N1011 02 Electricity

ELECTRICAL ENERGY IN
MALAYSIA

SUBJECT : SOSTENIBILITAT
GROUP : N1011
ORDER OF GROUP : 2
AUTHOR : BIN YAACOB, MOHAMMAD ISHAIRI
BIN NURHAZLI, AHMAD DANIAL
BINTI WARNIS, WIRDA ZAFIRA
DIRECTING PROFESOR : JAUME MIRET TOMAS
DATE : 10/ 10/ 2014

Escola Politcnica Superior dEnginyeria de Vilanova i la Geltr, UPC Sostenibilitat 2015

1

INDEX

1.1 Introduction2
1.2 Objective and physical and time scale..3
2. State of the art
2.1 Electricity4
2.1.1 Generation of electricity4
2.2 Electrical consumption and its uses from years to come...12
2.3 Electric power transmission and distribution...14
3. Stakeholders
3.1 Costumer..25
3.2 Tenega Nasional Berhad (TNB)...25
3.3 Government.26


2

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Electric energy is in high demand all over the world and is increasing through
the years. This energy is depended by people from everywhere across the globe. As
we are in the 21
st
century, electricity is as a basic necessity as water and shelter.
Take Malaysia, a developing country, for instance, mostly all of the citizens
are in need of electricity. In fact, we cannot live without it. In approximation, every
household contains a lot of home appliances that cannot operate without electricity.
Also, individually, a single Malaysian owns at least a mobile phone, not considering
tablets and laptops which also need the energy to be use.
Unlike other kinds of energy such as nuclear energy cannot be used in
Malaysia as there are difficulties such that there is no space to provide for nuclear
plants in the country. Also, thermal energy is also in use but although fossil fuels,
which provides thermal energy, is in a gigantic amount, for a long period of time, it
will be used up.
Therefore, electrical energy in Malaysia needs to be as limitless as possible
for people to strive for a better future.
This assignment provides explanation on how electricity can be sustained for
future generations to come and keep it sustainable for a very long time using
methods that is suitable to use in Malaysia and that does not harm the ecological
footprint of the country


3

1.2 OBJECTIVE, PHYSICAL AND TIME SCALE
Our aim is to help produce a more sustainable energy in Malaysia for future use.
It is also to provide information on:
How electrical energy is produced in Malaysia
The amount of energies is used to produce electrical energy
The percentage of electrical energy uses in domestic and industrial
sectors in Malaysia
Sources of electrical energy in the country
How to make electrical energy to be renewable.
Physical scale of study
We have chosen Malaysia as our scale in this project to study the sustainability of
the current types of energy recourses. This is because:
Malaysia is a developing country and the needs of electrical energy is
increasing exponentially.
The production of electrical energy from non-renewable sources which
Malaysia is currently using is not sustainable for an extended of time.
Time scale of study
The range that we have chosen as our scale is from the year 1978 to 2012 as
there are a lot of data recorded in this period of time. We also provide forecast of
the state of demands and sales of electricity in the year 2030 with informations
obtained from Asia Pacific Research Centre (APERC).


4

2. STATE OF THE ART
2.1 Electricity
Electrical energy is the product energy from electrical potential energy. This
energy is supplied by the combination of electric current and electrical
potential that is delivered by the circuit. At the point that this electrical
potential energy has been converted to another type of energy, it ceases to be
electrical potential energy. Thus, all electrical energy is potential energy
before it is delivered to the end-use. Electrical energy can always be
described as another type of energy, for example heat, light, motion, etc.
2.1.1 Generation of Electricity
Electricity generation is the process of generating electric energy from
other forms of energy. For electrical appliances, it is the first step in the
delivery of electricity to the consumers. The other processes, electricity
transmission, distribution, and electrical power storage and recovery
using pumped-storage methods are normally carried out by the electric
power industry. Electricity is most often generated at a power station by
electromechanical generators, primarily driven by heat engines fueled
by chemical combustion or nuclear fission but also by other means
such as the kinetic energy of flowing water and wind used in turbine.
There are many other technologies that can be and are used to
generate electricity such as solar photovoltaics and geothermal power.
In Malaysia, however, the generation of electrical energy is as shown in
figure 1.1.

