Bonfring International Journal of Power Systems and Integrated Circuits, Vol.
1, Special Issue, December 2011 56
ISSN 2250 1088 | 2011 Bonfring Abstract--- This paper describes active power control in a grid connected variable speed wind electric generation system (WEG) using squirrel cage induction machine. The chosen variable speed WEG system consists of a wind turbine, squirrel-cage induction generator, an AC-DC-AC interface and the power grid. In this work the generator side converter is controlled using vector control of induction machine and the grid side converter is controlled using DC link voltage control. Active power delivered by the WEG to the grid when driven by a wind speed can be controlled, albeit within a limited range, by varying the DC link voltage at the input of the grid side converter. The WEG scheme is simulated using system models in MATLAB-Simulink and the performance is studied. Keywords--- Wind Electric Generation System, Squirrel- Cage Induction Machine, AC-DC-AC Converters I. INTRODUCTION NITIAL interest in renewable energy such as wind energy, solar energy, fuel cell, tidal power and geothermal power is due to the oil crises of the 1970s and fear of resource depletion and political insecurity resulted in frenetic research and development activity, impressive technological and bold energy policy experiments. Among these, wind power generation is relatively economic and hence developed commercially. [12], [2],[11],[13] Variable speed wind electric generators (WEGs) are popular in the market because of their capability to extract more energy than fixed speed machines, reduced mechanical stress and aerodynamic noise. Induction generators operated by vector control techniques have fast dynamic response and accurate torque control which are advantageous in variable speed operation [2], [3],[4], [6], [7], [8], [9]. The robust, relatively maintenance-free and cheap induction machines have long been used as a good choice as the electrical generator in WEG systems, albeit those are fixed speed systems. The vector or field-orientated control of induction generator yields high dynamic performance ideal for variable-speed WEG systems too [9]. This paper presents active power control in a grid-
N.G. Greeshma, Department of EEE, Sree Narayana Guru College of Engineering and Technology, Payyanur, India. E-mail: greeshmang0@gmail.com Sasi K. Kottayil, Department of EEE, Amrita School of Engineering, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Coimbatore, India. E-mail: kk_sasi@cb.amrita.edu connected variable speed WEG that employs squirrel cage induction generator (SCIG), popularly known as VSIG. The chosen system consists of an AC-DC-AC asynchronous link (Comprised of a pair of DC linked converters) between the SCIG and the grid. In this work the generator side converter is controlled by vector control of induction machine and the grid side converter is controlled by DC link voltage. For a given wind speed, the DC link voltage decides the active power transfer to the grid, however, subject to the rotor speed and the related parameters. At any operating condition the system will choose a rotor speed such that the power flow equilibrium is maintained. The system model is first developed by use of characteristic equations of all the components and then operation under a steady wind speed is simulated; regulation of active power flow is obtained by varying DC link reference voltage. II. THE VSIG SYSTEM The VSIG is shown in Fig.1. The following are the system components: (i) horizontal axis wind turbine, (ii) gear, (iii) three phase SCIG, (iv) generator side converter, (v) DC link capacitor, and, (vi) grid side converter synchronised to a three phase grid.
