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Hardness testing, a fast and economical method for material evaluation, is now indispensable in our workshops. Hardness is derived from the indentation which remains behind after a specially shaped geometric body has been pressed into a workpiece in a defined manner. The electronic processing computes the hardness value L from these two velocities.
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Manual de Equotip (Hardness measurements on metallic parts).pdf
Hardness testing, a fast and economical method for material evaluation, is now indispensable in our workshops. Hardness is derived from the indentation which remains behind after a specially shaped geometric body has been pressed into a workpiece in a defined manner. The electronic processing computes the hardness value L from these two velocities.
Hardness testing, a fast and economical method for material evaluation, is now indispensable in our workshops. Hardness is derived from the indentation which remains behind after a specially shaped geometric body has been pressed into a workpiece in a defined manner. The electronic processing computes the hardness value L from these two velocities.
through hardness testing are: mate- rial identification, service life, wear behaviour and even informa- tion about the material strength. It is true that the practitioner knows that the hardness often pro- vides only limited information about the material property in which he is directly interested. However, hardness testing, a fast and economical method for mate- rial evaluation, is now indispensa- ble in our workshops. Static penetration methods in which the hardness is derived from the indentation which remains behind after a specially shaped geometric body has been pressed into a workpiece in a defined man- ner have long been known. Widely used methods include the BRI- NELL (1900), ROCKWELL (1919) and VICKERS (1925) Different types of operation and investigative procedures have in the meantime associated themsel- ves with this "new" and advanced method. Also, in the meantime in the USA an EQUOTIP standard has even been published (ASTM A 956-96: Standard Test Method for EQUOTIP Hardness Testing). EQUOTIP measuring principle To get the EQUOTIP instrument ready for measurements, the load- ing tube is pushed up to the coil until contact is felt (1). The catch chuck latches in the impact body (2). If one allows the loading tube to return to the starting position, the impact body is pulled into a starting position (3) and the impact spring is tensioned. Pressing the release button (4) opens the catch chuck, and the impact spring laun- ches the now free impact body in the direction of the measuring point. Shortly before the impact, the impact body passes through the coil (5). The permanent magnet integrated into the impact body induces an electric voltage. After the impact, the impact body rebounds and again induces an electric voltage in the coil. This voltage is somewhat smaller be- cause the impact was retarded. These electric voltages are propor- tional to the impact and rebound velocities. The electronic proces- sing computes the hardness value L from these two velocities. Applied to a specific group of materials, this L value is a genuine hardness unit because the harder the measured material the higher the rebound velocity and conse- quently the computed L value. Please note that we do not use the rebound value alone but the quo- tient of the two velocities. Solely due to this, measurements in all directions are possible. At the same time, in conjunction with placing a measuring point in the immediate vicinity of the test sur- face, possible errors (e.g. because of friction) are also excluded. The most marked feature of EQUOTIP is that the device is convenient and portable and that it permits meas- urement not only vertically down- 25 years of experience with the EQUOTIP method Hardness measurements on metallic parts Hardness tests have always been important in the metalworking industry. Often, the hardness value is the substitute for other (more complicated or more expensive) material testing, and the properties and qualities in which the testing person is actually interested are derived indirectly from the simpler hardness test. Apart from the long-known methods, the 70s saw the advent of a novel method the EQUOTIP method which made use of modern aspects of sensor technology and electronics and set new standards with regard to user-friendliness, applications and accuracy. The prejudice that stationary testing means accurate measurement and testing with mobile instruments means inaccurate measurement was no longer applicable from that time. Report by PROCEQ SA methods. It is striking that no new methods have been developed for some decades. It was not until the mid 70s that something radically new emerged with the invention of the EQUOTIP method. Below, we shall concentrate on this most recent method because in spite of being used for 25 years it still has a certain novelty appeal. EQUOTIP method (1975) An impact body is launched by spring-loaded force against the surface of the test specimen. When it is about 1 mm from the test sur- face, the impact velocity and the rebound velocity are measured, from which the hardness value L is determined by means of the follo- wing equation: L = Rebound velocity x 1000 Impact velocity wards but also in any desired direction. Other reasons for the ready accept- ance are: Ease of use High accuracy of measurement Immediate digital display Wide measuring range Measurement in any direction Readings in split seconds Suitable for all metallic materials High reproducibility Also measures on curved surfaces At a time when documentation of test results (ISO 9000) has become increasingly important, the fact that data transfer via printer or computer is possible is no doubt also greatly appreciated. (By the way, this was possible even in the pre-PC era!) Considering this historical back- ground, it is understandable that the VICKERS/BRINELL/ ROCKWELL scales are still engraved in the minds of many people, which makes conversion of the actual genuine hardness value "L" to the traditional hard- ness values necessary. With EQUOTIP, we are now in the same position as the inventors of the ROCKWELL/SHORE/ VICKERS procedures were for- merly. They too were not able to use the BRINELL scale which was widely used at that time, because every procedure measures some- thing different. Manufacturers and their customers have been using the different testing methods and brands of instruments for decades. Depending on the equipment they use, they are set individually diffe- rent specifications. For this reason, it is in practice indispensable to be able to convert values of one proce- dure to values of another, and no doubt this is a subject which is sometimes troublesome. Fewer problems will occur and discus- sions will be avoided if hardness values were to be specified in the scales corresponding to the proce- dures used in practice. This means in HRC values if one measures with the ROCKWELL method, in HV value if the VICKERS method is used and in L values if measure- ments are taken with EQUOTIP. Necessary test equipment The basic EQUOTIP