Institute Technology Bandung

Dept of Electrical Engineering

Masters Degreee Program
Capacity Comparison Between AMPS, TDMA IS-54,
CDMA IS-95, and GSM
Delivered : 22 March 2003
Prepared y : !dit "urnia#an
Institute Technology Bandung
Dept$ Electrical Engineering
Prepared for : %raduate &tudent
&istem Informasi Tele'omuni'asi
Masters Degree Program
!uthorised y: !dit "urnia#an
((((((((
0
Abstract
)f the three ma*or techni+ues, namely -DM!, TDM!, and .DM! that stand for
fre+uency, time, and code division multiple access techni+ues respectively, .DM! is
going to e the most popular techni+ue to support the future #ireless communication
systems$ This is due to the fact that .DM! offers superior advantages over the other
multiple access techni+ues$
.apacity, cost, and +uality of service are the most important aspects to e considered
for future #ireless communication systems$ In this article, the advantages of .DM!
over -DM! and TDM! are assessed to sho# the superiorities of that system$ The
most important advantage of .DM! is its higher capacity, therefore comparison of the
capacity et#een -DM!, TDM!, and .DM! systems is sho#n$
In conclusion, despite its gradual deployment, due to competition from the other
systems, .DM! is li'ely to e in the greatest demands in the mar'et place$
/o#, students are to compare the capacity #ith the %&M system on their o#n$ This
tas' is counted as 30 0 of total assessment$
1
ist o! Contents
!stract 1
2ist of .ontent
2
1$ Introduction 3
2$ .oncept of .DM! 3
3$ !dvantages of .DM! over -DM! and TDM! 3
3$ .hannel .apacity of .DM! 4
4$ .omparison of .hannel .apacity 5
6$ Prospect of .DM! for -uture 7ireless &ystems 11
8$ .onclusion and further #or's 12
9eferences 12
2
"# Introd$ction
There are three ma*or multiple access techni+ues in #ireless communication systems,
namely fre+uency division multiple access :-DM!;, time division multiple access
:TDM!;, and code division multiple access :.DM!;$
-DM! divides a carrier fre+uency into a numer of channels, each of #hich carries a
telephone conversation$ TDM! allo#s each telephone conversation to use the entire
carrier fre+uency at different time slots$ In contrast to -DM! and TDM!, .DM!
allocates the entire carrier fre+uency to all users simultaneously, ut each of them has a
uni+ue code$ In short, -DM! employs different fre+uencies, TDM! uses different time
slots, #hile .DM! uses uni+ue codes to separate telephone calls$
-DM! is employed in the analog !dvanced Moile Phone &ystems :!MP&;, #hile
TDM! is used in the digital %roup &peciale for Moile :%&M; systems$ Both systems
have een in operation throughout the #orld for the last t#o decades$ The deployment
of .DM! techni+ue for commercial applications, in contrast, has *ust started in some
countries$
The capacity and +uality of service of .DM! have een proven to e much higher than
that of other systems$ Therefore .DM! may offer etter +uality of service at lo#er
costs, and these are the strengths of .DM! for future #ireless communication
systems$
%# T&e Concept o! CDMA
.ode Division Multiple !ccess :.DM!; is a multiple access method for #hich all
users operate at the same fre+uency spectrum, occupy the entire allocated fre+uency
and, and may transmit simultaneously$
In order for every user transmission to e identified, a private code must e assigned to
each user$ There are t#o common coding techni+ues, direct se+uence :D&<.DM!;
and fre+uency hopping :-=<.DM!;$ Both techni+ues are the same in that the po#er
to e transmitted is spread over a very #ide and#idth$ )n the receiver, only the code
designated to its particular user #ill e detected, other #ideand spectral and
interference signals #ill e ignored and considered as noise$
!s a result of po#er spreading over a #ide and#idth, the po#er per unit and#idth
:#att per hert>; in .DM! is minimised resulting in a very little interference to other
e?isting systems$ Indeed, it is difficult to determine if a spread spectrum signal is
actually present$ )n the other hand, a spread spectrum receiver spreads the interfering
signal from other systems and hence reduces the interference$ In other #ords, spread
spectrum signal can theoretically e overlaid on top of any e?isting narro#and signals
