IGCSE Chemistry

Unit 2: Water And Air Part 1: Air

Composition of clean air.
Name of gas in the air Percentage of the gas in the air
Oxygen
nitrogen
Carbon dioxide
Noble gases (mainly argon)
Water vapour
Variable (eg !""#o in tropi$s% "# in deserts)
Two Famous eperiments that show that 2!" of the air is o#gen
$planation.
&s the $andle 'ax (((((% it uses up the ((((((( in the air inside the bell
)ar *his is a ((((((((( rea$tion+
Write an e,uation -or this rea$tion+
*he 'ater rises up and ta.es the pla$e o- the oxygen that has gone
IGCSE Chemistry
Or i- phosphorus is used instead o- a $andle the e,uation 'ould be:
Cal$ulation
Volume o- air be-ore the $andle is lit V!/ ((((((($m
0
Volume o- air a-ter the $andle has been lit (and gone out)% V1 /(((( $m
0
So volume o- air that has been used up% V!2V1 /
So the per$entage o- oxygen in the air is(((( x !"" /((((#
1 3assing air over $lean $opper metal
*he apparatus used in this experiment is sho'n belo'
Explain in your o'n 'ords 'hat is happening 'ithin this experiment% the
e,uations sho'n belo' may help you
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IGCSE Chemistry
Fractional distillation of air.
&ir is a mixture *he main gases in air are sho'n in the table belo'+
&ir $an be li,ue-ied and then separated by -ra$tional distillation *his is
done in industrv to produ$e oxygen% nitrogen and some noble gases
*he pro$ess o- -ra$tional distillation is sho'n simply in the -igure belo'+
IGCSE Chemistry
The steps in%ol%ed in fractionall# distilling air are:
l Water vapour and $arbon dioxide are removed
*hese $omponents are removed by $ooling the air 'hi$h -ree4es the 'ater
vapour and $arbon dioxide gas *he solid 51O and $o1 are then removed
1 *he air is then li,ue-ied &ir is a gas *o li,ue-y a gas means to turn it
into a li,uid *his is done by $ompressing the air 'ith huge pumps and then
allo'ing the air to expand suddenly
0 *he li,uid air is then distilled in a -ra$tionating $olumn
&n ele$tri$ heater is used to boil the li,uid air *he gases are separated
a$$ording to their boiling points Nitrogen has the lo'est boiling point It
boils -irst and $omes out at the top o- the $olumn *hen argon boils and
$omes out lo'er do'n the $olumn *his pro$ess $arries on until all the
$omponents o- the air have been separated out 6rypton and xenon must
be -uither distilled to separate them
Uses of o#gen.
a)(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((
b)(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((
$)(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((
d)(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((
e)(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((
-)((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((
Uses of Nitrogen
a)(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((
b)(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((
$)(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((
d)(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((
IGCSE Chemistry
e)(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((
-)((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((
Uses of the &alogens
a)(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((
b)(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((
$)(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((
d)(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((
e)(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((
'eferences
IGCSE Chemistry pages !782!91
(earning )*+ecti%es
Candidates should be able to+
:es$ribe the $omposition o- $lean air
:es$ribe the separation o- oxygen and nitrogen -rom li,uid air by
-ra$tional distillation
Name the uses o- oxygen in oxygen tents in hospitals and 'ith
a$etylene (a hydro$arbon) in 'elding
Unit 2: Water And Air Part 2: Common Pollutants of the air
IGCSE Chemistry
*as. !+ ;ill in the missing 'ords
1. Car*on ,onoide. C)
Carbon monoxide gas is produ$ed by the (((((((((($ombustion (burning)
o- $arbon $ontaining substan$es li.e $oal% gas% oil and petrol Carbon
monoxide gas is a deadly poison be$ause it stops (((((( being
transported by the haemoglobin in red ((((( $ells
Note+ in$omplete $ombustion ta.es pla$e 'hen there is not enough ((((((
present to $onvert all the $arbon into $arbon dioxide
2. -ulphur dioide. -)
2
Sulphur dioxide gas is made 'hen (((((( -uels (that $ontain sulphur) are
(((((
Sulphur < oxygen sulphur dioxide
(-rom -uels) (-rom air)
SO4 is also produ$ed by vol$anoes Sulphur dioxide $ombines 'ith 'ater in
the atmosphere to ma.e a$id rain
Sulphur dioxide in the air rea$ts 'ith oxygen and 'ater vapour to -orm
sulphuri$ a$id+
1SO
1
< O
1
< 15
1
O 15
1
SO
7
Write a 'ord e,uation -or this rea$tion+
(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((
*he sulphuri$ a$id dissolves in rain 'ater% ma.ing it a$idi$
IGCSE Chemistry
Nitrogen dioxide also undergoes a similar rea$tion in the atmosphere%
-orming nitri$ a$id+
7NO
1
< "
1
< 15
1
O 75NO
0
*he nitri$ a$id also dissolves in rain 'ater% ma.ing it a$idi$
*he a$idity o- rain 'ater% $aused by man2made sulphur dioxide and
nitrogen dioxide -rom air pollution% is $alled a$id rain
&$id rain is very $orrosive In addition to the harm-ul e--e$ts sho'n in
the diagram above% a$id rain also damages our lungs by destroying the
moist 'alls o- the alveoli
=ist the e--e$ts o- a$id rain+
(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((
(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((
(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((
(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((
/. )ides of nitrogen.
IGCSE Chemistry
Oxides o- nitrogen are NO% nitrogen oxide and NO
1
% nitrogen dioxide
*hese t'o oxides o- nitrogen are o-ten des$ribed simply as NO
x
*hey are
produ$ed by internal $ombustion engines (the engines o- $ars and tru$.s)
'hen they are running> N
1
(g) and O
1
(g) rea$t and $ombine together to
-orm NO
x

