Assignment no.

5
METHODS OF PLANIMETRIC SURVEY
METHODS OF PLANIMETRIC SURVEY
37
Relying on the points of the triangulation network plane surveying network, the planimetric
methods allow the developing of the networks in order to obtain the coordinates of some other points
and survey planimetric details from the topographic plane using the method of traverse together with
some aiding methods (the method of rectangular coordinates, the method of polar coordinates, the
method of bi-polar coordinates).
he points of the planimetric details are determined by their plane rectangular or polar coordinates,
depending on the angular or linear measurement results.

Application theme
!aving as purpose the studying and pro"ecting of a commercial center, there has been made the
surveying of the considered area using the method of the close circuit traverse, combined with the
method of the polar coordinates. #e$re asked for the coordinates of the traverse and or the radiation
points.

Data of the po!lem
"# he plane rectangular coordinates of the %& and %% triangulation points.
$# he inclined distances, measured directly on the ground using the steel measuring tape, between
the points of the traverse and between these points and the radiation points.
%# he angular values of the hori'ontal directions and the vertical ('enithal) angles of all directions
measured from all the traverse points by theodolite.
(bservation) he data of the initial problem (the rectangular coordinates) are the ones obtained by
measurements (distances and angles) are entered in a special field book, represented in the table below
in the *&, **, 3, + and , columns.
The application &ill con'i't of(
"# -etermination of the reference grid bearing using the coordinates of the triangulation points.
$# -etermination of the closing error on angles and compensation of the hori'ontal angles.
%# ransmission of the reference grid bearing to all sides of the traverse.
)# Reduction to the hori'ontal of the inclined distances.
*# -etermination of the relative coordinates of the traverse points.
+# -etermination of the closing error on coordinates and compensation of the relative coordinates
,# -etermination of the absolute coordinated of the traverse points.
-# -etermination of the polar and rectangular coordinates of the radiation points.
3.
able *. -ata of the problem
/tati
on
poin
t
0im
ing
poin
t
1nclined
distance
di
(m)
!ori'o
ntal
distanc
e
i
z
(
g
,
c
,
cc
)
!ori'o
ntal
angle
i
c
(
g
,
c
,
cc
)
2rid
beari
ng3
(
g
,
c
,
cc
)
-ist.
Reduce
dto
hori'on
-o
(m)
Relative
coord.
0bsolute
coord.
4ct.
5o.
6y 67 8 9
* % 3 + , : 7 . ; *& ** *%
%*
37 - - &
g
&&
c
:3;..
.*
3.+&.
,;
37
*&+ - - 3,
g
;.
c
:%:*.
&3
37;&.
*,
%*
*&* *%&.,7 ;:
g
+%
c
*,*
g
73
c
:*,&.
*.
3.37.
&%
*&*
*&* %* - - &
g
&&
c
-
*&% ;7.;+ ;:
g
+7
c
*3;
g
:.
c
:*%;.
37
3;3&.
+:
*&%
*&%
*&* - - &
g
&&
c
-
*&3 ...&% ;:
g
:;
c
*&.
g
;:
c
:%**.
+.
3;:&.
%.
*&3
,&. :...+ ;7
g
,*
c
3:&
g
*,
c
,&.
,&; ,*.,. ;:
g
*+
c
,+
g
+,
c
,&;
*&3
*&% - - &
g
&&
c
-
*&+ *+;.*+ *&%
g
.:
c
*,,
g
;3
c
:3,*.
,.
3;&;.
7&
*&+
,*& 7*.*% ;,
g
+*
c
*&:
g
++
c
,*&
,** 7:.,, ;:
g
*3
c
*7%
g
;*
c
,**
*&+
*&3 - - &
g
&&
c
-
%* *+7..; *&3
g
*%
c
7;
g
7*
c
:%:*.
&3
37;&.
*,
%*
,*% 73.&% ;.
g
*,
c
3&
g
7.
c
:%7;.
3.
3.;..
%:
,*%
,*3 +3.;3 ;7
g
:%
c
+*
g
&,
c
:3&;.
7+
3.;:.
+,
,*3
,*+ ,+.*. ;7
g
%*
c
:;
g
*3
c
:3**.
;*
3.7%.
;&
,*+
Sol.tion
3;
-uring the field operations in order to survey the area there have been made a planimetric closed
circuit, %*-*&*-*&%-*&3-*&+-%*, supported by the known point, %*. <or orientating the traverse, from
the supporting point, %*, a known triangulation, 37, has been aimed, measuring in the same time the
hori'ontal angle, =&.

