Wireless Communications - Exercises

1. Consider the bitstream 101101 . Draw a BPSK wae!orm that could be used to
transmit the bits. Draw an "SK wae!orm !or this bitstream. Com#are the
bandwidth o! these two modulation schemes.
$. %ssume in a cellular s&stem that there are 10 channels 'or slots( aailable and that
the aera)e use o! these slots is *0+. What is the bloc,in) #robabilit& o! this
s&stem- Discuss whether this is a reasonable number.
.. Su##ose &ou hae been allocated /0 123 o! bandwidth b& the "CC !or a wireless
s&stem usin) "D1% with $* K23 channels not includin) )uard band. "or a
tele#hone call with !ull-du#lexin)4 both an u#lin, and downlin, channel is
re5uired. 6his means that at least *0 K23 would be re5uired #er call. 7! &our
carrier can dri!t b& 80 234 which means that a )uard band is re5uired between
each channel4 how man& users can the s&stem su##ort at an& one time. Ex#lain
&our reasonin).
9. Consider the bitstream 101001 . 6his bitstream can be conerted into a
wae!orm b& holdin) the olta)e at :1 !or 6 seconds when a 1 a##ears in the
bitstream and then holdin) the olta)e at ;1 when a 0 a##ears. Draw the resultin)
wae!orm. <ow su##ose am#litude modulation is to be used to transmit the
bitstream. Draw the modulated si)nal b& usin) the wae!orm !rom the !irst #art in
E5. '=(. Show all ste#s.
*. %ssume unit )ain transmit and receie antennas4 a transmission !re5uenc& o! 000
1234 and a transmission #ower o! 1mW. "ind the receied #ower in E5. '$( at a
transmitter-receier se#aration o! 10m4 100m and 1,m. <ow4 assume that the #ath
loss ex#onent is 9 '&ou ma& assume the noise !i)ure is 1(. "ind the receied
#ower in E5. '.( at a transmitter-receier se#aration o! 10m4 100m and 1,m.
Com#are the six results.
=. Discuss the adanta)es and disadanta)es o! di!!erent cell la&outs and de)rees o!
!re5uenc& use. Consider the #er!ormance4 the cost4 and the societal im#act.
MATLAB Exercises
Project 1 - AM, PM and Signal Bandwidth
6he )oal o! this #ro>ect is to discoer the e!!ect o! am#litude modulation and #hase
modulation on the time- and !re5uenc&-domain re#resentations o! the modulated carrier.
Ste#s?
1. Sae the code )ien below !or the !irst #art o! the #ro>ect in a 1%6@%B director&
as proj1a.m4 sae the second #art o! the #ro>ect as proj1b.m
$. Aun the !irst #art b& t&#in) proj1a
.. Print the resultin) #lots.
9. Discuss the sha#e o! the time-domain %1 and P1 si)nals. Consider where the
messa)e is contained4 and how it mi)ht be extracted !rom the modulated carrier.
*. Discuss the di!!erences and similarities in the !re5uenc&-domain si)nal4 the
ma)nitude s#ectrum o! the modulated carrier.
=. Chan)e the !re5uenc& o! the messa)e sli)htl& b& chan)in) the #arameter !0
/. Ae#eat ste#s .-* com#arin) the results o! the new si)nal with the #reious results.
8. Sae the P1 si)nal b& t&#in) save PM xpm
0. Aun the second #ro>ect b& t&#in) proj1b
10. Print the resultin) #lot
11. Discuss the resultin) bandwidth occu#ied b& the si)nal.
1$. Comment out the lines )eneratin) the cosine and uncomment the lines !or
loadin) a si)nal.
1.. Ae#lace <filename> with PM or the name o! another si)nal !ile
19. Aun the #ro)ram and #rint the resultin) #lot.
1*. Discuss the resultin) bandwidth occu#ied b& the si)nal. Com#are this to the
results !rom ste# 11.
1=. Submit all #lots and written discussions.