Figure 1: Schematic Diagram of VSIG
In Fig 1, P is active power, Q is reactive power, r is rotor speed of SCIG, I dc is the output current of the generator side converter, V abc and I abc are respectively the output voltage and current of the grid side converter and V dc is the
voltage across the DC link capacitor. Here the active power is flowing from the wind turbine to the grid and reactive power from the grid to the generator. A pair of back to back PWM converters is connected between the SCIG and the grid for asynchronous operation. That facilitates the variable speed operation of the wind power generation system. The variable frequency variable voltage Active Power Control in Wind Driven Variable Speed Squirrel-Cage Induction Generator N.G. Greeshma and Sasi K. Kottayil I Bonfring International Journal of Power Systems and Integrated Circuits, Vol. 1, Special Issue, December 2011 57 ISSN 2250 1088 | 2011 Bonfring power from the generator is rectified by the generator side converter. This converter also supplies the magnetisation current of the machine. The supply side converter supplies the generated power to the utility grid. III. MODELING OF WEG The function of the wind turbine (WT) is to convert the linear motion of the wind into rotational one that can be used to drive a generator. Wind turbines capture the power from the wind by means of aerodynamically designed blades and convert it into rotating mechanical power. The amount of mechanical power captured from wind by the turbine could be formulated as,
(1) where, P T is the power output of WT in W, C P is the power coefficient of the WT and it depends on the aerodynamic characteristics of the blades, is the air density in kg/m 3 , A is the sweep area of WT and v is the wind speed in m/s [1]. The wind turbine can be characterized by its Cp - curve as shown in Fig.2 where is the tip speed ratio and is defined as the ratio between the linear speed of the tip of the blade to the wind speed. That is,
(2)
where, is the turbine rotor speed in rad/s, R is the radius of WT in m. C p of a WT may be expressed as a function of as well as , the blade pitch angle in degrees [14].
(3)
where,
(4) (1) to (4) together form the model of WT and it is implemented in MATLAB Simulink for the present study. The SCIG model is chosen from Simulink library. A gear transmission ratio of 1:6 is used between WT and SCIG. The system specifications are given in Appendix. IV. GRID SIDE CONVERTER CONTROL Fig.3 shows the grid side converter control scheme adopted for the VSIG system. It contains two PI control loops: a DC link voltage control loop and a converter current control loop. The DC link voltage control loop regulates the DC link voltage to a predefined value Vdc*. The output of the DC link voltage control loop is the i d *, the reference for the converter current control loop.[5]
Figure 2: C P - Characteristics of a Wind Turbine for a given
Figure 3: Grid Side Converter Control The inverter output current is converted from abc to dq, here the d-axis has the active component and q-axis the reactive component. Therefore the inverter current component i d is used to control the active power (through DC link voltage), while i q is used to control the reactive power. For unity power factor operation i q * is maintained at zero. The outputs of current regulators are v d and v q . Using these voltages three phase modulating signals are generated. These are the input to the PWM generator, which supplies the gate signals that drive the grid side converter. V. GENERATOR SIDE CONVERTER CONTROL Fig. 4 shows the generator side converter control scheme for VSIG. The three phase stator currents are converted to direct axis and quadrature axis components with the help of abc to dq transformation. These are then compared with the corresponding reference values. I d ref sets the machine flux level which is maintained constant. For power flow control, I d ref is derived from generator side converter output current. I q ref is derived from generator speed. The two control loops provide v d and
v q Bonfring International Journal of Power Systems and Integrated Circuits, Vol. 1, Special Issue, December 2011 58 ISSN 2250 1088 | 2011 Bonfring respectively. Using these voltages three phase modulating signals are generated and sent to the PWM generator that provides gate signals to drive the generator side converter.
Figure 4: Generator Side Converter Control VI. SIMULATION RESULTS The system operation is simulated for different wind speeds and the feasibility of active power control by varying DC link voltage is checked. The results confirmed that active power control is feasible within certain range as decided by WT characteristics. Fig.5 shows the SIMULINK model of VSIG. Fig.6 to Fig.9 show the results obtained from the simulated operation of the system for a constant wind velocity of 12m/s while V dc * is kept at 800V.
