MJg) ( =.7JLAg

%7
C
%7
) (4L.3%44.L

C )
( (47M.LM4 A

C
%7
) (3.M

C)< (34L.5.J A

C
%7
) ( 3.M

C)
( J.5.3K A < 74.J..J A
( % 4.73.=M A
This is an eothermic process due to rise in temperature during chemical reactions.
4. H
4
(g) < S O
4
(g)

H
4
O (l) (b)
Ig (s) < 4HCl (a$)

IgCl
4
(a$) < H
4
(g) (c)
IgO (s) < 4HCl (a$)

IgCl
4
(a$) < H
4
O (l) (d)
(b) ) (d9)
H
4
(g) < S O
4
(g)

H
4
O (l) (b)
IgCl
4
(a$) < H
4
O (l)

IgO (s) < 4HCl (a$)(d9)
H
4
(g) < S O
4
(g) < IgCl
4
(a$)

IgO (s) < H

4
O (l)(e)
Ig (s) < 4HCl (a$)

IgCl
4
(a$) < H
4
(g) (c)
(e) ) (c)
Ig (s) < S O
4
(g)

IgO (s)