#ithout causing any significant interference$
'# T&e Ad(anta)es o! CDMA o(er *DMA and TDMA
The advantages of .DM! over -DM! and TDM! techni+ues are higher channel
capacity, etter interference performance and superior hand<off mechanism$ )f these,
3
high channel capacity is the most important advantage, and therefore a comparison is
made et#een the three systems in terms of channel capacity$
!nother interesting feature of .DM! system is its etter fre+uency utilisation
compared to -DM! and TDM! systems$ This means more users can operate in the
same area or simply more channel capacity is provided for any given fre+uency
spectrum$ Therefore, .DM! techni+ue may overcome the prolem of limited capacity
in -DM! and TDM! moile telephone systems ecause it provides a higher numer of
channels for the same allocated fre+uency and$ &chilling, et$ al$ :1@@1:83; compare 44
-DM! channels #ith oth 660 TDM! 2$3 'ps channels and appro?imately 2400
.DM! channels per cell using the full .DM! capaility$
.DM! also gives more secure communication systems ecause it prevents interception
and resists *amming y others #ho #ant to disrupt communications$ The later feature
is significant in military communications systems$ Today, .DM! spread spectrum
communications systems are availale for commercial applications$ &chilling, et al$
:1@@1:66; argue that spread spectrum results in efficient use of the fre+uency spectrum
$$$ and its use for peaceful applications has already resulted in numerous Astart<upA
companies manufacturing such e+uipment$
.ompared to narro# and modulation and multiple?ing techni+ues, .DM! permits
implementation of much more po#erful error correction methods$ This is ecause
.DM!Bs #ide channel and#idth enales e?tensive redundancy error correction codes
to e employed$ /arro#and digital modulation techni+ues restrict the implementation
of error correction codes to conserve channel and#idth$
!nother superiority of .DM! over -DM! and TDM! techni+ues is its capaility to
comat multipath fading$ In narro# and -DM!CTDM! techni+ue a large amount of
po#er udget is added as a fading margin to comat severe multipath fading ecause
there is no #ay to eliminate fades$ 7ith #ideand .DM! modulations, ho#ever, the
different paths are discriminated in the demodulation process, and may greatly reduce
the severity of the multipath fading$
In terms of the effectiveness of tal'ing time during a telephone conversation, .DM!
provides a etter utilisation$ Effective tal'ing time, the actual occupation of the
telephone channel, is appro?imately 34 0$ This is ecause of the idle time created
#hen the receiver is listening and #hen either spea'er pauses$ !lthough -DM! and
TDM! techni+ues may employ voice activation techni+ue to reassign the channel
resources during the speech pauses, .DM! provides more cost effective opportunities
to e?ploit this advantage$
2ast ut not least, .DM! may provide a fle?ile channel assignment to serve cell sites
#ith various traffic load in a very good #ay$ This occurs simply #hen a particular area
is e?periencing a high traffic #hile the neighouring cells is not, then the capacity of
heavily loaded cells can e increased since the neighouring light loaded cells only
contriute a small proportion of interference to the heavily loaded cells$
4# C&anne+ Capacity o! CDMA
.DM! channel capacity can e determined y using the concept of .CI :carrier to
interference ratio; rather than using .C/ :carrier to noise ratio; principle as in the
3
analog modulation scheme$ The reason is that in any digital system, the effect of noise
is virtually unimportant as long as the digital receiver is ale to distinguish et#een
different levels of digital signals$ In other #ords, a digital system allo#s and accepts
ut controls the interference$
The e+uation of .CI ratio can e determined from the follo#ing concept :
C
I
R E
W N
b
t
=
$
$ B
:3<1;
#here
C/I .arrier to interference ratio
E
b
Energy per information source it
N'
t
Total interference noise po#er density
R Information source it rate
W Modulated and#idth$
In a .DM! system of n channels, the total interference po#er is e+ual to the po#er
from the n<1 other sources :
I C n = $: ; 1
:3<2;
providing
C
I n
R
W
E
N
b
t
=

