Services: Key Issue 1- Where Did Services Originate??????

types of services
origin of services
services in rural settlements
in MDCS- many workers are engaged in providing services (in NA 3 /
4ths of the workers are in services)
in LDCs- % of service workers is less than ¼
reason for this wide variation is workers are engaged in ag or
manufacturing, and considered in service sector (because they are
employed by the gov.

Types Of Services
subdivided into three sectors: consumer services, business services, and
public services
Consumer Services
principal purpose is to provide services to individual consumers who want
them and can pay for them the two tupes are the following:
Retail Services
¼ of all jobs in US are in retail services
provide goods for sale to customers
Break down of jobs: ¼ in wholesale, ¼ in restaurants/food stores, ½ in
shops selling other goods
Personal Services
1
/5 of all jobs in US are in personal services
provide services for the well being and personal improvement of
individual consumers
Break down of jobs: 2/5 in healthcare, 10% each in education, social
services, recreation, hotels, membership organizations like churches, other
personal services like car repair, dry cleaners, and beauty salon
Business Services
principal purpose is to help other businesses
Producer Services
provide services to help people conduct other business either ag,
manufacturing, or services
1
/6 of all jobs in US are in producer services
Break down of jobs: ½ in financial services (banks, insurance companies,
real estate, others), 1/5 are professional services (law, engineering,
management), 1/3 are in support services (advertising, employment
agencies, janitorial work)
Transportation and Similar Services
businesses that diffuse and distribute services
7 % of all jobs in the US are in this group of services
Break down of jobs: ½ in transportation (mostly trucking), ½ in info
services (including publishing and broadcasting)
Public Services
Principal purpose is to provide security, and protection for citizens and
businesses
4% of all jobs in the US are in public services
ex: TEACHER,
10 % are on the payroll of a unit of government (1 /6 by the federal gov, ¼
by the state gov, 3/5 by one of the local gov)
Changes in # of employees
all the growth in employment in US has been in services
grew rapidly in Producer Services
producer service jobs tripled btw 1970 and 2000, whole services sector
doubled with jobs
professional services quadrupled
large increases were experienced in computer and data processing,
advertising, and temporary employment agencies
increased by 75% in personal services, retail services, transportation
services, and 1/3 in public services
personal services have increased more because of a large increase in the
provision of health care services
within Retail, growth is attributed to growth of restaurants, general
merchandising stores have increased
within transportation services, new tech has increased, employment has
increased in trucking and air services and declined in railroads
Origin of Services
services are clustered in settlements
people lived as nomads, migrating in small groups across the landscape for
food and water
groups decided to build permanent settlements
order might have been like this : personal (religion and education) and
public services (gov and police protection) first, and then transportation,
retail, and producer services
Early Personal Services
early settlements might have been religious- to bury the dead
at the beginning of history, there were many settlements, and some had a
temple
religious buildings were often the tallest (before skyscrapers)
might also have housed families
making pots and educating children evolved into services over many years
people needed tools, clothing, shelter, containers, fuel, and other material
goods; therefore, settlements became manufacturing centers
variety expanded as people began to specialize
Early Public Services
group’s political leaders also chose to live permanently in the settlement
some members became soldiers (to protect the group)
 defense tactics might include building a wall, making a settlement a center
of military power (citadels)
Early Retail and Producer Services
supplied through hunting and gathering
at some point, someone might have wondered, Why not bring in extra
food?
Might have been the origin of transportation services
Settlements took on a retail-service function, because each group had
access to different resources, each group would barter or trade for things
they didn’t have with things they did
Finances were balanced
Services in Rural Settlements
People discovered agriculture!!!
Settlements were surrounded by fields
Called “rural settlements”!
2 types: clustered and dispersed
Clustered Rural Settlements
includes homes, barns, too sheds, and other farm structures, + religious
places and schools
some public, retail, and producer services could be there
called a hamlet
each person is allocated a strip of land (either individual or lord owned)
parcels of land surrounding the settlement may be allocated to specific af
activities, either because of land charac. or because of decisions by the
owner
new settlements are made to control population
two patterns:
Circular Rural Settlements
a central, open space surrounded by structures ( a ring of houses, barns,
churches)
first ring had garden plots
cultivated land, pastures, and woodlands were in successive rings
this is what Von Thunen saw
Linear Rural Settlements
buildings are clustered along a road, river, or dike (to facilitate
communication)
fields are behind buildings in long narrow strips of land
Colonial American Clustered Settlement
built clustered settlements centered on an open area called a common
grouped their buildings, around the common
three reasons for liking this way
traveled to America from Europe in a group with a land grant, built
settlement in the center of the land grant,
clustered to reinforce common cultural and religious values
made new settlements to accommodate a growing population
1600s- small, dispersed farms, plantation- new style
Dispersed Rural Settlements
very common in the past 200 years
especially in the US and UK
more efficient in developed societies
In The US
the mid atlantic colonies were settled by a more heterogeneous group of
people
many different cultures: immigrants from Fermany, Holland, Ireland,
Scotland, Sweden, and the English
bought land from speculators
dominated in the American Midwest
cultural bonds weakened
owning discontinuous fields had its disadvantages- farmers lost time while
moving between the fields, villagers had to build more roads to connect
the small lots, farmers had been restricted in what they could plant
small lots were consolidated
Enclosure Movement
consolidated individual land into a single large farm, owned by an
individual
great efficiency- no waste of time in getting from one place to another,
intro of farm machinery, villagers who had been moved got to work in the
factories in the cities (the IR was also going on at the same time)
destroyed village life
village pop declined drastically (villagers moved to city)