What is Expected ?

1) Match names with symbols for the first 36 elements

(e.x. I shouldnt have to tell you that As = Arsenic)
3) Know the names and oxidation states of simple ions
(ex. Table 3.1), polyatomic ions (Table 3.3) and oxyacids
4) Give the names and formulas of inorganic compounds
(i.e. all naming rules covered in Chapter 3)
Formula mass the mass of a formula unit in atomic
mass units. Applies to molecular and ionic compounds
Formula Mass and the Mole Concept
The Mole Concept
also known as molecular mass or molecular weight
Page 119
Example 3.9

Formula mass of glucose, C
6
H
12
O
6

Page 120
One Mole of a compound contains 6.022 x 10
23

formula units (or molecular units for a molecular
compound).
Molar Mass mass of one mole of a compound.
Numerically equivalent to the formula mass but with
units of g/mol !
The Mole Concept
Example 3.10
Page 122
An aspirin tablet contains 325 mg of C
9
H
8
O
4
. How many molecules
Does it contain?
b) How many H atoms does it contain?
A molecular formula tells how many moles of an
atom are in one mole of a molecular compound
1 mole of C
2
H
6
O
2

Chemical Composition
Chemical Composition
a) How many moles of ethylene glycol are in 25.00mg of
ethylene glycol ?
b) How many moles of carbon are in the above sample ?
c) How many atoms of carbon are in the above sample ?
Molecular Formula C
2
H
6
O
2

The Mole Concept
Not in book
23
Percent Composition
Chemical Composition
Page 123
Mass percent of element x = mass of element x in 1 mole compound
mass of 1 mole of the compound
x100
Reminder: Molar mass C
2
H
6
O
2
2 x C = 2 x 12.01 = 24.02
6 x H = 6 x 1.008 = 6.048
2 x O = 2 x 16.00 = 32.00
62. 084

% C = 24.02 gC/62.084 g total x 100% = 38.69% C
%H = 6.048 gH / 62.084 g total x 100% = 9.77% H
% O = 32.00 gO/ 62.084 g total x 100% = 51.54% O

We solved this last class
Page 125
Example 3.11 Mass Percent Composition
Calculate the mass percent of Cl in Freon-112, C
2
Cl
4
F
2
Page 127
Example 3.12 Mass Percent Composition
Sodium chloride is 39% sodium by mass. If the US FDA recommends
you

eat less than 2.4 g of sodium a day, how much sodium chloride can
you consume in grams?
Page 130
Example 3.13 Chemical Formulas as Conversion Factors
What mass of hydrogen (in grams) is contained in 1.00 gallon of
water

Chemical Composition
Working Backwards
Pretty easy (after some practise) to get the
percent composition from a known molecular
formula.
Can you work backwards to get the
molecular formula if you know the percent
composition ?

Best way to do this is using an example.
Page 134
Example 3.15 Obtaining Empirical Formula from Experimental
Data
A laboratory analysis of aspirin determined the following mass
percent composition:
C 60.00%
H 4.48%
O 35.52%
What is the empirical formula?


Page 137
Example 3.16 Obtaining Molecular Formula
Butanedione, contains the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
The empirical formula is C
2
H
3
O and the molar mass is 86.09 g/mol

What is the molecular formula?


How percent composition is determined experimentally
Chemical Composition
Combustion Analysis
Page 138
49
Concept Plan:

g
CO
2
, H
2
O
mol
ratio
empirical
formula
mol
CO
2
, H
2
O
mol
C, H
g
C, H
g
O
mol
O
mol
C, H, O
Page 139
Combustion Analysis
Page 140
Example 3.17 Combustion Analysis
Upon combustion, a compound containing only carbon and hydrogen
produces 1.83 g CO
2
and 0.901 g H
2
O. Find the empirical formula.


Page 141
Example 3.18 Combustion Analysis
Upon combustion, a 0.8233 g sample of a compound containing only
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen produces 2.445 g CO
2
and 0.6003 g
H
2
O. Find the empirical formula.


0.08883 g O x
O mol 005552 . 0
O g 16.00
O mol 1

Empirical formula C
0.05555
H
0.06664
O
0.005552

Divide by smallest number C
10
H
12
O
Reactants Products
Chemical Reactions
Chemical Reactions
Reactions involve chemical changes in matter resulting in
new substances
Reactions involve rearrangement and exchange of
atoms to produce new molecules
Page 142
Chemical Reactions



Shorthand way of describing a reaction
Provides information about the reaction
Formulas of reactants and products
States of reactants and products
Relative numbers of reactant and product
molecules that are required
Can be used to determine weights of reactants used and
products that can be made
symbols used to indicate state after chemical
(g) = gas; (l) = liquid; (s) = solid
(aq) = aqueous = dissolved in water
Page 143
methane gas burns to produce carbon dioxide
gas and gaseous water
whenever something burns it combines with O
2
(g)
CH
4
(g) + O
2
(g) CO
2
(g) + H
2
O(g)
to show the reaction obeys the Law of
Conservation of Mass, it must be balanced
CH
4
(g) + 2 O
2
(g) CO
2
(g) + 2 H
2
O(g)
Chemical Reactions
Page 143
CH
4
and O
2
are the reactants, and CO
2
and H
2
O
are the products
the (g) after the formulas tells us the state of the
chemical
the number in front of each substance tells us the
numbers of those molecules in the reaction
called the coefficients
CH
4
(g) + 2 O
2
(g) CO
2
(g) + 2 H
2
O(g)
this equation is balanced, meaning that there are
equal numbers of atoms of each element on the
reactant and product sides
to obtain the number of atoms of an element, multiply the
subscript by the coefficient
Chemical Reactions
Page 143
- You can only change the coefficients.
- You can NOT add new atoms or molecules into
the equation (note this doesnt apply to REDOX
reactions well see in Ch4).
- You cannot change the chemical formulas to
force a balanced equation.
- Balance atoms in more complex substances first,
leave pure elements last

- Check your work!
Rules for Balancing Chemical Equations
Chemical Reactions
Page 145
Page 146
Example 3.19 Balancing Chemical Equations
Write a balanced equation for the reaction of Co(III) oxide and solid
carbon to produce solid cobalt and carbon dioxide gas.


Co
2
O
3
(s) + C(s) Co(s) + CO
2
(g)

Balance Co first Co
2
O
3
(s) + C(s) 2Co(s) + CO
2
(g)

Balance O next 2 Co
2
O
3
(s) + C(s) 2Co(s) + 3CO
2
(g)

Readjust any elements 2 Co
2
O
3
(s) + C(s) 4Co(s) + 3CO
2
(g)

Balance isolated elements last
2 Co
2
O
3
(s) + 3C(s) 4Co(s) + 3CO
2
(g)
Check elements on both sides 4 Co 6 O 3C 4 Co 3C 6O

Page 147
Example 3.20 Balancing Chemical Equations
Write a balanced equation for the combustion of gaseous butane,
C
4
H
10
, with gaseous oxygen to produce gaseous carbon dioxide
and water.

C
4
H
10
(g) + O
2
(g) CO
2
(g) + H
2
O(g)

Balance C first C
4
H
10
(g) + O
2
(g) 4CO
2
(g) + H
2
O(g)

Balance H next C
4
H
10
(g) + O
2
(g) 4CO
2
(g) + 5H
2
O(g)

Balance isolated elements last
C
4
H
10
(g) + 13/2O
2
(g) 4CO
2
(g) + 5H
2
O(g)
2C
4
H
10
(g) + 13O
2
(g) 8CO
2
(g) + 10H
2
O(g)

Check elements on both sides 8C 20H 26O 8C 16O 20H 10O