5

Figure 1.1 graph of type of energy generation

The types of electricity generators is divided by 2 which are thermal
stations and hydro plants. Thermal stations are divided by 3 types
which are coal, oil and also natural gases. Though oil also produces
energy, they do not contribute much up until recent years.


6

Thermal Stations
The production of electrical energy in Malaysia is mostly produced by
thermal generation such as the consumptions of coals, oil and natural
gas. As such, there are many power plants for the generation of
electricity scattered throughout the country.
A. Coal power plants
Energy is produced by burning coal and using the heat to produce
steam from water. The steam then turns a turbine which produce
kinetic energy and is converted into electrical energy

7

Figure 2.1a Coal power plants in peninsular Malaysia

Figure 2.1b Coal power plants in Sabah and Sarawak


8

Total amount of Gigawatts of electrical energy supplied

B. Gas power plants
More than half of electrical energy in Malaysia is produced from
natural gases. The process is somewhat similar to coal. However it
is more complex and is generated at a very high temperature and
pressure.


9

Figure 2.2a Gas power plants in Peninsular Malaysia

Figure 2.2b Gas power plants in Sabah and Sarawak


10

Total Gigawatt of electrical energy supplied by Gas power plants

Hydroelectric
Though the country mostly generates electricity from thermal means,
hydroelectricity also takes part to the contribution of electrical energy
by using turbines under water dams and produces kinetic energy from
the strong water flow. The kinetic energy is then converted into
electrical energy.

11

Figure 3a Hydro plants in Peninsular Malaysia

Figure 3b Hydro plants in Sabah and Sarawak


12

2. 2 Electrical consumption and its uses from years to come
Electricity is used nationwide for various reasons for example domestic
uses, industrial etc. and the demands are increasing rapidly.

Figure 4 electricity sales by sectors in Malaysia

Electricity in the country is currently used most by 3 sectors which are
industrial, commercial and residential. Though it is forecasted that by
2030, demands will increase in an impressive amount.

Industrial sector
According to Asia Pacific Research Centre (APERC), electrical energy
demand in the industrial sector is forecasted to increase at an average
rate of 4.3 percent yearly until 2030. The share of oil in industrial
energy demand is projected to contract to 21 percent in 2030 from 35
percent in 2002; as the government promotes diversification of fuel
sources. By contrast, natural gas with its large reserves and robust
demand for petrochemical feedstock is projected to grow at 5.0percent
per year. Natural gas demand will surpass that of oil as the leading
fuel, and will account for 43 percent of industrial energy demand in
2030.


13

Commercial and residential sectors
APERC also state that Malaysias residential energy demand is
projected to increase at 3.1 percent per year. Demand for electricity is
expected to grow at an annual rate of 4.9 percent, which is slower
compared with the 5.8 percent annual growth rate between 1997 and
2002; mainly as a result of the increasing efficiency of household
appliances, such as refrigerators and air-conditioners.
The main drivers influencing energy demand in the commercial sector
is economic growth and weather condition. Owing to Malaysias
predominantly humid weather conditions, about 40 percent of total
energy demand in the commercial sector will be required for space
cooling. As with the residential sector, the government has taken
initiatives to reduce the energy intensity of commercial buildings and
office equipment. As a result, energy demand growth in the commercial
sector will slow down to 2.7 percent annually while the value added for
the services industry will grow at 4.7 percent per year.


14

2.3 Electric power transmission and distribution

National Grid, Malaysia is the high-voltage electric power transmission network in
Peninsular Malaysia. It is operated and owned by Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB) by
its Transmission Division. There are two other electrical grids in Sabah and Sarawak
operated by Sabah Electricity sdn bhd and Sarawak Energy Berhad respectively.
The system spans the whole of Peninsular Malaysia, connecting electricity
generation stations owned by TNB and Independent Power Producers (IPPs) to
energy consumers. A small number of consumers, mainly steel mills and shopping
malls also take power directly from the National Grid. TNB is also the single buyer for
all generation outputs supplied to the Grid System by the Power Stations and other
externally interconnected parties.
Electricity supply in Peninsular Malaysia is provided mainly by Tenaga Nasional
Berhad (TNB). TNB was established in 1990 through the corporatization of the
National Electricity Board. The move to transform the former government utility into a
private entity is regarded by many Malaysians as being highly successful because of
TNBs unique position as a monopoly in the generation, transmission, and distribution