=
1
1
$
B
:3<3;
or
n
W R
E N
G
E N
b t
p
b t
= + = + 1 1
C
C B C B
:3<3;
This general formula #as given in Dualcomm :1@@2:1@;$ G
p
= W/R is the processing
gain of the .DM! spread spectrum$ =o#ever since the channel capacity is ased on
the interference noise po#er only from other un#anted channels, N'
t
and assuming the
thermal noise density N
o
does not correlate #ith spread spectrum noise po#er, the
total noise po#er density N
t
#ill e
N
t
= N'
t
+ N
o
:3<4;
so the e+uation :3<3; #ill e
4
n
W R
E N
G
E N N
G
E N
N
N
b t
p
b t o
p
b t
o
t
= + = +

= + 1 1 1 1
C
C B C : ; C
: ;
:3<6;
#here
n /umer of channel
G
p Processing gain
E
b
/N
t
9atio of energy per it to total noise density$
N
o
Thermal noise density$
7hen people are tal'ing on a full duple? telephone channel, the effective time that they
are actually using the channel is appro?imately 34 0 ecause of idle time et#een
#ords spo'en and et#een their alternate idle time #hen one spea' at a time and the
other spea' at his turn$ Despite the fact that -DM!CTDM! techni+ues may employ
voice activation techni+ue to reassign the channel resource during the speech pauses,
.DM! provides more cost effective opportunities to e?ploit this advantage$ ! typical
value of voice duty cycle is d = 0.40.
Esing the formula of channel capacity, e+uation :3<3; can e e?pressed as follo#s :
C
I n
R
W
E
N d
b
t
=

=
1
1
1
$
B
$
:3<8;
#here
d Foice duty cycle$
-re+uency reuse techni+ue is the 'ey feature of the cellular radio system$ This
techni+ue allo#s much higher channel capacity than previous non<cellular radio
systems$
The concept of fre+uency reuse uses the notion of accepting ut controlling cochannel
interference$ .onsidering all interfering cells that #ill affect cochannel interference, the
follo#ing carrier to interference ratio #ill hold :
C
I n nk nk nk
n
n
n
k
n
n
k
n
n
k
=
+ + + +
=
+

+
1
1 6 12 15
1
1 1 6
1
12
1
15
1
1 2 3
1 2 3
: ; $$$$$
: ;G
: ; : ; : ;
$$$$$H
:3<5;
6
k
1
, k
2
, k
3
, ..$interference contriution from cells in rings 1, 2, 3, etc$ relative to the
interference from the center cell$ In practice, only cells in the first ring may cause
cochannel interference$ In this situation, the moile stations #ithin these neighouring
cells control their po#er relative to their o#n cell center$
Esing e+uation :3<3;, the total .CI is then :
C
I n
F
R
W
E
N
F
b
t
=

=
1
1
$ $
B
$
:3<@;
F is the .DM! fre+uency reuse efficiency #hich is e+uals to the reciprocal of the
remaining terms inside the curly rac'et of e+uation :3<5;$
/umerical or simulation techni+ues can e used to calculate F, and the result given y
Dualcomm :1@@2:24; yields F as aout 0.65 for the inverse fourth<la# of propagation
model$
If directional cell site antennas are used, typically 120 degrees sector antennas, .DM!
simply considers only one third of its interference, ecause the ase station #ill only
receive one third of the signal from the moile stations$ =o#ever contriution from
sideloes may lead to a total sectoral efficiency of appro?imately 54 0 resulting in an
effective sectori>ation gain of 2$44$
9ememering the .DM! channel capacity in e+uation :3<6; and considering other
advantage of fre+uency reuse efficiency, sectorisation gain, and voice activation
efficiency, the complete formula to calculate the .DM! channel capacity can e
#ritten as :
n
G
E N
N
N
F
d
G
p
b t
o
t
= + G
C
: ;H$ $ $ 1 1
1
:3<10;
#here
n /umer of channel
G
p Processing gain
E
b
Energy per it of information source$
N
o
Thermal noise density$
N
t
Total interference and thermal noise po#er density
F
-re+uency reuse efficiency :typically F = 0.65;$
d Foice duty cycle :!ssumed value of d=40 %)$
8
G &ectori>ation gain :!ssumed value of G = 2.55;$
This formula is of course true if all other interfering transmitters contriute the same
amount of po#er #hich is treated as noise y the receiving station$ In a moile
environment, the received po#er #ill vary enormously due to the multipath
environment and the distances from moile stations to the ase station$
The investigation of .DM! channel capacity descried aove is ased on the
assumption of an e+ual distriution of moile stations throughout the service area$ In
real situations, some cells may e?perience much higher traffic #hile others may not$
.DM! may provide a fle?ile channel assignment to serve cell sites #ith various traffic
load eneficially$ This is ecause #hen a particular area, e$g$ along a high#ay, is
e?periencing a high traffic #hile the neighouring cell is not, then the capacity of
heavily loaded cells can e increased since the neighouring light loaded cells only
contriute a small proportion of interference to the heavily loaded cells$
In order to normalise the po#er from moile stations, po#er control techni+ue is
employed so the ase station #ill receive appro?imately the same po#er level from all
moile stations regardless of their ranges from the ase station$ =o#ever, as
Dualcomm :1@@2:1@; points out, the po#er control does not eliminate multipath
fading :9ayleigh fading; since the phase relationships that cause this fading are not
correlated over the 34 M=> fre+uency spacing et#een the outound and inound
fre+uencies in the E& cellular system$
5# Comparison o! C&anne+ Capacity
To compare the capacity of -DM!, TDM! and .DM! systems, the allocated
fre+uency spectrum of !MP& #ill e evaluated$ The !MP& fre+uency allocation uses
fre+uency and of 565 < 5@3 M=> for transmission from moiles to the cell site and
523 < 53@ M=> for transmission in the other direction$
Each of the fre+uency ands is divided into t#o different operators resulting in a total
fre+uency allocation for each operator of 12$4 M=> for transmission and 12$4 M=> for
reception$
In -DM! implementation, channel spacing of 30 '=> is used and the channel capacity
can e easily determined as :
5
n

= =
12 4 10
30 10
316
6
3
$
channels :4<1;
or in the 8<cell cellular pattern :
n = =
316
8
4@ channels per cell :4<2;
/ote that in its initial deployment, the fre+uency allocation #as not that simple, instead
each operator #as assigned 11 M=> in the lo# and and 1$4 M=> in the high and or
10 M=> in the lo# and and 2$4 M=> in the high and as descried in the follo#ing
diagram :
A A B A B R
824 825 835 845 846.5 849 851
Mobile Transmit
A
A B A B
Cell Site transmit
869 870 880 890 891.5 894 896
Fre!en"# $M%&'
Fre!en"# $M%&'
R
*i)$re 5-" *re,$ency Spectr$m a++ocation !or t&e AMPS
In TDM! I&<43 system, a channel or a group of channels can e used y a numer of
users at different times$ In other #ords the same 30 "=> -M channel can e used y
more than one user using the TDM! scheme$ To determine the numer of users that
can utilise a 30 '=> channel, it is 'no#n that the 63 'ps digitised voice channel can
no# e represented y using a good techni+ue to occupy only a fraction of the original
it rates$ =o#ever e?periments sho# that a digital voice signal at a it rate of
appro?imately 5$4 'ps provides a good +uality #ithout noticeale degradation$
-or a it rate of appro?imately 5$4 'ps, a 30 '=> fre+uency and can provide aout :
n

= =
30 10
5 4 10
3
3
3
$
channels per 30 '=> and#idth :4<3;
@

It can e seen that a 3<fold increase in channel capacity can e otained y using
TDM! techni+ue or n = 3 5! "#$nn%& p%' "%&&$
In the .DM! system, a greater increase in channel capacity can e sho#n y using the
formula to calculate the .DM! channel capacity in e+uation :3<10; :
n
G
E N
N
N
F
d
G
p
b t
o
t
= + G
C
: ;H$ $ $ 1 1
1
:4<3;
In order to compare #ith -DM! and TDM! descried aove, the !MP& 12$4 M=>
fre+uency allocation is assumed$ Then using the same voice channel it rate #ith
TDM! :(.5 kbp) p%' "#$nn%&) and E
b
/N
t
= * d+ = 5 #hich is typical for .DM!
system, N
t
/N
o
= 20 d+ = 100, F = 0.65, d = 0.4, G = 2.55 as the general assumption
descried aove, the .DM! channel capacity can e calculated as follo#s
n
G
E N
N
N
F
d
G
p
b t
o
t
= + G
C
: ;H$ $ $ 1 1
1
n

= + = G
$ C $
H: ;: $ ;:
$
;: $ ; 1
12 4 10 5 4 10
4
1
1
100
0 64
1
0 3
2 44 1210
6 3
channel
per cell$
/ote that this calculation is ased on the same configuration #ith the -M system #hen
serving the same area and using the same antenna sectoring system$ This figure of
1210C4@ sho#s that .DM! capacity is e+uivalent to aout 20 ,o&d) of -DM!
capacity$ It should e noted also that #hen the numer of channel increases, the
aggregated po#er from all channel also increases and the term -1.N
0
/N
t
) in the
e+uation #ill converge to 1 since N
t
/N
o
is higher$
&chilling :1@@1:83; sho#s a comparison of 44 -DM! voice channels #ith 660 TDM!
2$3 'ps voice channel and appro?imately 2400 .DM! channels per cell using the full
.DM! capaility$ Dualcomm :1@@2:4; points out the same comparison in terms of
channel capacity y #hich a ratio of 1 : 3 : 21 is given for -DM!, TDM!, and .DM!
respectively using 5 'ps voice vocoder for the digitised voice channel$
-# Prospect o! CDMA !or *$t$re .ire+ess Systems
There has een a significant gro#th of the #ireless communication mar'et #orld#ide$
The largest cellular mar'et penetration has een ta'ing place in /orth !merica and
10
Europe$ -or e?ample, Ma :1@@8:33; states that in late 1@@4, there #ere 33 million
moile users in /orth !merica and more than 23 million in Europe$
Ma also mentions that the mar'et is no# gro#ing more rapidly in !sian countries :34
0 per year; than in /orth !merica :24 0 per year; or Europe :20 0 per year;$ 7hile
the annual gro#th rate in the !sia<Pacific region in 1@@3 #as more than 160 0, Iapan
had an annual mar'et gro#th of 100 percent from 1@@3 to 1@@4$ =o#ever, the most
rapid cellular mar'et gro#th too' place in .hina, India, and Indonesia #ith annual
gro#th rates e?ceeding 200 0$
In order to anticipate these e?plosive mar'et conditions, telecommunication industries
should e very careful in their choices of technologies, despite the proven advantages
of .DM! system$ This is ecause of the very strong competition et#een the cellular
#ireless communication systems$
Meng :1@@8:34;argues that #hatever the technological arguments et#een competing
cellular standards, the %&M system #hich employs TDM! techni+ue, is #inning the
competition in the !sia Pacific region$ =o#ever, 9ose :1@@5:23; discovered during her
visit to "orea, that despite its current economic prolems, &outh "oreaJs Telecom
sector is standing firm in its choice of .DM! as they prepare for the 21st century$
Fiteri :1@@8:1; also claims that, .DM! is and #ill e the est system to support the
Eniversal Personal .ommunications &ystem$ =o#ever, he oserved that the very
gradual deployment for commercial application efore 1@@3 #as caused y political
and pulic relation ostructions to competition$ =e elieves .DM! users have gro#n
very rapidly since the estalishment of .DM! I& @4 standard, called .DM!)ne, in
1@@3$
=e also descries the attles over standards that are often used y manufactures,
operators, and other institutions to #in mar'et share$ =e argues that since .DM!)ne
standard #as estalished, the European counterpart of %&M and TDM! as #ell as the
Iapanese operators have tried to e?ert much influence over the ITE in the preparation
of the third generation :3%; standard$ The 3% standard called 7ideand .DM! is, in
fact, the upgraded version of .DM!)ne standard #ith 3$1 M=> spreading se+uence