unit is equipped with the universal impact device D. For confined spaces, special shapes of the test pieces or particular surface finish, special impact de- vices are available. Each of these special impact devices matches the indicating unit of the basic unit D. The indicating unit "perceives" which impact device is connected and automatically selects the instru- ment-specific parameters (conversi- on, correction of impact direction, etc.). A calibrated test block is associ- ated with each device. An individu- al calibration certificate is affixed to each test block. It can be re- moved and, for example, filed with the test documents. For the func- tion test, the test block is placed on a massive, rigid support. The mean value from 3-5 measure- ments must be within 6L of the marked value. Preparation-measurement- evaluation Suitable test specimens are prima- rily compact, massive parts. Owing to the dynamic mode of action, it should be ensured that the test specimen does not move or oscillate during the measure- ment. Parts which are too thin or Loading tube Catch chuck Impact spring Impact body with permanent magnet Coil Neutral position Loading Loaded Test impact B r i n e l l
H B W B r i n e l l
H B S S h o r e
D H R B R o c k w e l l
H R C V i c k e r s E Q U O T I P
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( D C ) E Q U O T I P
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1 5 E Q U O T I P
C E Q U O T I P
G E Q U O T I P
E Aluminium Brass 1200 1100 1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 Bronzes Grey and nodular cast iron Heat-treatable steel High-strength steel Tool and high-speed steel Hard steels (cold- rolled) Hardness value L 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 Measuring range of most important hardness test methods thinly coated are not very suitable for this method. The measured surface must be bare metal, and a very fine measuring surface should be produced by grinding. 10-20 mm 2 are sufficient for 3-5 test impacts and the surface should not be rougher than ISO N7 (2 m). Widely scattered individual values are an indication of insuffi- cient preparation. The required sur- face quality is similar to that for ROCKWELL but less fine than that for VICKERS. Uncertainties in the measurement The EQUOTIP method has an uncertainty of 4L. Expressed in other hardness scales, this means 5 HV, 4.5 HB or 0.5 HRC. Every measurement method has uncertainties in the measurement. They are caused by: the test piece: genuine irregularities in the material, surface preparation, geometry, shape, size, layers, strains, etc. the instrument: normal wear and tear, variation in the friction of the mechanical components, normal tolerances, geometry of the test specimen, calibration, accuracy of the instrument, repeatability, varia- tions between individual instru- ments within the same series, variations between different series or brands, etc. the operator: lack of practice and skill, care- fulness, power of observation, fatigue, etc. Conversion No conversion is possible without conversion dispersion. In princi- ple, this dispersion is an addition of the uncertainties in the meas- urement by the two converted methods. This applies both to conversions from EQUOTIP to static procedu- res and to conversions from static hardness values to other static values. Consequently, the conver- sion results in some loss of accu- racy. "L" contains additional information In contrast to static hardness meas- uring processes, the measurements obtained from dynamic processes embody additional information alongside the hardness figures. The modulus of elasticity and in particular the reactive behaviour of the material under test in the dynamic measuring process are elements of the measured results. Reactive behaviour under rapid plastic deformation is dependent on the type of material/alloy, on the production process (rolling, forging, casting, etc.) and on the heat treatment used (grain struc- ture, annealed, quenched and tem- pered, etc.). If this facility is ex- ploited skilfully, the user can deduce additional information from the hardness value L, for example data on embrittlement, modification of the grain structure, influence of zone thicknesses, distortion states, etc. The hardness scale of a dynamic process is always related to the relevant material. Hardness measure- ment in virtually impossible places Basic unit D with impact device D and electronic indicating unit, test block D and coupling paste. All information, such as L value and converted value, statistics of the measurement series, bar graph, etc., appear on the large LCD display. To keep the dispersion band for conversions narrow, the materials have therefore been divided into groups with similar reactions. As a result, there is not just a single conversion table for "steel" in general but separate tables for "steel and cast steel" and for "cold work tool steel". In special cases, there may well be a need to make finer distinctions in the interest of keeping conversion inaccuracies as low as possible. (Key word: the company's own conversion tables for special alloys/processing.) The user himself can now input these empirical tables of the company into the display unit. Secure basis for measurement in the long term and ... In the 25 years since its invention, the manufacturer has succeeded in maintaining the measuring basis unchanged. A 2000 "L" value means exactly the same as an "L" value obtained in 1975. Even if some components (impact device/impact body/display unit, etc.) have been interchanged be- tween prototypes and the instru- ments of the different manufactu- ring series, the measured values remain within the tolerance of 6L specified at the time! The developers of the EQUOTIP method continue to carry out re- search and development and guar- antee a standard and constant level of measurement of the hardness value L in the future too. The fields of application will be extended and conversions for new materials and system extensions are constantly being worked out. Exchangeability, compatibility and upgrading are important design criteria. Existing EQUOTIP users will also benefit from future inno- vations. ... what about the future? For example, a system extension recently came on the market under the name EQUOSTAT Hardness Tester, closing an existing, system- related gap in applications: it per- mits hardness measurements on small, thin or light workpieces. The EQUOSTAT unit can also be Llog, S.A. de C.V. Cuitlahuac #54 Col. Arag on La Villa 07000, Mexico D.F. Tel/Fax (52) 57.50.1414 57.50.1188, 55.77.81.26 E-Mail: ventas@llogsa.com Internet: www.llogsa.com used in the EQUOTIP mode, and any existing EQUOTIP impact devices can continue to be used. The EQUOSTAT unit may be regarded as a universal hardness tester since it is optimized with respect to material type, sample geometry and measuring range, so that there are scarcely any limits to its applications. Loading the impact device Hold the instrument steadily and trigger the impact Recommendation 1 measured value = mean value of 3 to 5 impacts In the literature, in particular in DIN 50150, the uncertainties in the measurement are dimensioned as follows: EQUOSTAT Hardness Tester with all impact devices