%
%
% Project 1
% Part I - AM and PM Signal Generation
% Wireless Communications
%
%
clear
% Generate a message which is a sinusoid
% First initialize aria!les
% " # num!er o$ sam%les
% $& # c'clical $re(uenc' o$ message signal
% )& # %eriod o$ the message signal
" # 1&&&*
$& # 1&*
w& # +,%i,$&*
)& # 1-$&*
% Generate the message
n # &.1."-1*
t # n,)&-"*
/ # &012,cos3w&,t4*
$igure
su!%lot31114*
%
% AM SIG"A5 G6"67A)I8"
%
% Plot message signal
%lot3t9 /4*
title3:Message signal 3t4:4*
/la!el3:t:4*
'la!el3:3t4:4*
% Generate carrier signal
$c # 1&&*
wc # +,%i,$c*
)c # 1-$c*
/c # cos3wc,t4* % Ac#1
su!%lot311;4*
%lot3t9 /c4*
title3:Carrier signal:4*
/la!el3:t:4*
'la!el3:c3t4:4*
% Generate AM signal
mu # &02*
/am # 31<mu,/4 0, /c*
% Plot AM signal
su!%lot31124*
%lot3t9 /am4*
title3:AM signal:4
/la!el3:t:4*
'la!el3:c3t4:4*
% Find the s%ectrum o$ the AM signal
=AM # $$t3/am4*
=AMshi$t # 1-",$$tshi$t3=AM4*
n1 # -2&&.>??*
$re(@n1 # n1-)&*
% Plot the magnitude s%ectrum o$ the AM signal at $re(uencies o$
interest
su!%lot31114*
%lot3$re(@n19 a!s3=AMshi$t49 :o:4*
a/is3A-+&& +&& & 1B4*
title3:Magnitude s%ectrum o$ the AM signal:4*
/la!el3:$:4*
'la!el3:Cc3$4:4*
%
% PM SIG"A5 G6"67A)I8"
%
% Plot message signal this is the signal generated a!oe
$igure
su!%lot32114*
%lot3t9 /4*
title3:Message signal 3t4:4*
/la!el3:t:4*
'la!el3:3t4:4*
% Generate PM signal
D@% # ;,%i->*
/%m # cos3wc,t < D@%,/4*
% Plot PM signal
su!%lot321;4*
%lot3t9 /%m4*
title3:PM signal:4
/la!el3:t:4*
'la!el3:c3t4:4*
% Find s%ectrum o$ the PM signal
=PM # $$t3/%m4*
=PMshi$t # 1-",$$tshi$t3=PM4*
n+ # -2&&.>??*
$re(@n+ # n+-)&*
% Plot s%ectrum o$ the PM signal
su!%lot32124*
%lot3$re(@n+9 a!s3=PMshi$t49 :o:4*
a/is3A-+&& +&& & 1B4*
title3:Magnitude s%ectrum o$ the PM signal:4*
/la!el3:$:4*
'la!el3:Cc3$4:4*
%
%
% Project 1
% Part II - Signal Eandwidth
% Wireless Communications
%
%
% 6ither load in a %reiousl' stored signal or create a new
% uncomment the a%%ro%riate $ollowing section0
% 58AF a signal - uncomment $ie command lines
% re%lace G$ilenameH the name o$ the stored $ile
% it must !e in $ilename0mat 3Matla!4 $orm
% and re%lace GdatanameH with the name o$ the data0
% Iou can use the command JwhosK to see the current arra's
% o$ data0
% For instance9 i$ 'ou use the data $rom the %reious
% %rogram 'ou would t'%e
% load PM*
% w # /%m*
%
%load G$ilenameH*
%w # GdatanameH*
%" # length3w4*
%n#&.1."-1*
%)o#&0&1*
% C76A)6 a new signal - uncomment seen command lines
% the signal will !e a cosine with aria!les
% " # num!er o$ sam%les
% $o # c'clical $re(uenc' o$ sinusoid
% wo # angular $re(uenc' o$ sinusoid
% )o # %eriod o$ sinusoid
" # 2&*
$o # 1&&&&*
wo # +,%i,$o*
)o # 1-$o*
n # &.1."-1*
t # n,)o-"*
w # >,cos3wo,t4*
% Find Fast Fourier )rans$orm o$ the signal
W # $$t3w4*
% Conert sam%les &9190009"-1 into %ositie and negatie