compared to 1$23 M=> of .DM!)ne$
I #ould say that "orea and most !sian countries and proaly the rest of the #orld are
going to employ .DM! for their future #ireless communications ecause of the
superiorities over -DM! and TDM! descried aove$ The reason #hy %&M is, for the
time eing, gaining most #ireless mar'et is ecause it emerged early in the eginning
of the 1@50s #hile .DM! #as still in the e?perimental stages$
!n effort to increase the capacity of TDM! %&M net#or' has een sho#n y Berg
:1@@8:16;$ =e e?plains that an increase of up to eight<fold capacity gains can e
otained y employing a multi<pronged approach$ =o#ever, this capacity improvement
is still far elo# that of .DM! for the same fre+uency allocation$ )ther advantages,
such as etter protection from interference, capaility to comat fading, etter security
and etter performance of error correction and voice activation factors, may certainly
lead to strengthen the .DM! mar'et demands in the future$
11
5# Conc+$sion and *$rt&er .or/s
Conc+$sion
Despite the fact that .DM! has not een the ma*or industry in todayBs moile
telephone system, its much higher channel capacity and e?cellent interference
performance over -DM! and TDM! indicate a very convincing technology for future
moile telephone applications$
)ne of the most po#erful advantages of .DM! is its lo# po#er feature providing
virtually no interference to the e?isting system$ .DM! is also susceptile from other
systems using the same fre+uency and allo#ing possile overlay implementation over
the e?isting systems$ =aving those superior characteristics over competing techni+ues,
.DM! is most li'ely to attract mar'et appeal for future #ireless communication
systems$
Migration from %&M systems #ith -DM! and TDM! to .DM! systems #ill ta'e
place #hen the enefit of .DM! is recognised y the consumers$ =o#ever during the
transition period, dual mode services may e offered to avoid unhealthy competition
et#een different operators using different systems$
*$rt&er .or/s
.ompare the channel capacity #ith the %&M system$
0e!erences
Berg, %$, 1@@8, K%iving %&M /et#or's More .apacityL, /%&%"o0 1)2$, Fol$ 5, /o$ 1,
pp$ 16<23$
Iohansen, "$%$, 1@@0, K.ode Division Multiple !ccess versus -DM! .hannel
.apacity in Moile &atellite .ommunicationL, IEEE /'$n)$"t2on on 3%#2"4&$'
/%"#no&o56, Fol$ 3@$
Ma, I$, 1@@8, KIn Defence of .DM!L, 1)2$n Co004n2"$t2on) 7$5$82n%, Fol 11$,
/o$3$, pp$ 33<36$
Meng, T$&$, 1@@8, KThe %&M PerspectiveL, 1)2$n Co004n2"$t2on) 7$5$82n%, Fol
11$, /o$3$, pp$ 34$
Dualcomm Inc$, 1@@2, K!n )vervie# of the !pplication of .ode Division Multiple
!ccess :.DM!; to Digital .ellular &ystems and Personal .ellular /et#or'sL,
Dualcomm, E&!$ pp$ 1<45$
12
9ose, M$, 1@@5, K.DM!Js flagshipL, 7ob2&% 1)2$.9$"2,2", Fol$ 6 /o$1, pp$ 23<24$
&chilling, D$2$, et al, 1@@1, K&pread &pectrum for .ommercial .ommunicationsL,
IEEE Co004n2"$t2on 7$5$82n%, pp$ 66<8@$
&hapira, I$, 1@@3, KMicrocell Engineering in .DM! .ellularL, IEEE /'$n)$"t2on on
3%#2"4&$' /%"#no&o56, Fol 33$
Fiteri, !$, March 1@@5, K.DM! : Past, Present, and -uture:, t#% ;o4'n$& o, t#%
C<71=n% Wo'&d.
Traelsi, . and Mongacoghi, !$, 1@@3, K! 9educed .omple?ity D&<.DM! &ystem for
Personal .ommunication /et#or'L, IEEE /'$n)$"t2on on 3%#2"4&$' /%"#no&o56, Fol
33$
7eer, .$2$, 1@51, KPerformance .onsideration of .DM! &ystemL, IEEE
/'$n)$"t2on on 3%#2"4&$' /%"#no&o56 Fol 30$
13