he measuring of hori'ontal angles has been made using the procedure with 'ero on the initial
direction with only one position on the telescope. he 'enithal angles have been measured depending
on the height of the instrument from the station point. he inclined distances had been measured using
a ,& m long steel measuring tape.
he office work consists of determination and compensation of the traverse, obtaining the rectangular coordinates of the
traverse points and then, depending on the latter, the coordinates of the radiation points are been calculated.
*. -etermination of the reference grid bearing
>nowing the coordinates of the %* and 37 points, the reference grid bearing, 3%*-37, is calculated. he
relative coordinates are)
68%*-37 ? 837 @ 8%* ? :3;...* - :%:*.&3 ? *37.7. m
69%*-37 ? 937 @ 9%* ? 3.+&.,; - 37;&.*, ? ,&.++ m
/ince both relative coordinates are positive, the grid bearing is in the first Auadrant. he grid
bearing is eAual to the calculation angle

cc c g
x
y
%; %& %% arctan
37 %*
37 %*
37 %*
=

%. -etermination of the closing error on angles and compensation of the

hori'ontal angles
he internal hori'ontal angles between the sides of the traverse are obtained as differences on the
angular values of the directions inscribed in the fifth column, so)

c g c g c g
c c 7, **, ;. 3, 73 *,*
*&+ *&* %*
= = =

c g c g c g
c c :. *3; && & :. *3;
%* *&% *&*
= = =

c g c g c g
c c ;: *&. && & ;: *&.
*&* *&3 *&%
= = =

c g c g c g
c c ;3 *,, && & ;3 *,,
*&% *&+ *&3
= = =

c g c g c g
c c 7* 7; && & 7* 7;
*&3 %* *&+
= = =
he amount of the measured hori'ontal angle is)

=
=
,
*
&3 :&&
i
c g
i

his amount has to be eAual to the amount of the internal angles of the n-sides polygon)
g g g
n :&& %&& ) % , ( %&& ) % ( = =
Because of the unavoidable instrumental and measuring errors, between the two values there will be
a certain difference known as the angular closing error.
c g g c g
f &3 & :&& &3 :&& = =

0s a rule this error has to be smaller then the tolerance

T f
, where
cc c cc c cc c
n T 3, 3 , ,& * ,& * = = =
+&
1n this case, the error is smaller then the tolerance, so by compensation, the correction will be eAual
in magnitude but with an opposite sign to the one of the closing error.
c g
f c &3 & = =

he unitary correction is)
cc c g
cc c g
u
n
C
C :& && &
,
3&&
,
&3 &
=

= =

0nd it is going to be distributed eAually to all the measured angles, obtaining thus the compensated
hori'ontal angles)
cc c g cc c g c g u C
C +& 7+ **, :& && & 7, **,
%* %*
= = + =


cc c g cc c g c g u C
C +& :7 *3; :& && & :. *3;
*&* *&*
= = + =


cc c g cc c g c g u C
C +& ;, *&. :& && & ;: *&.
*&% *&%
= = + =


cc c g cc c g c g u C
C +& ;% *,, :& && & ;3 *,,
*&3 *&3
= = + =


cc c g cc c g c g u C
C +& 7& 7; :& && & 7* 7;
*&+ *&+
= = + =


he sum of the compensated angles must be eAual with the theoretical sum)
c g g C
i
n && :&& %&& ) % ( = =