15

of electricity in Peninsular Malaysia. The Malaysian government, through the Ministry
of Finance, continues to hold the majority stake in TNB.
TNB is the largest electricity utility in Malaysia, with the largest generation capacity of
over 8000 MW that accounts for over 61 percent of the total power generation in
Peninsular Malaysia. The main subsidiaries of TNB are: TNB Generation Sdn Bhd,
TNB Transmission Sdn Bhd, TNB Distribution Sdn Bhd, TNB Research Sdn Bhd, TNB
Engineers Sdn Bhd, TNB Engineering and Consultancy Sdn Bhd, and TNB Repair
and Maintenance Sdn Bhd.
Sabah Electricity Sdn Bhd (SESB) was founded on September 1, 1998 to take over
the business of electricity supply from Sabah Electricity Board, a statutory body of
the Federal Government, which had been supplying electricity to consumers in
Sabah and Labuan. TNB and Sabah state government jointly own SESB.
Sarawak Electricity Supply Corp (SESCo) is a statutory authority established by the
Sarawak state government. The Sarawak state government has 55 percent ownership
and Sarawak Enterprise Corporation Bhd (SECB) holds the remaining shares.
NUR is a dedicated power producer serving the Kulim High Technology Park in
Kedah, a state located in the north of Peninsular Malaysia. It has two subsidiary
companies, NUR Generating, involved in electricity generation, and NUR
Distribution, which is involved in electricity distribution. The capacity of this
dedicated power plant is 450 MW, which is implemented in 2 phases.
IPPs in Malaysia generate and sell electricity in bulk to the 3 dominant utilities. The
IPPs in operation are as follows:


16

Peninsular Malaysia
IPP Location Capacity
(MW)
YTL Power Generation Paka, Terengganu

Pasir Gudang, Johor
808

404
Segari Energy Ventures Sdn
Bhd
Lumut, Perak 1303
Powertek Sdn Bhd Alor Gajah, Melaka 440
Port Dickson Sdn Bhd Tanjung Gemuk, Port
Dickson
440
Pahlawan Power Sdn Bhd Tanjung Keling, Melaka 334
Genting Sanyen Power Sdn
Bhd
Kuala Langat, Selangor 720
Sabah
IPP Location Capacity (MW)
ARL Tenaga Sdn Bhd Melawa 50
Serudong Power Sdn Bhd Tawau 36
Powertron Resources Sdn Bhd Karambunai 120
Stratavest Sdn Bhd Sandakan 64.4
Sandakan Power Corporation Sdn Bhd Sandakan 34

Sarawak
There are no IPPs operating in Sarawak, but there is an associated power producer
called Sejingkat Power Sdn Bhd, which is a generating company 49 percent owned
by SESCo and the remaining 51 percent by Sarawak Enterprise Corporation Berhad
(SECB). It is situated at Sejingkat and has capacity of 2 units of 50 MW, each
fuelled by coal.

17


18

Tenaga Nasional Berhads transmission system spans all of Peninsular Malaysia,
connecting power stations owned by the company and independent power producers
(IPPs) to customers. The system operates at 132 kV, 275 kV, and 500 kV voltage
levels and forms an integral network known as the national grid.
The national grid is interconnected to Thailands transmission system operated by the
Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand in the north, with a transmission capacity
of 300 MW and a 132 kV overhead line with a maximum transmission capacity of 80
MW. In the south, the national grid is connected to Singapores transmission system
at Senoko via two 230 kV submarine cables, with a firm transmission capacity of 200
MW. Sarawak and Sumatera interconnections are viable options to increase energy
security The Singapore & Thailand Interconnections have enhanced system security
for all parties


19

The transmission network is managed and operated by TNBs transmission
division. TNBs transmission division is comprised of: TNB Transmission Network Sdn
Bhd, which is the operation and maintenance operator and asset manager of the
transmission network system for TNB; System Planning, which is responsible for the
short-, medium-, and long-term planning for TNB; Protection, Telecontrol and
Telecommunications, which is responsible for the operations and management of TNB
secondary equipment; and TNB Fuel Services, which is responsible for the
procurement of fuel resources for TNB.

20

The following figure illustrates the Peninsular Malaysia electricity industry structure in
terms of functions as used in the Grid Code.


