TUESDAY CMPLX1 Emeis Complex-Terrain Reduced

Remote Sensing in Complex Terrain A Review
Stefan Emeis, Stuart Bradley

Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, University of Auckland
stefan.emeis@kit.edu
INSTITUTE OF METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATE RESEARCH, Atmospheric Environmental Research
KIT University of the State of Baden-Wuerttemberg and

National Research Center of the Helmholtz Association
www.kit.edu
Boundary-layer types
over different surfaces
and
complex terrain
28.01.2014
Prof. Dr. Stefan Emeis | Review Complex terrain
Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research

Atmospheric Environmental Research
simplest situation: level terrain
Source: modified from Stull (1988)
vertical structure
28.01.2014
diurnal variation
(clear sky)
complexity of the first kind: land use changes
28.01.2014

Warm cities influence local and regional weather

(New York, May 28, 2011)
5
28.01.2014

complexity of the second kind: orography

forced flows
28.01.2014

complexity of the second kind: orography

thermally driven flows
thin arrows: slope winds
night: downslope
day: upslope
full arrows: valley winds

night: out of the valley
mountain winds
day: into the valley
valley winds
open arrows: regional winds
(Alpine pumping)
night: into the planes
day: towards the mountains
7
28.01.2014

valley wind system in an alpine valley

(one day)
800 m
50 m
out-of-the-valley wind
up-slope wind
8
28.01.2014
into-the-valley wind
multiple layers in a wintry alpine valley
acoutic backscatter
(vertical temperature gradients)
wind direction
28.01.2014

problems of volume averaging

measurements in complex
terrain
existing studies
10
28.01.2014

some existing studies:

Bradley (ISARS 2008)
based on a potential flow analysis

(cylinder model)
Bingl et al. (MetZet 2009)
based on the assumption of linearly varying

wind components
Bouquet et al. (ILRC 2010)
theoretical considerations similar to Bingl et al.,

CFD model to derive realistic corrections
to lidar measurements
Bradley et al. (BLM 2012)
Myres Hill, Scotland, Zephir lidar,

AQ 500 sodar
Behrens et al. (BLM 2012)
5-beam sodar measurements by Paul

Behrens in complex terrain probing in two
different directions
Bradley (JTECH 2012)
potential flow, bell-shaped hill and escarpment
11
28.01.2014

Bradley (2008) (ISARS 14, Ris)

potential flow, cylinder model
12
28.01.2014

Behrens et al (2012) sodar observations versus

potential flow (cylinder) model and two other models
Behrens P, OSullivan J, Archer R, Bradley SG. Underestimation of monostatic sodar measurements in complex terrain.
Boundary Layer Met., 143, 97-106. DOI 10.1007/s10546-011-9665-6, 2012.
13
28.01.2014

Bradley (2012)
potential flow (cylinder) model, for higher complexity more than
one cylinder can be used, bell-shaped hill
90
80
70
60
Height [m]
50
Myres Hill
ZephIR LIDAR (green diamonds)
AQ500 SODAR (brown circles)
40
30
20
10
Turitea
Metek SODAR(blue diamonds)
Bell-hill model (orange triangles)
WindSim (purple squares)
OpenFOAM (red circles).
0
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
Wind speed error [%]

Bradley SG, Perrot Y, Behrens P, Oldroyd A. Corrections for wind-speed errors from sodar and lidar in complex terrain.
Boundary Layer Met., 143, 37-48. DOI 10.1007/s10546-012-9702-0, 2012
14
28.01.2014

Here the
upwindpointing beam
measures too
low
15
28.01.2014
Here the
upwindpointing beam
measures too
high

problems of volume averaging

measurements in complex
terrain
dimensional analysis
16
28.01.2014

u1
u1
sin
flat terrain
u 2
u2
sin
u
u1 u2 u1 u 2
uLidar utrue
2
2 sin
sin
b
17
28.01.2014
u1 w
complex terrain
sin
u2 w
u2
sin
u
u u
w
w
uLidar 1 2 utrue
2
sin sin
sin
sin b
u Lidar utrue (1
)
tan
u1

sin b
u Lidar utrue (1
)
tan
complex terrain
example:
= 15
b = 0.5 sin b / tan = 0.032
b = 5 sin b / tan = 0.32
18
28.01.2014

valley:
w-component adds to u-component
SODAR/LIDAR measures too much wind
hill top / pass:

w-component reduces u-component
SODAR/LIDAR measures too little wind
19
28.01.2014

attached flow: how large is b?
2D
20
28.01.2014

D = z tan
b = arctan (D/R)
= arctan (z tan /R)
D
b
D is given by the instrument geometry

i.e., we still have to determine R
21
28.01.2014

attached flow
z
2D
l = kz/f(z/L*)
H
L
R = L / sin(g)
H/L = (1 cos(g)) / sin(g)
example for L = 1000 m,
D = 40 m ( = 15, z = 150 m):
H/L = 0.1 11.42 R = 5051 m b = 0.46 3.0 % error