3. ransmition of the reference grid bearing to all sides of the transverse

his operation is carried out with the aid of the reference grid bearing, %% %&

and the hori'ontal angle

&

together with compensated angle i

.
#e have)
cc c g c g cc c g
%; *. ,. ;. 3, %; %& %%
& 37 %* *&+ %*
= + = + =


cc c g cc c g cc c g C
:; ;% *73 +& 7+ **, %; *. ,.
%* *&* %* *&* %*
= + = + =


cc c g cc c g g cc c g C g
&; :& ,*3 +& :7 *3; %&& :; ;% *73 %&&
*&* *&* %* *&% *&*
= + + = + + =


cc c g g cc c g
&; :& **3 +&& &; :& ,*3
*&% *&*
= =

cc c g cc c g g cc c g C g
+; ,, +%% +& ;, *&. %&& &; :& **3 %&&
*&% *&% *&* *&3 *&%
= + + = + + =


cc c g g cc c g
+; ,, %% +&& +; ,, +%%
*&3 *&%
= =

cc c g cc c g g cc c g C g
.; +7 37. +& ;% *,, %&& +; ,, %% %&&
*&3 *&3 *&% *&+ *&3
= + + = + + =


cc c g cc c g g cc c g C g
%; *. :,. +& 7& 7; %&& .; +7 37. %&&
*&+ *&+ *&3 %* *&+
= + + = + + =


cc c g g cc c g
%; *. %,. +&& %; *. :,.
%* *&+
= =

#e check it with the relation)

+*
g
backward straigth %&& ) ( ) (
%* *&+ *&+ %*
=


so
g cc c g cc c g
%&& %; *. ,. %; *. %,. + =
he values of the grid bearing are entered in the : column.
)# Re/.ction to the hoi0ontal of the incline/ /i'tance'
/ince in the field there have been measured directly the inclined distances, in the same time the
'enithal angles of the directions have been measured. he reduction to the hori'ontal of the inclined
distances is made using the following formula)

Z d d
i
sin
&
=
he inclined distances, 3 column, are reduced with the 'enithal angle, + column)
m Z d d
c g
i o
37 . *%& +% ;: sin C ,7 . *%& sin
* * *
= = =
m Z d d
c g
i o
7. . ;7 +7 ;: sin C ;+ . ;7 sin
% % %
= = =
m Z d d
c g
i o
;& . .7 :; ;: sin C &% . .. sin
3 3 3
= = =
m Z d d
c g
i o
%& . *+; .: *&% sin C 3: . *+; sin
+ + +
= = =
m Z d d
c g
i o
7* . *+7 *% *&3 sin C .; . *+7 sin
, , ,
= = =
he values of the distances are entered in the 7 column.
*# -etermination of the relative coordinates of the traverse points
he relative coordinates are calculated using the grid bearing on the sides of the traverse and the
distances reduced to the hori'ontal (column : and 7).
cos
o
d x =
,
sin
o
d y =
0s a convention we are going to use only one inde7 for the relative coordinates so that, as an
e7ample, * *&* %*
x x =
and * *&* %*
y y =
.<or the five points of the traverse there have been
obtained the following relative coordinates)
m d x
cc c g
o
+* . **& :; ;% *73 cos C 37 . *%& cos C
*&* %* * *
= = =

m d y
cc c g
o
;3 . +7 :; ;% *73 sin C 37 . *%& sin C
*&* %* * *
= = =

m d x
cc c g
o
73 . %& &; :& **3 cos C 7. . ;7 cos C
*&% *&* % %
= = =

m d y
cc c g
o
,, . ;, &; :& **3 sin C 7. . ;7 sin C
*&% *&* % %
= = =

m d x
cc c g
o
++ . .% +; ,, %% cos C ;& . .7 cos C
*&3 *&% 3 3
= = =

m d y
cc c g
o
+; . 3& +; ,, %% sin C ;& . .7 sin C
*&3 *&% 3 3
= = =

m d x
cc c g
o
:; . *+& .; +7 37. cos C %& . *+; cos C
*&+ *&3 + +
= = =

m d y
cc c g
o
+. . +; .; +7 37. sin C %& . *+; sin C
*&+ *&3 + +
= = =

m d x
cc c g
o
*; . ;& %; *. %,. cos C 7* . *+7 cos C
%* *&+ , ,
= = =

m d y
cc c g
o
;7 . **: %; *. %,. sin C 7* . *+7 sin C
%* *&+ , ,
= = =

he obtained values rounded off are entered in the . and ;.

