SQL Help : SQL Operators

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Operators in SQL
Linklist
1. Common SQL operators, such as ALL,SOME, IN ...
2. Logical operators, such as AND, OR, NOT ...
3. Mathematical operators, such as +, -, / ...
4. Execution precedence
Common SQL operators
; - semicolon
Semicolon is used when two SQL commands must be separated and is in some
RDBMS optional, when only one SQL statement is used.
* - "star"
Syntax
*
Description:
Is an alias for all fields of the selected table.
Example:
SELECT *
FROM t or der
Selects all fields in all records of the table torder.
ALL
Syntax
ALL [ ( SELECT-Command ) ]
Description:
ALL is used to select all records of an SELECT statement.
Example:
SELECT *
FROM t kunden
WHERE r at i ng > ALL ( SELECT r at i ng FROM t kunden WHERE st adt =' Ber l i n' ) ;
Select all customers where rating is biger than the rating of all customers
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living in Berlin.
ANY
Syntax
ANY ( SELECT-Command )
Description:
ANY and SOME are the same. Werden verwendet um eine logische logical
construct auf alle Datenstze rechts von dem Operator anzuwenden.
Example:
SELECT *
FROM t kunden
WHERE r at i ng > ANY ( SELECT r at i ng FROM t kunden WHERE st adt =' Ber l i n' ) ;
Select all customers with rating bigger than rating of at least one of living in
Berlin.
BETWEEN - checks when an field is between two
values
Syntax
BETWEEN Value1 AND Value2
Description:
WW BETWEEN W1 AND W2 tells the DBMS , that WW must be between W1
and W2.
Example:
SELECT vnum, anz, pr ei s
FROM t or der
WHERE pr ei s BETWEEN 100 AND 500
Here are the fields vnum and preis from the table torder selected, where the
field preis have an value between 100 and 500.
EXISTS - checks the existance of an result of an
sub-SELECT
Syntax
EXISTS ( SELECT-Command )
Description:
EXISTS is used with subquerys (sub-SELECTs) and have the value 'TRUE',
when the subselect returns data. When no data is returned then this
operator have the value 'FALSE'.
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Example:
SELECT DI STI NCT knum
FROM t kunden out er
WHERE EXI STS
( SELECT * FROM t kunden i nner
WHERE i nner . vnum=out er . vnumAND i nner . knum<>out er . knum) ;
Here are all customers selected, which have more than one corresponding
salesman.
IN - one of a set of values
Syntax
IN ( { Value [,...] } | SELECT-Command )
Description:
WW IN ( Value [,...] ) tells the DBMS , that WW must be one of the values
in the specifyed valuelist.
Example:
SELECT *
FROM t or der
WHERE pr ei s I N ( 100, 200, 300, 400, 500) ;
Here are all records from the table torder selected, where preis have one of
the values in the specifyed list.
IS NULL - ist empty
Syntax
Fieldname IS [ NOT ] NULL
Description:
Returns 'TRUE' if the field is empty and 'TRUE' if the field have a value.
Example:
SELECT *
FROM t kunden
WHERE st adt I S NOT NULL;
Here are all customers selected, where the field stadt is not empty.
LIKE
Syntax
LIKE Formatstring
Description:
LIKE is used only with CHAR and VARCHAR field types. Folowing rules apply
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to the format string :
_ (underline) means all characters are allowed at this place;
% (percent) means all character combinations (more than one character
too) are allowed at this place
Example:
SELECT *
FROM t kunden
WHERE kname LI KE ' G%' ;
Select all customers whith an beginning 'G' in the name.
MATCHES (Informix)
Syntax
MATCHES Formatstring
Beschreibung:
MATCHES is used only with CHAR and VARCHAR field types. Folowing rules
apply to the format string :
? (query) means all characters are allowed at this place;
* (star) means all character combinations (more than one character too)
are allowed at this place;
[characterset] the square brackets with the specifyed characterset allow
only only a specifyed subset of characters at this place.
Example:
SELECT *
FROM t kunden
WHERE kname MATCHES ' ?[ AaOoUu] *' ;
Select all customers whith an 'A', 'a', 'O', 'o', 'U' or 'u' as the second
character in the field kname.
SOME
Syntax
SOME ( SELECT-Command )
Description:
SOME and ANY mean the same. They are used to apply a logicat constuct to
all records at the rigth side of the operator. It's true when the logical
construct has the value true on at least one record at the right side of the
operator.
Example:
SELECT *
FROM t kunden
WHERE r at i ng > SOME ( SELECT r at i ng FROM t kunden WHERE st adt =' Ber l i n' ) ;
Select all customers, where rating is bigger than the rating of at least one
customer in Berlin.
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Logical operators in SQL
AND
Syntax
logical construct1 AND logical construct2
Description:
Means that the values at both sides of the operator must be TRUE,
otherwise this operator returns FALSE.
The execution priority is (in SQL) bigger than OR, but smaller than NOT.
Example:
SELECT pr ei s, anz, odat um
FROM t or der
WHERE pr ei s > 10 AND pr ei s < 100;
Select all orders, where the price of the ordered produkt is bigger than 10
and smaller then 100.
NOT
Syntax
NOT logical construct
Description:
Logical negation, makes from FALSE an TRUE value and vice versa.
Biggest execution priority of all logical operators.
Example:
SELECT pr ei s, anz, odat um
FROM t or der
WHERE NOT pr ei s=0;
Select all orders, where the price of the ordered product is not zero.
OR
Syntax
logical construct 1 OR logical construct 2
Description:
Means that at least one of the values at both sides of the operator must be
TRUE, otherwise this operator returns FALSE.
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This operator is executed after NOT and AND.
Example:
SELECT pr ei s, anz, odat um
FROM t or der
WHERE pr ei s > 10 AND pr ei s < 100 OR pr ei s > 1000;
Select all orders, where the price of the ordered product is bigger than 10
and smaller than 100, and such, where the price bigger than 1000 is.
= - equal
Syntax
Formula1 = Formula2
Description:
Is TRUE when the values at both sides of the operator are equal.
The execution priority is bigger than these of NOT, AND and OR.
Example:
SELECT pr ei s, anz, odat um
FROM t or der
WHERE pr ei s = 10 ;
Select all orders, where the price is equal to 10.
> - greater
Syntax
Formula1 > Formula2
Description:
Is TRUE when the value at the left side of the operator is greater than the
value at the right side.
The execution priority is bigger than these of NOT, AND and OR.
Example:
SELECT pr ei s, anz, odat um
FROM t or der
WHERE pr ei s > 0;
Select all orders, there the price of the ordered product bigger than 0 is.
>= - greater or equal
Syntax
Formula1 >= Formula2
Description:
Is TRUE when the value at the left side of the operator is greater or equal to
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the value at the right side.
The execution priority is bigger than these of NOT, AND and OR.
Example:
SELECT pr ei s, anz, odat um
FROM t or der
WHERE pr ei s >= 300;
Select all orders, there the price of the ordered product bigger or equal to
300 is.
< - smaller
Syntax
Formula1 < Formula2
Description:
Is TRUE when the value at the left side of the operator is smaller than the
value at the right side.
The execution priority is bigger than these of NOT, AND and OR.
Example:
SELECT pr ei s, anz, odat um
FROM t or der
WHERE pr ei s < 300;
Select all orders, there the price of the ordered product smaller than 300 is.
<= - smaller or equal
Syntax
Formula1 <= Formula2
Description:
Is TRUE when the value at the left side of the operator is smaller ot equal to
the value at the right side.
The execution priority is bigger than these of NOT, AND and OR.
Example:
SELECT pr ei s, anz, odat um
FROM t or der
WHERE pr ei s <= 300;
Select all orders, there the price of the ordered product smaller or equal to
300 is.
<> - not equal
Syntax
Formula1 <> Formula2
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Description:
Is TRUE when the value at the left side of the operator is not equal to the
value at the right side.
The execution priority is bigger than these of NOT, AND and OR.
Example:
SELECT pr ei s, anz, odat um
FROM t or der
WHERE pr ei s <> 0;
Select all orders, there the price of the ordered product not equal to 0 is.
Mathematical operators in SQL
In formulas you can combine values and fields to mathematical constucts by using
the standart arithmetic operators. Folowing are supported : + (add), - (substract), /
(divide), * (multiply).
Operator precedence
Operator Bedeutung Prioritt
+- sing 0
* / multiply, divide 1
+ - add, substact 2
= equal 3
<> not equal 3
< greater 3
> smaller 3
<= greater or equal 3
>= smaller or equal 3
[NOT] BETWEEN ...
AND ...
[not] between ... and 3
IS [NOT] NULL [not] NULL-value 3
[NOT] IN [not] in the list 3
NOT Negation 4
AND logical and 5
OR logical or 6
SQL Help : SQL Operators
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Index
Copyright 2002 by Andr Mller. This Object is open source. You can redistribute it and/or modify it under
the terms of the Universal General Public License (UGPL).