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h
= 5
a
.
dry
./ = (3.5 7 d
$
%x15.3x$.*81
;ori/ontal passive e((ective stress at .
h
= 5
p
.
dry
./ = d
$
x15.3x3.9:$
Area ,orce <ever arm above .
1 $.5x(3.5 7 d
$
%
*
x15.3x$.*81 (3.5 7 d
$
%63
* $.5x d
$
*
x15.3x3.9:$61.5= d
$
63
=!ote: the 1.5 in the (orce (or area * is the applied (actor o( sa(ety used in this method
o( analysis.
+'uate moments about .
Active moment = Passive moment
($.5x(3.5 7 d
$
%
*
x15.3x$.*81%x((3.5 7 d
$
%63% = ($.5x d
$
*
x15.3x3.9:$61.5%x(d
$
63%
;ence d
$
= 3.**m
-here(ore depth o( embedment = d = 1.*x3.** = 3.>9m
<ength o( sheet piling = 3.>9 7 3.5$ = 8.39m
*. +urocode 8 Approach.
?se &esign Approach 1 and @ombination 1 and *
@ombination 1 A1 7 A1 7 01
@ombination * A* 7 A* 7 01
,or the +@8 method it is usual to assume an over"excavation o( 1$B o( the excavated
depth to a maximum o( $.5m.
Partial (actors: A1 A*
Permanent Action#
2#dst
1.35 1.$
A1 A*
tan#
1.$ 1.*5
(unit weight%#
1.$ 1.$
01
0
e
(earth resistance%#
0e
1.$
Assume the material parameters given are characteristic values (%.
Assume excavation depth = 3.5 7 $.1x3.5 = 3.>5m
@ombination 1.
des
= tan
"1
((tan
%6
%
= tan
"1
((tan35%61% = 35
dry#des
=
dry#
6
= 15.3!m
"3
-here(ore 5
a
and 5
p
as be(ore. 2eneral stress distribution as above# but the values
will change as the excavation depth is di((erent and the partial (actors are used:
;ori/ontal active e((ective stress at .
h
= 5
a
./.
dry
= (3.>5 7 d
$
%x15.3x$.*81
;ori/ontal passive e((ective stress at .
h
= 5
p
./.
dry
= d
$
x15.3x3.9:$
Area ,orce <ever arm above .
1 $.5x(3.>5 7 d
$
%
*
x15.3x$.*81x
2#dst
(3.>5 7 d
$
%63
* $.5x d
$
*
x15.3x3.9:$6
0e
d
$
63
+'uate moments about .
Passive moment = Active moment
($.5x(3.>5 7 d
$
%
*
x15.3x$.*81 x1.35%x((3.>5 7 d
$
%63% =
($.5x d
$
*
x15.3x3.9:$61.$%x(d
$
63% 61
;ence d
$
= 3.3*m
-here(ore depth o( embedment = d = 1.*x3.3* = 3.:>m
<ength o( sheet piling = 3.:> 7 3.>5 = 8.>3m
@ombination *.
des
= tan
"1
((tan
%6
= tan
"1
((tan35%61.*5% = *:
dry#des
=
dry#
6
= 15.3!m
"3
-here(ore 5
a
= $.3C8 and 5
p
= *.>>*. 2eneral stress distribution as above# but the
values will change as the excavation depth is di((erent and the partial (actors are used:
;ori/ontal active e((ective stress at .
h
= 5
a
./.
dry
= (3.>5 7 d
$
%x15.3x$.3C8
;ori/ontal passive e((ective stress at .
h
= 5
p
./.
dry
= d
$
x15.3x*.>>*
Area ,orce <ever arm above .
1 $.5x(3.>5 7 d
$
%
*
x15.3x$.3C8x
2#dst
(3.>5 7 d
$
%63
* $.5x d
$
*
x15.3x*.>>*6
0e
d
$
63
+'uate moments about .
Passive moment = Active moment
($.5x(3.>5 7 d
$
%
*
x15.3x$.3C8 x1%x((3.>5 7 d
$
%63% =
($.5x d
$
*
x15.3x*.>>*61.$%x(d
$
63% 61
;ence d
$
= 3.89m
-here(ore depth o( embedment = d = 1.*x3.89 = C.51m
<ength o( sheet piling = C.51 7 3.>5 = >.39m
-here(ore# by the +@8 method the critical length is >.39m.
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
!otes:
,or anchored6propped sheet pile walls similar methods are used and the lateral (orce
chec is undertaen to give the tie6prop (orce.
1n the case above with a dry sand the stress distributions are simple. 1n the case o(
layered soils# water tables# sur(ace surcharges etc. the same general method is used
but the stress pro(ile will be more complicated. 1( the water level is the same on each
side o( the wall# then the pore water pressure will need to be considered in calculating
the e((ective stresses# but the e((ect o( the water (orce moments can be ignored as they
are assumed to cancel out.
-he method used (or the cantilever wall analysis above is a simple one and an
alternative method is to consider moment and hori/ontal e'uilibrium simultaneously
with two unnowns# i.e. the depth (rom the excavated sur(ace to the point o( rotation
and the depth (rom the point o( rotation to the base o( the pile. -he resulting cubic
e'uations can be solved (or the two unnowns.