+%
+# -etermination of the closing error on coordinates and compensation of the
relative coordinates
!aving a closed circuit traverse, the algebraic amounts of the pro"ections of the relative coordinates
should fulfill the following conditions

=
=
n
i
i
x
*
& and

=
=
n
i
i
y
*
&,
but because of the unavoidable measuring errors these conditions will not be accomplished, having the
so called closing error on coordinates.
m y f
i
i y
,% . 7
,
*
= =

=

m x f
i
i x
77 . *
,
*
= =

=
!aving these two errors we can obtain the total error
#hich is)
m f f f
y x L
7% . 7 77 . * ,% . 7
% % % %
= + = + =
/tarting from %*, because of the measuring errors, all
the points are going to be displaced comparing to the
correct position.

m d d d d d D ;: . :&%
&, &+ &3 &% &*
= + + + + =
1n order the measurements to be accepted the total
Drror has to be smaller then the tolerance.
m
D
D T +, . &
*733
&&+, . & = + =
<or the considered case the tolerance will be)
m T +, . & =
he corrections are eAual in magnitude and opposite in sign)
m f C
x x
77 . * = =
and
m f C
y y
,% . 7 = =
he distribution of the corrections is made proportional to value of the relative coordinates.
&&3;.%& . &
+; . +++
77 . *
,
*
=

= i
i
x u
x
x
C
C
&%%&;&3 . &
+% . 3+&
,% . 7
,
*
=

= i
i
y u
y
y
C
C
+3
0ccording to them, the partial corrections for each of the coordinates are determined as)
m x C x C
u
x
++ . &
* *
=
,
m y C y C
u
y
&: . *
* *
=
m x C x C
u
x
&. . &
% %
=
,
m y C y C
u
y
** . %
% %
=
m x C x C
u
x
3+ . &
3 3
=
,
m y C y C
u
y
:7 . &
3 3
=
m x C x C
u
x
,. . &
+ +
=
,
m y C y C
u
y
*& . *
+ +
=
m x C x C
u
x
3: . &
, ,
=
,
m y C y C
u
y
,. . %
, ,
=
0s verification, the amounts of the partial corrections must be eAual to the total corrections.
m Cx x C
i
i
77 . *
,
*
= =

=
,
m Cy y C
i
i
,% . 7
,
*
= =

=
Relative coordinates will be obtained as)
m x C x x
C
., . **&
* * *
= + =
m x C x x
C
.* . %&
% % %
= + =
m x C x x
C
** . .%
3 3 3
= + =
m x C x x
C
*3 . *+&
+ + +
= + =
m x C x x
C
,, . ;&
, , ,
= + =
m y C y y
C
.7 . +:
* * *
= + =
m y C y y
C
++ . ;3
% % %
= + =
m y C y y
C
.% . %;
3 3 3
= + =
m y C y y
C
,. . ,&
+ + +
= + =
m y C y y
C
,, . **;
, , ,
= + =
0fter compensation the algebraic amounts of the relative coordinates will be eAual to 'ero)
&
,
*
=

= i
C
i
x
,
&
,
*
=

= i
C
i
y
1n the table on column . and ; there have been the initial relative coordinates.
++
,# Detemination of the a!'ol.te coo/inate/ of the ta1e'e point'#
he absolute coordinates of the traverse points are obtained from the absolute coordinates of the
known point %&.1n this way,we obtain)
m x X X
C
*. . :*,& ., . **& &3 . :%:*
* %* *&*
= = + =
m x X X
C
37 . :*%; .* . %& *. . :*,&
% *&* *&%
= = + =
m x X X
C
+. . :%** ** . .% 37 . :*%;
3 *&% *&3
= + = + =
m x X X
C
,. . :3,* *3 . *+& +. . :%**
+ *&3 *&+
= + = + =
m x X X
C
&3 . :%:* ,, . ;& ,. . :3,*
, *&+ %*
= = + =
m y Y Y
C
&% . 3.37 .7 . +: *, . 37;&
* %* *&*
= + = + =
m y Y Y
C
+: . 3;3& ++ . ;3 &% . 3.37
% *&* *&%
= + = + =
m y Y Y
C
%. . 3;:& .% . %; +: . 3;3&
3 *&% *&3
= + = + =
m y Y Y
C
7& . 3;&; ,. . ,& %. . 3;:&
+ *&3 *&+
= = + =
m y Y Y
C
*, . 37;& ,, . **; 7& . 3;&;
, *&+ %*
= = + =
-# -etermination of the rectangular coordinates for points) ,&*,,&% and ,&3.
he points of eradiation ,*%-,*+, represents the edges of a building, will be determinate with the
help of rectangular coordinates)
cc c g c g g cc c g g
.; %, :&; 7. 3& %&& .; +7 37. %&&
,*% %&+ *&3 ,*% *&+
= + + = + + =


