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Carbohydrate
Dwita Oktiarni
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides (homo-)
Polysaccharides (hetero-)
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Photosynthesis and Respiration
Photosynthesis in plants
requires CO
2
, H
2
O, and
energy from the sun and
produces carbohydrates,
such as glucose [C
6
H
12
O
6

=C(H
2
O)
6
]
.

In respiration, glucose is
oxidized in living cells to
produce CO
2
, H
2
O, and
energy.
hydrate of
carbon
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Functions of Carbohydrates

1. Energy source for plants and animals
2. Source of carbon in metabolic processes
3. Storage form of energy
4. Structural elements of cells and tissues

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3. a larger molecule which can be hydrolyzed
to a polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketone.
C
O
H

-OH > 1
2. polyhydroxy aldehyde
1. polyhydroxy ketone
C O
-OH > 1
5
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1. Configuration of chiral carbon farthest from the
carbonyl group
2. Aldose or ketose
3. Number of carbons in chain
Classified by :
CHIRAL CENTER / CHIRAL CARBON
C
C H O
C
C
C H
2
O H
O H
H
H
H
H O
H O
3
2
1
4
5
1
2
3
C
C H O
C
C
C H
2
O H
H
O H
O H
H O
H
H
4
5
D-Arabinose
L-Arabinose
Ketose and Aldose
1.polyhydroxy ketone
KETOSE
C O
-OH > 1
C H
2
O H
C
C H
2
O H
C
C
C
H H O
O H H
O H H
O
C
O
H

-OH > 1
2. polyhydroxy aldehyde
ALDOSE
C H
2
O H
C
C H O
O H H
C
C
C
H H O
O H H
O H H
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Aldopentose
1
2
3
C
C H O
C
C
C H
2
O H
O H
O H
O H
H
H
H
5
4
1
C
C H O
C
C
H O H
C H
2
O H
O H H
H H
3
2
2
3
5
4
1
C
C H O
C
C
H O H
C H
2
O H
O H H
O H H
C
C H O
C
C
C H
2
O H
H
O H
O H
H O
H
H
3
2
1
C
C H O
C
C
C H
2
O H
H
H
O H
H O
H O
H
3
2
1
4
5
4
5
4
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D-Ribose D-2-deoksiribose D-Arabinose D-Xilose
D-Liksose
Xylose : wood sugar. Xylose is found in the embryo of most
edible plants.
Arabinose is found in nature as a component of biopolymers
such as hemicellulose and pectin and can be metabolised by
microorganisms as a carbon source
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Aldohexose
C
C H O
C
C
C
O H
H
H
H
H O
H O
C H
2
O H
O H H
3
2
1
4 4
1
C
C H O
C
C
H O H
C
O H H
H H O
C H
2
O H
O H H
3
2
5
6
5
6
1
2
3
C
C H O
C
C
C
O H
H
O H
H
H O
H
C H
2
O H
O H H
4
5
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D-Glucose
D-Manose D-Galactose
Mannosa :prevent the adhesion of bacteria to tissues
of the urinary tract and bladder.
source of energy and metabolic intermediate.
one of the main products of photosynthesis and
starts cellular respiration in both prokaryotes
and eukaryotes.
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Study of arrangement of atoms in 3D space
Stereoisomer :
Enantiomer
Diastereoisomer
Epimer
Anomer : epimer at C - 1
Stereochemistry
1.
2.
3.
4.
Two or more different compounds which contain the same
number and types of atoms and the same molecular weights
CONCEPTS OF ISOMERS
CH
3
-CH
2
-CH
2
-CH
2
-CH
2
-OH
CH
3
-CH
2
-CH
2
-CH
2
-CH
3

OH
CH
3
-CH
2
-CH
2
-CH
2
-CH
3

OH
CH
3
-CH -CH
2
-CH
3

OH
CH
3
CH
3
-CH
2
- C -CH
3

OH
CH
3
C
5
H
11
OH
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identical chemical and physical properties
Enantiomers :
differ in their ability to rotate plane - polarized light by
equal amounts but in opposite directions.
A mixture of equal parts of an optically active isomer and its
enantiomer is termed racemic and has a net rotation of plane-
polarized light of zero.
differ in crystal shape
Thalidomide is an example of a racemic drug, in which one
enantiomer produces a desirable effect, whereas the other is
toxic .
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PLANE POLARIZED LIGHT
12
13
14
15
16
17
1
2
3
C
C H O
C
C
C
O H
H
O H
H
H O
H
C H
2
O H
O H H
4
5
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D-Glucose is:

found in fruits, corn syrup, and honey.
an aldohexose sugar.
known as blood sugar in the body.
the most abundant organic compound found in
nature
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Blood Glucose Level
In the body, glucose has a normal
concentration of 70-90 mg/dL.
In a glucose tolerance test, blood glucose is
measured for several hours after ingesting
glucose.
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Sia a(2,6) Gal (Human) Sia a(2,3) Gal (Avian and some Swine)