;umes -rom the engine $ontaining these oxides o- nitrogen $ome out o-
the exhaust pipe Oxides o- nitrogen $ause a$id rain and smog in $ities
(loo. at the diagram above)
Oxides o- nitrogen are also produ$ed by lightning a$tivity
0. ,ethane
?ethane gas is produ$ed by ba$terial de$ay o- vegetable matter ?ethane
is a greenhouse gas and so $ontributes to'ards global 'arming
1. Un*urnt h#drocar*ons.
@nbumt hydro$arbons are released into the air -rom the exhaust pipes o-
internal $ombustion engines
2. )3one. !
/
.
O4one is a pollutant that is produ$ed by photo$hemi$al rea$tions
(rea$tions that are $atalysed by light) *hese photo$hemi$al rea$tions are
also responsible -or smog in $ity air
-ome chemical reactions that can *e used to remo%e pollutant gases.
IGCSE Chemistry
(a) *he redox rea$tions in $atalyti$ $onverters to remove $ombustion
pollutants *he hydro$arbons petrol and diesel are burnt by air in
motor$ar engines *he -umes -rom petrol engines are a ma)or $ause o- air
pollution *he main pollutants in exhaust gases are listed belo'+
Carbon monoxide (-rom in$omplete $ombustion o- the hydro$arbon
petrol)
Nitrogen oxides
5ydro$arbons (-rom unburnt petrol)
=ead $ompounds (-rom lead $ompounds added to the petrol)
In re$ent years% motor$ars have been modi-ied to redu$e this pollution
Some $hanges are sho'n in the diagram belo'+
*he use o- lead2-ree (AunleadedA) petrol prevents any lead pollution and
the amount o- lead in the air is being redu$ed as $ars s'it$h -rom leaded
to unleaded petrol
3ollution is also being redu$ed by ma.ing engines more e--i$ient 5o'ever%
most o- the pollution $an be greatly redu$ed by -itting a $atalyti$
$onverter to the motor$ar exhaust *he $atalyti$ $onverter $onsists o- a
thin layer o- platinum metal spread over a hone#com* shaped pie$e o-
$erami$ *he honey$omb shape ensures a large sur-a$e area -or the
exhaust gases to rea$t
IGCSE Chemistry
In the $atalyti$ $onverter% the unburnt petrol% nitrogen oxides and $arbon
monoxide rea$t on the platinum $atalyst to produ$e harmless 'ater%
$arbon dioxide and nitrogen
(b) Sulphur dioxide pollution -rom po'er stations and other industries is
prevented by spraying the $himney exhaust gases 'ith 'et $al$ium
hydroxide or $al$ium $arbonate (limestone) be-ore the gases are released
into the atmosphere ;or example% $al$ium hydroxide rea$ts 'ith the
sulphur dioxide to produ$e solid $al$ium sulphite+
Ca(O5)
1 (a,)
< SO
1

(g)
CaSO
0(s)
< 5
1
O
(l)
($) Cal$ium $arbonate (limestone) is added to the soil to neutralise soil
a$iditv as a result o- a$id rain
IGCSE Chemistry
'eferences
IGCSE Chemistry pages !9B2!9C
(earning )*+ecti%es
Candidates should be able to+
Name the $ommon pollutants in the air as being $arbon monoxide%
sulphur dioxide% oxides o- nitrogen and lead $ompounds
State the sour$e o- ea$h o- these pollutants sulphur dioxide -rom
the $ombustion o- -ossil -uels 'hi$h $ontain sulphur $ompounds
(leading to Da$id rainE)
:es$ribe and explain the presen$e o- oxides o- nitrogen in $ar
exhausts and their $atalyti$ removal
IGCSE Chemistry
Unit 2: Water And Air Part /: Car*on dioide
The Car*on c#cle
*he amount o- $arbon in plants and animals% in the $rust o- the earth and
in the air does not $hange *he $arbon is in+
2 the bodies o- animals (as $arbohydrates% -ats and proteins)
2 plants (as $arbohydrates% -ats and proteins) 2 the atmosphere as $arbon
dioxide ( CO
1
)
*he total amount o- $arbon does not $hange 5o'ever the -orm that the
$arbon is in $an $hange *he $arbon $y$le sho's this+
Green plants remove $arbon dioxide -rom the atmosphere (air) during the
pro$ess $alled photosynthesis *he green plants $ombine the $arbon
dioxide 'ith 'ater to ma.e glu$ose (CF5!1OF) *he glu$ose is then used
to ma.e the roots% leaves and stem o- the plant
IGCSE Chemistry
When the plants are eaten by animals the $arbon inside the plant is
$hanged into animal tissue In this 'ay the $arbon atoms o- the plant
be$ome part o- the animal
Carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere by the pro$ess $alled
respiration Gemember that respiration is the brea.do'n o- -ood in2our
bodies in the presen$e o- oxygenA *he 'aste produ$ts o- respiration are
CO
1
and 5
1
O Hoth plants and animals AbreatheA out CO
1
and 5
1
O
Carbon dioxide is also released into the air by the pro$ess o- $ombustion
Gemember that $ombustion (burning) is the burning o- $arbon2$ontaining
-uels su$h as 'ood% $oal% petrol and natural gas *he 'aste produ$ts o-
$ombustion% li.e respiration% are CO
1
and 5
1
O So 'hen a -ire is burning
the gases CO1 and 51O are produ$ed 'hi$h then
rise up into the atmosphere
@se your previous .no'ledge and text boo. to 'rite e,uations -or the
pro$esses o$$urring in the $arbon $y$le (Sho'n in the diagram above)
,etal Car*onate 4 Acid
Carbon dioxide is also one o- the produ$ts produ$ed 'hen a metal
$arbonate rea$ts 'ith an a$id+
?etal Carbonate < a$id Salt < Water < Car*on 5ioide
IGCSE Chemistry
! :es$ribe ho' you 'ould test -or $arbon dioxide and 'hat you 'ould
see
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII
IIIIIIIII
1 5o' $ould you tell a $hemi$al rea$tion had ta.en pla$eJ
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII
0 What salt 'ould you ma.e 'hen you add $opper $arbonate to sulphuri$
a$idJ
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII
7 Write a 'ord e,uation to summarise the rea$tion that 'ould ta.e
pla$e
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII
9 Complete the 'ord e,uations belo'+
Sulphuri$ a$id < Kin$ Carbonate
5ydro$hlori$ a$id < ?agnesium Carbonate
Nitri$ &$id < Cal$ium Carbonate
IGCSE Chemistry
F @sing the -ollo'ing in-ormation $onstru$t symbol e,uations -or the 'ord
e,uations 'ritten in ,uestions 9 < F+
(Kin$ Carbonate / KnCO
0
5ydro$hlori$ a$id / 5Cl% Sulphuri$ a$id /5
1
SO
7
% Nitri$ a$id
/5NO
0
)
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII
'eferences
IGCSE Chemistry pages !1!2!17
(earning )*+ecti%es
Candidates should be able to+
:es$ribe the -ormation o- $arbon dioxide as a produ$t o- $omplete
$ombustion o- $arbon2$ontaining substan$es% as a produ$t o-
respiration and as a produ$t o- the rea$tion bet'een an a$id and a
$arbonate
IGCSE Chemistry
Unit 2: Water And Air Part 0:The 6reen &ouse $ffect 7CFC8-
The 6reenhouse $ffect.
&ir $ontains a very small amount o- (only about ""0#) o- $arbon dioxide
*his atmospheri$ $arbon dioxide is very important% as it is used by green
plants in photosynthesis
*he amount o- $arbon dioxide in the air has in$reased by 19# over the
past 1"" years and% is still steadily in$reasing (see graph) S$ientists
believe that the in$rease is due to extra $arbon dioxide being added to
the air -rom burning -uels su$h as oils% gas and $oal *he $onsumption o-
these -uels has in$reased+ greatly this $entury to provide energy -or more
industries and motor vehi$les.
IGCSE Chemistry
*he EarthAs sur-a$e is heated by radiation -rom the Sun Carbon dioxide
and methane in the air trap this heat radiation and prevent mu$h o- it
es$aping into spa$e *his is $alled the 6reenhouse $ffect
*he greater the amount o- $arbon dioxide and methane% the larger is the
amount o- heat that is trapped and the hotter the Earth be$omes
Possi*le conse9uences of glo*al warming.
*he atmospheri$ 'arming may $ause the i$e $aps to melt% in$reasing the
sea levels and -looding lo'2lying $oastal areas 5igher temperatures $an
also harm produ$tion o- -ood $rops su$h as ri$e and 'heat by redu$ing the
yield
Chlorofluorocar*ons. CFC8s
*hese $ompounds% simply $alled C;Cs% are made o- the elements $hlorine%
-luorine and $arbon *'o important examples have mole$ular -ormulas
C;Cl
0
and C;
1
Cl1 C;Cs are used in aerosol propellants and $oolant -luids
-or re-rigerators and air $onditioners Expanded polystyrene $ups and
pa$.aging are blo'n into -oam 'ith C;Cs When an aerosol $an is used or
polystyrene pa$.aging is burnt% C;C mole$ules es$ape into the air In
addition to this% 'hen old re-rigerators and air $onditioners are dis$arded%
C;C mole$ules es$ape into the air C;Cs are harmless to plants and animals
Hut C;C mole$ules rise high into the atmosphere 'here they are
de$omposed by sunlight to produ$e $hlorine atoms *hese $hlorine atoms
destroy o4one mole$ules in the o4one layer It is the o4one
layer 'hi$h prote$ts the Earth -rom intense radiation -rom the sun
Sin$e !8BC% the amount o- o4one in the o4one layer over &ntar$ti$a has
de$reased Hy !8CB up to hal- the o4one over &ntar$ti$a has been
destroyed *his is no' $alled the O4one 5ole
IGCSE Chemistry
:angerous ultra2violet radiation -rom the Sun streams through this hole
S$ientists are $on$erned that the O4one 5ole $ould spread to other
$ontinents I- this happens there maybe a big in$rease in the o$$uren$e o-
s.in $an$er due to the in$reased ultra2violet radiation -rom the Sun% and
-ood $rops $ould also be damaged
IGCSE Chemistry
'esearch tas:
Lou are going to 'or. in groups o- three @sing the internet and re-eren$e
boo.s you have to resear$h the e--e$ts o- a di--erent pollutant gas in
terms o- ho' it is produ$ed% its adverse e--e$ts and methods -or solving
the problem *he posters target audien$e is !12!0 year olds so the
appropriate language should be used
;ou should present #our research the form of a poster. #ou should
ensure that #ou poster:
Contains accurate $nglish <1! ,ar:s=
&as a clear. neat la#out. with appropriate titles and su*titles <1
,ar:s=
Contains accurate scientific information <1! ,ar:s=
>s not cop# and pasted directl# from the internet??? < 1 ,ar:s=
$ach group mem*er can eplain the concepts with the poster <1!
,ar:s=
It is important that you are able to explain $on$epts in$luded in your graph
as you 'ill be as.ed ,uestions

T&>- >- AN A--$--$5 P>$C$ )F W)'@
'eferences
IGCSE Chemistry pages !BC2!B8
(earning )*+ecti%es
Candidates should be able to+
State the adverse e--e$t o- $ommon pollutants on buildings% health
and the environment
IGCSE Chemistry
Unit 2: Water And Air Part 1:Water
Water
He$ause 'ater is su$h a good solvent% it 'ill dissolve a great variety o-
substan$es *hese dissolved substan$es $an be+
(a) Naturully o$$urring
;or example minerals salts dissolved -rom ro$.s as river 'ater -lo's along%
oxygen -rom the air and organi$ matter -rom living things
?ineral salts and oxygen are bene-i$ial -or living things ?ineral salts are
a ne$essary part o- the diet o- a,uati$ li-e and oxygen is needed -or
respiration
(b) 3ollutants
;rom the land% the main impurities are dissolved -ertilisers Gain 'ater
'ashes or lea$hes -ertilisers out o- the soil and into the river 'ater *his
dissolving or lea$hing $an have severe biologi$al e--e$ts One is $alled
eutrophi$ation% 'hi$h means unintentional enri$hment o- 'ater 'ith
-ertilisers Eutrophi$ation $auses+
Gapid gro'th o- plants $alled algae &lgae -eed on phosphates -rom
the -ertilisers in the 'ater *hese algae restri$t the normal gro'th
o- other plants% and -ish% as they redu$e the oxygen $ontent o- the
'ater (see also other e--e$ts belo')
?any -ertilisers $ontain ammonia 'hi$h ba$teria in the 'ater
oxidise to nitrates% thereby removing oxygen -rom the 'ater
Industrial pollution is a severe problem ;a$tory dis$harge or effluent
in$ludes heavy metals su$h as mer$ury% lead and $admium *hese are a
ha4ard to health be$ause their $on$entrations $an build up as they pass
through the -ood $hain
&t ?inimata% a $oastal to'n o- Mapan% over 7" people 'ere .illed 'ere
.illed at one time by eating lo$ally $aught -ish and shell -ish 'hi$h 'ere
highly $ontaminated 'ith mer$ury &lso many babies 'ere being born 'ith
mental and physi$al de-e$ts & lo$al plasti$s -a$tory had dis$harged 'aste
'ater%
IGCSE Chemistry
$ontaining mer$ury% into the bay *he diagram illustrates ho' -ood $hains
$on$entrate a pollutant at ea$h step in the $hain
5etergentsA ?any $ountries en$ourage the use o- biodegradable
detergents *his means that the detergent mole$ule is bro.en do'n by
ba$teria in the 'ater% preventing the detergent -rom -oaming up in a river
5o'ever% many detergents also $ontain phosphates 'hi$h are ex$ellent
-ertilisers -or algae =arge amounts o- algae $ause the river to be$ome de2
oxygenated @nder these $onditions anaerobi$ ba$teria atta$. de$aying
vegetation to produ$e toxi$ 'astes produ$ts li.e ammonia% methane
and hydrogen sulphide *hese produ$ts are all a ha4ard% to health
&uman pollution of waterA Waste 'ater -rom 'ashing% using the toilet
et$ is $alled se'age Se'age $ontains many pollutants in$luding harm-ul
mi$robes (ba$teria) eg $holera
Purification of the water suppl#.
*he main steps to puri-y 'ater in$lude+
(i) -iltration to remove solids
(ii) $hlorination to disin-e$t the 'ater
(iii) use o- $arbon to remove tastes and odours ('ater -ilters $ontaining
$arbon are atta$hed to taps in the home
*he diagram belo' illustrates 'ater treatment
IGCSE Chemistry
>n #our own words descri*e what is happening at each stage of the
purification process. 6i%e as much detail as possi*le <Use #our tet
*oo:s to help #ou:
-tage 1
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-tage 2
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-tage /
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-tage 0
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IGCSE Chemistry
-tage 1
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(ist 1 uses of Water
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Testing for water in the la*orator#
When testing -or 'ater 'ithin a laboratory you have a number o-
problems
!) Water has no $olour or smell
1) It has no e--e$t on moist litmus paper%
or moist universal indi$ator paper 2 it is neutral
0) It 'ill put out a lit splint
*here are a number o- Spe$i-i$ test -or Water or Water Vapour% you have
to remember themN
Water or its vapour 'ill turn *lue co*alt chloride paper pin:
It 'ill also turn white anh#drous copper<>>= sulfate $rystals *lue
IGCSE Chemistry
'usting
What do #ou thin: will happen to the iron nails in each test tu*e after
a*out two wee:sC
ADDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
EDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
CDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
Gust is -ormed 'hen iron rea$ts 'ith 'ater &N: oxygen ItEs an example
o- an oxidation rea$tion 'hi$h $an be sped up using salt *here are several
'ays o- dealing 'ith rust+
!) Gegular painting or oiling
1) 6al%anising O this is 'hen iron ob)e$ts are $oated 'ith 4in$
0) ?a.ing ob)e$ts out o- a nonArusting metal% su$h as stainless steel
7) &tta$hing 4in$ bars to ships O the 'ater 'ill rea$t 'ith the 4in$
be-ore it rea$ts 'ith the iron% be$ause 4in$ is more rea$tive
IGCSE Chemistry
'eferences
IGCSE Chemistry pages !BC2!B8
(earning )*+ecti%es
Candidates should be able to+

:es$ribe% in outline% the puri-i$ation o- the 'ater supply in terms
o- -iltration and $hlorination
Name some o- the uses o- 'ater in industry and in the home.
IGCSE Chemistry
Unit 2: Water And Air Part 2: -ample eam 9uestions
P! Helo' is a simple diagram illustrating ho' the gases 'hi$h ma.e up air
are separated
(a) Why is the air -iltered in Step !J
(!)Q!R
(b) Whi$h t'o $hemi$als are removed -rom the air in Step 1J
(1)
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($) What happens to the air 'hen it is $ooled to 21""SC in Step 7J

(!)

(d) What is the name o- the pro$ess used to separate the gases in Step 9J
(one line)

(e) Nitrogen boils at O!8F

o
C% oxygen at O!C0
o
C and argon at O!CF
o
C
IGCSE Chemistry
Whi$h o- these gases separates at the top o- the $olumn in Step 9
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P1 It is thought that over 7""" million years ago the EarthEs atmosphere
may have $ontained $arbon dioxide% ammonia and 'ater vapour but very
little oxygen *he temperature o- the atmosphere 'as very mu$h higher
than it is today
(a)*he early atmosphere $ontained a large per$entage o- 'ater
vapourWhy is there only a small per$entage o- 'ater vapour in the
atmosphere todayJ
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(b) &s simple plant li-e developed the amount o- oxygen in the
atmosphere began to in$rease
(i) Name the pro$ess by 'hi$h these plants added oxygen to the
atmosphere
(one line)
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(ii) Name the gas 'hi$h 'as removed -rom the atmosphere by this
pro$ess
(!)
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($) Some o- the oxygen produ$ed turned into o4one and -ormed the
o4one layer
IGCSE Chemistry
(i) Write do'n the $hemi$al -ormula -or o4one
(!)
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(ii) Explain the importan$e o- the -ormation o- the o4one layer
(1)
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P0 =arge amounts o- $arbon dioxide in the atmosphere $an $ause
problems
(a)What name is given to the problem $aused by ex$ess $arbon dioxide in
the atmosphereJ
(!)
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(b) Explain 'hy s$ientists are $on$erned about the problem
(0)
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Q0R
($) State one 'ay in 'hi$h the amount o- $arbon dioxide in the
atmosphere is being in$reased
(1)
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(d) Give two 'ays in 'hi$h the in$rease in $arbon dioxide $an be slo'ed
do'n
IGCSE Chemistry
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P7*he apparatus belo' 'as used to determine the amount o- oxygen in a
sample o- $lean dry air
(a) *he $opper is heated and at the same time the air is pushed over it
-rom one syringe to the other *he experiment is $ontinued until there is
no -urther $hange in the volume o- air in the syringe *he apparatus is le-t
to $ool do'n% then the -inal volume o- air measured
(i) Why does the volume o- air de$reaseJ

Q!R
(ii) Write a 'ord e,uation -or the rea$tion 'hi$h o$$urs during the
experiment

Q!R
IGCSE Chemistry
(iii) Why is it important to let the apparatus $ool do'n be-ore measuring
the -inal volumeJ

Q1R
(iv) Why is it better to use $opper turnings in the experiment rather than
larger lumps o- $opperJ

Q1R
(v) Name t'o gases 'hi$h 'ill be present in the air inside the syringe at
the end o- the experiment

Q1R