Wshi$t # 1-",$$tshi$t3W4*
% Plot signal s0 sam%le
su!%lot3;91914*
%lot3n9w9:o:4*
/la!el3:Sam%le "um!er:4*
'la!el3:Sam%le Am%litude:4*
% Plot FF) s sam%le
su!%lot3;919+4*
%lot3n9a!s3Wshi$t49:o:4*
/la!el3:Sam%le "um!er:4*
'la!el3:Magnitude S%ectrum:4*
% Shi$t the sam%les so that the' are centered at &
% Scale the a/is
n1 # -1,round3"-+4.1.round3"-+-14*
$re(@n1# n1-)o*
i$ length3$re(@n14 H length3Wshi$t4
$re(@n1#$re(@n131.length3Wshi$t44*
end
% Plot the trans$orm s0 c'clical $re(uenc'
su!%lot3;919;4*
%lot3$re(@n19a!s3Wshi$t49:o:4*
/la!el3:C'clical Fre(uenc' 3Lz4:4*
'la!el3:Magnitude S%ectrum:4*
Project 2 - Noise in Baseband Signals
6he )oal o! this #ro>ect is to inesti)ate the e!!ect o! ar&in) de)rees o! noise on di)ital
baseband si)nals.
Ste#s?
1. Sae the code )ien below !or the !irst #art o! the #ro>ect in a 1%6@%B director&
as proj2a.m
$. Aun the !irst #art b& t&#in) proj2a
.. Print the resultin) #lot.
9. Aecord the noise standard deiation and the bit error count.
*. Discuss the a##earance o! the si)nal with noise as com#ared to the noise-!ree
si)nal.
=. Chan)e the noise standard deiation to a alue within the #ermitted ran)e )ien in
the code and re-run the #ro)ram
/. Aecord the noise standard deiation and the bit error count.
8. Ae#eat ste#s = and / !or at least 10 alues o! the standard deiation.
0. %s the noise standard deiation increases and decreases note the a##earance o! the
nois& si)nal. Discuss the chan)es in the si)nal.
10. "ollow the directions in the code !or the second #art o! the #ro>ect.
11. Print the resultin) #lot.
1$. Discuss the chan)es in the bit error rate as a !unction o! the noise.
1.. Submit all #lots and discussions.

%
%
% Project +
% Part I - "oise in Ease!and Signals
% Wireless Communications
%
%
% Change this $ollowing line to change the standard deiation o$ the
noise9
% which will change the noise %ower0 )he alid range is A&0&191B0 A
large num!er
% indicates more noise
stde#1*
%
% Create an ar!itrar' !itstream
%
!itstream # A1 & 1 1 & & 1 & 1 & 1 1 & & 1 & & & & & 1 1 1 1 & 1 & 1 1 1
1 & & & & 1 & 1 1 & 1 & 1 & & & & 1 & 1 1 & 1 1 & 1 & 1 & & 1 1 & & & 1
1 & 1 1 & 1 &1 & & 1 1 1 1 1 & & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & & 1 1 1 1 & & 1 & 1B*
%
% Generate the !ase!and signal9AnB9 $rom the a!oe !itstream with
%ulses
% o$ width 2 and height 1-s(rt3240
%
$or i#&.??
i$ !itstream3i<14 ## 1
3i,2<14 # 1*
3i,2<+4 # 1*
3i,2<;4 # 1*
3i,2<>4 # 1*
3i,2<24 # 1*
else
3i,2<14 # &*
3i,2<+4 # &*
3i,2<;4 # &*
3i,2<>4 # &*
3i,2<24 # &*
end
end
%
% %lot the "7M !ase!and wae$orm
%
su!%lot3;919149 %lot39:o:4*
a/is3A& >& & 10&B4*
%
% add zero-mean Gaussian noise to the wae$orm
%
$or i#1.2&&
'3i4 # 3i4 < stde,randn*
end*
%
% %lot the nois' wae$orm
%
su!%lot3;919+49 %lot3'9:o:4*
a/is3A& >& -> >B4*
%
% create an integrate and dum% $ilter with out%ut z3i4
%
$or i#&.??
tem% # '3i,2<14 < '3i,2<+4< '3i,2<;4 < '3i,2<>4 < '3i,2<24*
z3i,2<14 # tem%*
z3i,2<+4 # tem%*
z3i,2<;4 # tem%*
z3i,2<>4 # tem%*
z3i,2<24 # tem%*
end
%
% %lot the matched $ilter out%ut
%
su!%lot3;919;49 %lot3z9:o:4*
a/is3A& >& -1& 1&B4*
%
% sam%le and determine the num!er o$ !it errors
%
!it@error@count # &*
$or i#&.??
i$ z3i,2<;4 H &02
tem% # 1*
else
tem% # &*
end
i$ !itstream3i<14 N# tem% !it@error@count # !it@error@count <1*
end
end
!it@error@count
% 7un this %rogram $or man' choices o$ the standard deiation and record
% the standard deiation and the num!er o$ !it errors $or each trial
%
%
% Project +
% Part II - Eit 6rror 7ate Cures
% Wireless Communications
%
%
% For each standard deiation com%ute the signal-to-noise ratio
% using the $ollowing0 7e%lace stde with 'our alue and record
% the result
S"7 # 1&,log1&31-3stdeO+44*
% "ow %lot the $irst %oint with the $ollowing three commands
% 7e%lace S"7 and !it@error@count with the a%%ro%riate alues
semilog'3S"79!it@error@count9:o:4*
a/is3A& >& &0&&&&&1 &01B4*
hold*
% "ow add the other %oints !' re%eating the $ollowing command
% 7e%lace S"7 and !it@error@count with the a%%ro%riate alues
semilog'3S"79!it@error@count9:o:4*
Project - N!"ber o# $sers and Bloc%ing Probabilit&
6he )oal o! this #ro>ect is to determine the aera)e amount o! tra!!ic4 e!!ectiel& the
number o! users4 which can be sered in a cell )ien a desired )rade o! serice and a
number o! aailable channels.
Ste#s?
1. Sae the code )ien below !or the auxiliar& !unction in a 1%6@%B director& as
ErlangB.m, sae the code !or the #ro>ect as proj3.m
$. Aun the #ro)ram b& t&#in) proj3
.. Aecord the ca#acit&
9. Chan)e the number o! channels4 the #arameter channels4 to a number between $
and 100.
*. Ae#eat ste#s $ throu)h 9 !or 10 channel alues.
=. Chan)e the desired )rade o! serice4 the #arameter desired!"#4 to a alue
between 0.1 and 0.0001
/. Ae#eat ste#s $ throu)h = !our times.
8. Discuss the results. Consider the tradeo!!s in desired )rade o! serice and the
number o! users in the s&stem.
0. Submit the discussion.
%
%
% Project ; - Au/iliar' $unction
% "um!er o$ Psers and ElocDing Pro!a!ilit'
% Wireless Communications
%
%
$unction Adi$$B # 6rlangE3A9C9G8S4
sumA # &*
$or i#&.C
sumA#sumA<3AOi-$actorial3i44*
end
G8S1 # 3AOC-$actorial3C44-sumA*
di$$#G8S-G8S1*
%
%
% Project ; Main 7outine
% "um!er o$ Psers and ElocDing Pro!a!ilit'
% Wireless Communications
%
%
% Change the $ollowing two %arameters and %lot the num!er o$
% users9 the ca%acit'9 as a $unction o$ desired@G8S $or a
% selected num!er o$ channels
channels # 1&*
desired@G8S # &0&1*
init@ca%acit'#channels,>-2*
o%tions#o%timset*
ca%acit'#$sole3:6rlangE:9init@ca%acit'9o%tions9channels9desired@G8S4