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= (1)
WhereD is the average crystallite size, is the X-ray wavelength (1.5416A
[19].The XRD spectrum exhibits an intense (200) peak indicating preferential orientation in
the<200>direction. The NiO lattice constant calculated from the XRD data is 4.1792A
and
1
13
17.90 10 Scm
respectively. As content ofNiOincreases
from 1% to 4%in PVA matrix, the conductivity of PVANiOnano-composite increases from
1
13
5.83 10 Scm
to
1
13
13.13 10 Scm
at 308K, similarly at 398Kit increases from
1
13
43.35 10 Scm
to
1
13
377.03 10 Scm
(Table 1).The
increase in conductivitywithincrease of temperatureis the characteristic behavior of semiconductors. Thetemperature
dependence of the conductivity (T) of disorderedsemiconductingmaterialsisgenerallydescribedbytheMottVariable
Range Hopping (VRH) model [29],
1
4
( ) exp
O T
T
T
(
=
`
(
)
(3)
where is the conductivity, T is the temperature and
0
is the conductivity at characteristic temperature T
0
. PVA
NiO nanocomposites followthethree-dimensional VRH electrical conduction process [30].Fig. 6(b) and 6(c) shows
theplotofconductivity vs. the content ofNiOnanoparticlesinthe PVANiO nanocomposites both at 308K and 398K.
Theplot shows that the conductivity of PVA increases remarkably after insertion of NiO nanoparticles (14%)in the
PVAmatrix.PVA, NiO and PVANiO nanocomposites are of P-type semiconducting materials having large number
of free charge carriers available for the purpose of conduction. Hence, as the concentration of NiO increases the
number of free charge carriers also increases, all together electrons from polar O
2-
terminated NiO nanoparticles
surfaces and from the PVA chains, resulting inthe improvement in the conductivity of PVANiO nanocomposites
[31].
2 .5 2.6 2 .7 2.8 2.9 3 .0 3.1 3. 2 3.3
- 12.4
- 12.2
- 12.0
- 11.8
- 11.6
- 11.4
- 11.2
- 11.0
- 10.8
- 10.6
- 10.4
lo
g
o
(
S
c
m
-
1
)
10 0 0 /T (k - 1 )
P V A
P V A - 1% N i O
P V A - 2 % N iO
P V A - 3 % N iO
P V A - 4% N i O
(a )
0 1 2 3 4
PVA-NiO(wt%)
C
o
n
d
u
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
(
o
)
(
1
0
1
3
)
S
c
m
-1
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
(b)
0 1 2 3 4
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
P VA-NiO(wt%)
C
o
n
d
u
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
(
o
)
(
1
0
1
3
)
S
c
m
-1
(c)
(b) Plot of conductivity vs. PVA-NiO (wt. %) (at 308K), (c) Plot of conductivity vs. PVA-NiO (wt. %) (at 398K)
Fig.6. (a) Plot of log vs. 1000/TPVA, PVA-NiO (1-4%) composites.
International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering& Management (IJAIEM)
Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: editor@ijaiem.org
Volume 03, Issue 09, September 2014 ISSN 2319 - 4847
Volume 3, Issue 9, September 2014 Page 207
Table 1.Activation energy and Conductivity of PVA-NiO Nano-composite films.
.
S.NO.
COMPOSITIO
N
ACTIVATION ENERGY E(eV)
Conductivity
13 1
( ) 10 Scm
High
temperature
range.
Low
temperature
range.
(At 308K) (At 398K)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
PVA
PVA-1%NiO
PVA-2%NiO
PVA-3%NiO
PVA-4%NiO
0.117
0.322
0.538
0.552
0.568
0.173
0.266
0.347
0.358
0.373
5.51
5.83
8.02
9.30
13.13
17.90
43.35
262.34
266.91
377.03
4. CONCLUSIONS
Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-Nano Nickel oxide (NiO) composites of various weight percentages were synthesized by
solution casting method. X-ray diffraction studies show the retention ofNiO in polymer matrix. Studies on Fourier
Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) confirm the formation of PVA-NiO composites and the SEM image reveals the presence
ofNiOparticles which are uniformly distributed throughoutthe composite films. Maximum conductivity was observedin
the 4 wt% of NiO in PVA. The room temperature dc electrical conductivity of PVANiO composite films increases
gradually as the NiO content increases in PVA matrix,which involves hoppingmechanism in the conduction process.
5.ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Author would like to thank Dr.H.Nagabhushana,
CNR Rao Centre for Advanced Materials Research,Tumkur University,Tumkur;Dr.R.Harikrishna,Department of Chem
istry, M.S.Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangalore,S.T.Navalea,Functional Materials Research Laboratory,School o
f Physical Sciences,Solapur;Prof.M.V.N.Ambika Prasad, Department ofMaterials Science, Gulbarga University, Gulbar
ga andDr.Prashanth Kumar, Govt.College, Gulbarga.
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International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering& Management (IJAIEM)
Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: editor@ijaiem.org
Volume 03, Issue 09, September 2014 ISSN 2319 - 4847
Volume 3, Issue 9, September 2014 Page 208
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AUTHORS
Chivukulasrikanthhasreceived his M.Sc. in Solid State Physics from Osmania
University,Hyderabad.Heis presently Assistant Professor of Physics, Govt.Degree College, Gulbarga.
Pursuing his Ph.D. in Physics under the supervision of Prof. R.D.Mathad, Department of Physics,
Gulbarga University, Gulbarga. His current research interest includes Nanomaterials, polymer nano-
composites.
Chakradhar Sridhar B. received the M.Sc. degree in Physics from Gulbarga University, Gulbarga. He
is currently pursuing his Ph.D. in Physics under the supervision of Prof M.V.N. Ambika Prasad,
Department
of Physics, Gulbarga University, Gulbarga. His current research interest includes conducting polymer
nano-composites.
Dr. B M Nagabhushana has over 26 years of experience in teaching at M.S. Ramaiah Institute of
Technology, Bangalore, India. He as more than 15 years of teaching experience and published more
than 120 research papers in international peer reviewed journals.
Dr R D Mathad is born in Belgaum district of Karnataka, India and has received his M Sc andPh.D in
Nuclear Physics from Karnataka University Dharwad. He is presently Professor of Physics, Gulbarga
University, Gulbarga. His research comprises diverse areas such as Excitation Energy Transfer; Energy
Loss & Radiation induced effects in Polymers, Plasma instabilities in Inertial Confinement Fusion,
Cellular Transport Processes, Neutron diffraction studies on Glasses; Polymer Blends, Complexes and
Nano- Composites.