H/L = 0.2 22.62 R = 2600 m b = 0.89 5.8 % error
H/L = 0.3 33.40 R = 1817 m b = 1.27 8.2 % error
22
28.01.2014

More general: preliminary parameter analysis

Influencing length scales
instrument:
scan conus diameter
orography:
radius of curvature
surface roughness
R
z0
atmosphere:
thermal stability
height above ground
L
z
...
non-dimensional numbers
orography:
terrain flatness
terrain roughness
P1 = D/R
P2 = z0/R
atmosphere:
stratification
P3 = z/L
...
23
28.01.2014

< 0 (lidar measures

too little)
0
< 0 (lidar measures
too much)
lidar wind data correction
hypothetical influence terrain flatness D/R
< 0 (convex)
(valleys)
24
28.01.2014
0
terrain flatness D/R
> 0 (concave)
(hill tops)

absolute value of lidar wind data correction
hypothetical influence atmospheric stability z/L
25
< 0 (unstable)
28.01.2014
> 0 (stable)
0
atmospheric stratification z/L

absolute value of lidar wind data correction
hypothetical influence terrain roughness z0/R
26
28.01.2014
(smooth)
(rough)
terrain roughness z0/R

Conclusions:
non-homogeneous flow is a challenge
for volume-averaging measurement strategies
examples shown were for vertical curvature,
but horizontal curvature would cause problems as well
assessment by comparison of in-situ and volume-averaging measurements
or by numerical experimentation
main influencing parameter: radius of curvature of streamlines
secondary parameters: atmospheric stability
surface roughness
land use
...
First approaches for adjusting remote sensing wind data for spatial
inhomogeneities exist, but further research is necessary.
27
28.01.2014

Thank you very

much for your
attention
KIT University of the State of Baden-Wrttemberg and
National Large-scale Research Center of the Helmholtz Association
KIT die Kooperation von
IMK-IFU
Atmosphrische
Umweltforschung
Forschungszentrum
Karlsruhe GmbH
und Universitt Karlsruhe (TH)
Garmisch-Partenkirchen
www.imkifu.kit.edu

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Remote Sensing in Complex Terrain A Review

Stefan Emeis, Stuart Bradley

KIT University of the State of Baden-Wuerttemberg and

Prof. Dr. Stefan Emeis | Review Complex terrain

Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research

simplest situation: level terrain

Source: modified from Stull (1988)

Prof. Dr. Stefan Emeis | Review Complex terrain

complexity of the first kind: land use changes

Prof. Dr. Stefan Emeis | Review Complex terrain

Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research

Warm cities influence local and regional weather

Prof. Dr. Stefan Emeis | Review Complex terrain

Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research

complexity of the second kind: orography

Prof. Dr. Stefan Emeis | Review Complex terrain

Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research

complexity of the second kind: orography

full arrows: valley winds

Prof. Dr. Stefan Emeis | Review Complex terrain

Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research

valley wind system in an alpine valley

Prof. Dr. Stefan Emeis | Review Complex terrain

multiple layers in a wintry alpine valley

Prof. Dr. Stefan Emeis | Review Complex terrain

Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research

problems of volume averaging

Prof. Dr. Stefan Emeis | Review Complex terrain

Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research

some existing studies:

based on a potential flow analysis

Bingl et al. (MetZet 2009)

based on the assumption of linearly varying

Bouquet et al. (ILRC 2010)

theoretical considerations similar to Bingl et al.,

Bradley et al. (BLM 2012)

Myres Hill, Scotland, Zephir lidar,

Behrens et al. (BLM 2012)

5-beam sodar measurements by Paul

Bradley (JTECH 2012)

potential flow, bell-shaped hill and escarpment

Prof. Dr. Stefan Emeis | Review Complex terrain

Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research

Bradley (2008) (ISARS 14, Ris)

Prof. Dr. Stefan Emeis | Review Complex terrain

Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research

Behrens et al (2012) sodar observations versus

Prof. Dr. Stefan Emeis | Review Complex terrain

Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research

Wind speed error [%]

Prof. Dr. Stefan Emeis | Review Complex terrain

Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research

Prof. Dr. Stefan Emeis | Review Complex terrain

Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research

problems of volume averaging

Prof. Dr. Stefan Emeis | Review Complex terrain

Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research

Prof. Dr. Stefan Emeis | Review Complex terrain

Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research

Prof. Dr. Stefan Emeis | Review Complex terrain

Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research

hill top / pass:

Prof. Dr. Stefan Emeis | Review Complex terrain