21

Transmission System Capacity of TNB, SESB and SEB from 2011 until 2013

Distribution System Capacity of TNB, SESB and SEB from 2011 untill 2013


22

Cost and tariff of electricity in Malaysia

0
10
20
30
40
50
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
Year
Average Selling Prices of TNB
Domestic (sen/ kWh)
Commercial (sen/kWh)
Industrial (sen/kWh)
Public Lighting (sen/kWh)
Agriculture (sen/kWh)
Average (sen/kWh)
0
10
20
30
40
50
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
Year
Average Selling Prices of SESB
Domestic (sen/ kWh)
Average (sen/kWh)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
Year
Average Selling Prices of SEB
Domestic (sen/ kWh)
Average (sen/kWh)

23

The Energy Commission of Malaysia has outlined the cost components that make up
electricity tariffs. The costs, according to the Energy Commission, are:
generation costs (75% of total cost),
transmission costs (7% of total cost)
distribution costs (18% of total cost).
The generation of electrical energy is the most expensive step in the electrical supply
process, largely because of the cost of combustion fuels required to power steam turbines
which in turn convert thermal energy into electrical energy. Electricity users are subsidized
by a monthly rebate. Since 2008, the government has provided a MYR20 (USD$6.4)
subsidy on monthly electricity bills to all customers of TNB. Furthermore, TNB gives its
privileged customers (including government schools and institutions of higher learning,
places of worship and welfare homes) a 10 per cent discount on their electricity bills.
This concession cost TNB MYR7.8 million (US$2.5 million) in 2012, and is due to be
extended to institutions that are partly funded by the government. SESB also receives
substantial diesel and fuel oil subsidies from the government to lower the cost of electricity
generation, amounting to MYR543.4 million (US$173.3 million) in 2012 .The governments
fuel subsidies have been successful in keeping tariffs low for a long time.
However, starting from January 2014, a new electricity tariff was introduced by the
government seeing an increase by an average of about 14.89% for Peninsular Malaysia,
and by about 17% for Sabah and Labuan. Rates in Sarawak will not be affected because
the electricity supply in the state is operated by state-run company, Sarawak Energy.
The new average tariff of key customer categories are as follows:
Domestic: 31.66 sen/kWh (10.6% increase from 28.63 sen/kWh
previously)
Industrial: 36.15 sen/kWh (16.85% increase from 30.94 sen/kWh
previously)
Commercial: 47.92 sen/kWh (16.85% increase 41.01 sen/kWh previously)


24

The current tariff review has been attributed to the rising input costs namely fuel
costs:
- Piped gas increase from RM13.70/mmBTU to RM15.20/mmBTU (1000 mmscfd)
- LNG at market price of RM41.68/mmBTU
- Coal at USD87.50/tonne (CIF@CV 5500 kcal/kg)
To cater for investments in electricity supply infrastructure in order to
sustain the system reliability and security .
To cater for variation of operating costs in the future


25

3. STAKEHOLDERS

3.1 Customers.
Mainly speaking, this are all the citizen of Malaysia who used electricity
almost 24hours/day and 365 days/year. As the customer, their demand
over electricity services by TNB (electricitys main company in
Malaysia) can be summarized as follows:
Affordable price.
Minimum problems such as black-outs, electricity interferences,
leakage of electricity and others.
Good and regular maintenance of electricity power stations and
electric meters in each house.
Electricity that are safe to be used.

3.2 Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB)
TNB is a company that manage almost all of the electrical energy in
Malaysia. They control all the cost, maintenance, financing, power
plants etc. As the main company that provides electrical energy to the
citizen of Malaysia, they must ensure that all the citizens demands
listed in 3.1 can be fulfilled by TNB itself. In order to do that, they must
find a way to make sure the electrical energy in Malaysia is sustainable
for the next generations.


26

3.3 Government
Malaysias government needs to make several law of electricity to
ensure the electricity in Malaysia will be able to meet the needs of
citizens and also the needs of other stakeholders. They need to bring
the issue of electricity to the parliament and debate about it to make
sure electricity in Malaysia as the developing is at the optimum state
each year. Ministry of Energy, Green Technology and Water and
Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation also need to participate
in the management of electrical energy in Malaysia.

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