cc c g g cc c g
.; %, %&; +&& .; %, :&;
,*% *&+
= =

cc c g c g g cc c g g
.; ,% :*; &, +* %&& .; +7 37. %&&
,*3 *&+ *&3 ,*3 *&+
= + + = + + =


cc c g g cc c g
.; ,% %*; +&& .; ,% :*;
,*3 *&+
= =

cc c g c g g cc c g g
.; :& :+7 *3 :; %&& .; +7 37. %&&
,*+ *&+ *&3 ,*+ *&+
= + + = + + =


cc c g g cc c g
.; :& %+7 +&& .; :& :+7
,*+ *&+
= =

m Z d d
c g
i
;. . 7% *, ;. sin C 73.&% sin C
,*% ,*% , ,*% , &
= = =
m Z d d
c g
i
.; . +3 :% ;7 sin C +3.;3 sin C
,*3 ,*3 , ,*3 , &
= = =
m Z d d
c g
i
*% . ,+ %* ;7 sin C *. . ,+ sin C
,*+ ,*+ , ,*+ , &
= = =
m d X
cc c g
o
%& . 7% .; %, %&; cos C ;. . 7% cos C
,*% *&+ ,*% , ,*% *&+
= = =


m d Y
cc c g
o
++ . ** .; %, %&; sin C ;. . 7% sin C
,*% *&+ ,*% , ,*% *&+
= = =


m d X
cc c g
o
.+ . +* .; ,% %*; cos C .; . +3 cos C
,*3 *&+ ,*3 , ,*3 *&+
= = =


m d Y
cc c g
o
%, . *3 .; ,% %*; sin C .; . +3 sin C
,*3 *&+ ,*3 , ,*3 *&+
= = =


m d X
cc c g
o
:7 . 3; .; :& %+7 cos C *% . ,+ cos C
,*+ *&+ ,*+ , ,*+ *&+
= = =


m d Y
cc c g
o
.& . 3: .; :& %+7 sin C *% . ,+ sin C
,*+ *&+ ,*+ , ,*+ *&+
= = =


+,
m x X X 3. . :%7; %& . 7% ,. . :3,*
,*% *&+ *&+ ,*%
= = + =

m y Y Y %: . 3.;. ++ . ** 7& . 3;&;
,*% *&+ *&+ ,*%
= = + =

m x X X :3&;.7+ .+ . +* ,. . :3,*
,*3 *&+ *&+ ,*3
= = + =

m y Y Y 3.;:.+, %, . *3 7& . 3;&;
,*3 *&+ *&+ ,*3
= = + =

m x X X :3**.;* :7 . 3; ,. . :3,*
,*+ *&+ *&+ ,*+
= = + =


m y Y Y 3.7%.;& .& . 3: 7& . 3;&;
,*+ *&+ *&+ ,*+
= = + =

he points of eradiation ,&.-,**, represents the traces of a river, will be determinate with the help of
rectangular coordinates)
<rom point *&% )
c g
*, 3:&
,&. *&%
=

m Z d d
c g
i
7. . :. ,* ;7 sin C :...+ sin C
,&. ,&. , ,&. , &
= = =
c g
+, ,+
,&; *&%
=

m Z d d
c g
i
+. . ,* *+ ;: sin C ,. . ,* sin C
,&; ,&; , ,&; , &
= = =
<rom point *&3 )
c g
++ *&:
,*& *&3
=

m Z d d
c g
i
;3 . 7& +* ;, sin C 7*.*% sin C
,*& ,*& , ,*& , &
= = =
c g
;* *7%
,** *&3
=

m Z d d
c g
i
+& . 7: *3 ;: sin C 7:.,, sin C
,** ,** , ,** , &
= = =
+: