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Grammar

Table of Contents
Nouns .................................................................................................................... 3
Compound Nouns ..................................................................................................................................... 3
Collective Nouns ...................................................................................................................................... 3
Possessive Nouns Series.................................................................................................................... 3
Functions of nouns in a sentence ................................................................................................. 4
Pronouns ............................................................................................................... 6
Personal Pronouns .................................................................................................................................... 6
Possessive Pronouns ................................................................................................................................ 6
Demonstrative Pronouns ......................................................................................................................... 6
Relative Pronouns ............................................................................................................................. 7
Interrogative pronouns ................................................................................................................. 7
Indefinite Pronouns .................................................................................................................. 7
Adjective ................................................................................................................ 7
Articles ...................................................................................................................................................... 7
Determiners ............................................................................................................................................. 7
Nouns
A noun simply names a person (Sammy, man), place (Yishun) or thing (Car,
Toyota). Nouns are also classified as concrete or abstract. Concrete nouns, which
most nouns are, name things that can be seen, felt, heard, touched or smelled (stars,
water, drum, radio, and curry). Abstract nouns name concepts, beliefs or qualities
(freedom, capitalism, economics, and courage)
Compound Nouns
Compound nouns consist of more than one word but count as only one noun. Look
at this name: National University of Singapore. Its a compound noun make up of
four words, but its only one noun (its only one place).
Collective Nouns
Collective nouns are names of persons, place or things that are sometimes counted
as one unit (they are considered to be singular) and sometimes counted separately
(they are considered to be plural). Army, herd, and family are examples of
collective nouns.
Possessive Nouns Series
First, notice the situation that is called a possessive noun series. A possessive noun
series is the term used when you have more than on noun possessing the same
thing. In this situation, you show each noun possessing the thing simply by writing
the last noun in the series as a possessive.

Incorrect: Ms. Kim is Johns and Saras teacher.
Correct: Ms. Kim is John and Saras teacher.

This sentence is incorrectly written because both John and Sara possess Ms. Kim
as teacher. Because this is the case, only the last noun in the sentence needs to
show possession.

Incorrect: Rachels and Warrens trip was fun.
Correct: Rachel and Warrens trip was fun

This sentence is incorrectly written because Rachel and Warren had fun on the
same trip. Instead of writing the sentence with two possessive nouns, the write
should show possession only with the last noun (Warren).

Had they gone on separate trip, the sentence would have read:

Rachels and Warrens trips were fun.

The noun trip would have been written in the plural.

Multiple Nouns Possessing Different Things
The other situation that you have multiple possessive nouns is where each of the
noun possesses a different thing. In this case, each noun must show possession.
Incorrect: Juan and Charlies computers are broken.
Correct: Juans and Charlies computers are broken.

This sentence is incorrectly written because both Juan and Charlie each have their
own broken computers. Consequently, both Juan and Charlie each must show
possession.

Incorrect: The Jones and the Smiths houses are in New York
Correct: The Jones and the Smiths houses are in New York

Functions of nouns in a sentence
In a sentence, a noun will act either as a subject or some type of complement
(direct or indirect object of a verb, predicate nominative, or object of a preposition)

As subjects of sentences
First, nouns can be the subjects of sentences. A sentence is a group of words that
tells a complete thought. The subject is all the words that describe whom or what
the sentence is about.
The lion ran through the tall grass

The noun lion is the subject of the sentence because the rest of the sentence is
telling you about the lion. It ran through the tall grass.





As direct objects of sentences
Nouns can be direct objects of sentences. The direct object follow the verb and
answer the question who or what about the subject.

Peters father caught a fish.

The noun fish is the direct object. It answers the question, what did the subject of
the sentence (Peters father) catch?

As indirect objects of sentences
Nouns can be indirect objects of sentences. An indirect object is the noun that tell
us to whom or for whom the action was done. You will usually write it between the
verb and its object.
Ms. Sanchez handed Jose the chalk

The noun Jose is an indirect object because it tells you to whom Ms. Sanchez
handed the chalk. In this sentence, it appear after the verb handed and before the
direct object chalk.

As objects of preposition sentences
Nouns can be objects of prepositions in sentences. A preposition is a word that
shows a relationship between a noun or pronoun and another noun or pronoun.

The food is on the table.

In this sentence, on is a preposition. It shows the relationship between the two
nouns, food and table. We refer to the noun or pronoun connected to the
prepositional phrase as the object of preposition. Here, on the table is a
prepositional phrase, and the noun table is the object of the preposition, on.

As predicate nominative
To be update




Pronouns
Pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun.
Personal Pronouns
Person pronouns, one of the classification, represent people or things: I, me, you,
he, him, she, her, it, we, us, they, and them.
Possessive Pronouns
Possessive pronouns show ownership (possession): mine, yours, hers, his, theirs,
ours.
Demonstrative Pronouns
Demonstrative pronouns point out (demonstrate) someone or something: this, that,
these, those.
Relative Pronouns
Relative pronouns relate one part of the sentence to another: who, whom, which,
that, whose.
The man whom I almost hit last light was taken to the police station. (Whom
relates to man)
One country that Id like to visit someday is France. (That relates to country)
Interrogative pronouns
Interrogative pronouns ask a question.
Whom can I turn to in times of trouble?
What in the world was that politician talking about?
Indefinite Pronouns
Indefinite pronouns, contrary to their label, sometimes refer to a definite (specific)
person, place, or thing that has already been mentioned in the sentence. Indefinite
pronouns includes all, another, any, anyone, anything, everybody, everything, few,
many, more, most, much, neither, no one, nobody, none, nothing, one, others, other,
several, some, someone, and something.
Keep in mind that all, any, more, most, none and some sometimes are singular and
sometimes are plural.
Adjective
The textbook definition of an adjective is a word that modifies a noun or pronoun.
Said a different way, an adjective describes, elaborates on, or gives more
information about a person, place or thing.
Articles
A special category of adjectives articles consist of just three words: a, an, the.
A and an are called indefinite articles because they dont indicate anything specific
(a house, an honor); the is called a definite article because it names something
specific (the owl, the transit system).

Determiners
A special category of adjectives is called determiners. These are adjectives that
make specific the sense of a noun; they help determine to which particular units the
nouns are referring (e.g. the country, those apples, and seven pencils). Other
determiners: each, every, either, neither, some, any, no, much, many, more, most,
little, less, least, few, fewer, fewest, which, whichever, what, whatever, both, half,
all, several, though.

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