Figure 5: SIMULINK Model of VSIG Induction Machine
Figure 6: Rotor Speed of SCIG for v=12m/s and V dc *=800V
Figure 7: Generator Output Power of VSIG for v=12m/s and V dc *=800V
Figure 8: Voltage across DC Link Capacitor for v=12m/s and V dc *=800V
Figure 9: Active Power Supplied to Grid for v=12m/s and V dc *=800V
The system behavior with variation in DC link voltage while wind speed is maintained constant is evident from Table 1, in which changes in various parameters like WT power output (P T ), generator shaft speed (N), , Cp, power fed to the grid (P g ) are given at the wind speed of 12 m/s while V dc * is varied from 700 V to 900 V. Table 1: Performance of VSIG with different Vdc* for v =12m/s
The system adopts a different shaft speed in each case in order to establish power flow equilibrium, as a result of which Vdc* (V) PT (W) Pg (W) Cp N (rpm) 700 3119 2490 0.2171 4.635 1517 800 3138 2500 0.2185 4.646 1521 900 3085 2450 0.2148 4.616 1511 Bonfring International Journal of Power Systems and Integrated Circuits, Vol. 1, Special Issue, December 2011 59 ISSN 2250 1088 | 2011 Bonfring and C p vary; variation in P T is because of that in C p . The difference between P T and P g is the total power loss in SCIG and the link. VII. CONCLUSION Dynamic modelling and simulation of a grid connected variable speed WEG using squirrel cage induction machine has been carried out. The simulation results suggest that the DC link voltage control is a feasible method to control active power in a grid connected WT-SCIG system. This method can be further extended to develop maximum power tracking in VSIG for wind speeds below the rated wind speed. The method will also be useful for restricting generation when wind speed goes high during periods of lean demand, as stipulated in grid code for wind farms; compared to pitch angle control the electronic control is faster and cheaper. REFERENCES [1] Jogendra Singh Thongam and Sasi K. Kottayil, sensorless direct vector control of induction generator for variable speed wind energy applications, ICAER-2007, pp.315-320. [2] Abo-Khalil A. G., D. C. Lee and J. K. Seok, 2004, Variable speed wind power generation system based on fuzzy logic control for maximum output power tracking, 35th Annu. IEEE Pow Elec Spec conf 2004, 3, 2039- 2043. [3] Cardenas R and R. Pena, 2004, Sensorless vector control of induction machines for variable-speed wind energy applications, IEEE Trans Energy Conversion, 19,196-205. [4] Kana C.L., M. Thamodharan and A. Wolf, 2001, System Management of a Wind-Energy Converter, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 16, 375-381. [5] Kwon B. H., J. H. Youm and J. W. Lim, 1999, A Line-Voltage Sensorless Synchronous Rectifier, IEEE Transactions Power Electronics, 14, 966- 972. [6] Leidhold R. and G. Garcia, 1998, Variable Speed Field-Oriented Controlled Induction Generator, In Proc IEEE Ind Appl Conf, 1, 540-546. [7] Leidhold R., G. Garcia and M. I. Valla, 2002, Field-oriented controlled induction generator with loss minimization, IEEE Transactions Ind Elec, 49, 147-156. [8] Martinez Rodrigo F., J. M. Ruiz Gonzalez, J. A. Dominguez Vazquez and L. C. Herrero de Lucas, 2002, Sensorless control of a squirrel cage induction generator to track the peak power in a wind turbine, In Proc IEEE IECON 02, 1, 169-174. [9] Pena R. S., R. J. Cardenas, G. M. Asher and J. C. Clare, 2000, Vector controlled induction machines for stand-alone wind energy applications, In Proc IEEE Ind Appl Ann Meet 2000, 3, 1409-15. [10] Shin M. H., D. S. Hyun, S. B. Cho and S. Y. Choe, 2000, An improved stator flux estimation for Speed Sensorless Stator Flux Oriented Control of Induction Motors, IEEE Trans. Power Electronics, 15, 312-318. [11] John Twidell and Tony Weir , Renewable Energy Resources, New York Taylor & Francis, 2006. [12] P.W. Carlin, A.S. Laxson and E.B.Muljadi, The History and State of the Art of Variable speed Wind Turbine Technology, NREL/TP, 2001. [13] S.N. Bhadra, D. Kastha and S. Banerjee, Wind Electrical Systems Oxford University Press, 2005. [14] J.G. Slootweg, H. Polinder and W.L. Kling, Dynamic Modelling of a Wind Turbine with Doubly Fed Induction Generator, 0-7803-7173- 9/01/$10.00 2001 IEEE APPENDIX: VSIG DESIGN PARAMETERS
Sweep diameter of WT : 4.2m Rated Power of SCIG : 4kW Terminal voltage of SCIG : 400V Gear ratio : 1:6
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