EE445L Lecture 15.

1

by Jonathan W. Valvano

Lecture 15 objectives
Lab 7 design process
Resistors and capacitors
Op amp design process
TI FilterPro

Quantitative DAS
range (r
x
)
resolution (x)
precision (n
x
in alternatives)
frequencies of interest (f
min
to f
max
)
repeatability ( of repeated measurements, same conditions)
reproducibility ( of repeated measurements, different conditions)

8.1. Resistors and capacitors
Resistors
The resistor or capacitor type is defined by
the manufacturing process,
the materials used, and
the testing performed.
carbon composition
hot-pressed carbon granules
used in digital circuits as +3.3V pullups.

1% metal film, thick film or thin film resistors
analog amplifier circuits
analog filter circuits

EE445L Lecture 15.2

by Jonathan W. Valvano

Capacitors

Type Range Tolerance Temp coef Leakage Frequencies
Polystyrene 10pF to 2.7F 0.5% Excellent 10G 0 to 10
10
Hz
Polypropylene 100pF to 50F Excellent Good Excellent
Teflon 1000pF to 2F Excellent Best Best
Mica 1pF to 0.1F 1 to 20% 1000M 10
3
to 10
10
Hz
Ceramic 1pF to 0.01F 5 to 20% Poor 1000M 10
3
to 10
10
Hz
Paper (oil-soaked) 1000pF to 50F 10 to 20% 100M 100 to 10
8
Hz
Mylar (polyester) 5000pF to 10F 20% Poor 10G 10
3
to 10
10
Hz
Tantalum 0.1F to 220F 10% Poor
Electrolytic 0.47F to 0.01F 20% Ghastly 1M 10 to 10
4
Hz
Table 8.2. General specification of various types of capacitor components (Wolf and Smith, Student Reference
Manual, Prentice Hall, pg. 302, 1990 and Horowitz and Hill, The Art of Electronics, Cambridge University Press, pg.
22, 1989).

Polarized capacitors
only positive voltages are applied
DC power supply filters
Nonpolarized or bipolar capacitors
operate for both positive and negative voltages
analog filters
Capacitor specification
low leakage (impedance),
accuracy (tolerance)
low temperature coefficient
temperature range,
voltage range,
frequency range,
Extremely High Quality Capacitors
Teflon, polystyrene
Polypropylene, 1,2,3,5%.
Medium Quality Capacitors 5%, 10%, 20% tolerance
C0G ceramic, 5%, 30ppm/
o
C, 0.3% over -55 to 125
o
C
X7R ceramic, 10%, 15% over -55 to 125
o
C
Z5U ceramic, 20%, 22 to -56% over 10 to 86
o
C


EE445L Lecture 15.3

by Jonathan W. Valvano
Part number Type Tolerance Cost
06035A102FAT2A C0G 1% $1.98
06035C102JAT2A X7R 5% $0.12
06035C102KAT2A X7R 10% $0.02
Table 8.3. Cost of AVX ceramic capacitors: 1000 pF, 50 V, surface mount 0603 package (2011 prices on
www.digikey.com for quantity 10).


LM4041CILPR adjustable shunt reference from TI

0.1F
Previous
Stage
Analog
Ground
+V
s
-V
s
+3.3
R
1 R
2
R
3
V
in
+3.3
0.1F
Out
V
out
MAX
494
LM4041
+3.3
0.1F
0.1F
Next
Stage
Analog
Ground
+V
s
-V
s
+3.3
In
+1.50

Figure 8.13. Inverting amplifier with an effective -1.5 V to +1.5 V analog signal range.


Linear Mode Op Amp Circuits
This design example works with any analog circuit in the form
V
out
= A
1
V
1
+ A
2
V
2
++A
n
V
n
+ B
designed with one op amp as shown in the following figure.
{
V
out
V
1
V
2
V
n
V
ref
V
g
reference
chip
op amp
positive
gains
{
negative
gains
R
f

Figure 8.15. Boiler plate circuit model for linear circuit design.

EE445L Lecture 15.4

by Jonathan W. Valvano
The first step is to choose a reference voltage (e.g., LM4041)

Part Voltage (V) Accuracy (mV)
AD1580, AD589, REF1004, MAX6120, LT1034, LM385 1.2 1 to 15
MAX6101, REF3312, ADR1581 1.25 2
MAX6108 1.6 3
ADR420, ADR520, REF191, MAX6191, LT1790, LM4120 2.048 1 to 10
AD580, REF03, REF43, REF1004, MAX6192, MAX6225, LT1389, LM336 2.5 1 to 75
AD1583, ADR530, ADR423, REF193, MAX6163, LT1461, LM4120 3 1.5 to 10
ADR366, REF196, MAX6331, LT1461, LM3411, LM4120 3.3 4 to 10
AD1584, ADR540, ADR292, REF198, MAX6241, LT1790, LM4040 4.096 2 to 8
Table 8.4. Parameters of various precision reference voltage chips.


The second step is to rewrite the design equation in terms of the reference voltage, V
ref
.

V
out
= A
1
V
1
+ A
2
V
2
++A
n
V
n
+ A
ref
V
ref


The third step is to add a ground input to the equation. Ground is zero volts (V
g
=0), but
it is necessary to add this ground so that the sum of all the gains is equal to one.

V
out
= A
1
V
1
+ A
2
V
2
++A
n
V
n
+ A
ref
V
ref
+ A
g
V
g


Choose A
g
such that

A
1
+ A
2
++A
n
+ A
ref
+ A
g
= 1

In other words, let

A
g
= 1 ( A
1
+ A
2
++A
n
+ A
ref
)

The fourth step is to choose a feedback resistor, R
f
, in the range of 10 k to 1M. The
larger the gains, the larger the value of R
f
must be. Then calculate input resistors to
create the desired gains. In particular,

|A
1
| = R
f
/R
1
so R
1
= R
f
/|A
1
|
|A
2
| = R
f
/R
2
so R
2
= R
f
/|A
2
|
|A
n
| = R
f
/R
n
so R
n
= R
f
/|A
n
|
|A
ref
| = R
f
/R
ref
so R
ref
= R
f
/|A
ref
|
|A
g
| = R
f
/R
g
so R
g
= R
f
/|A
g
|

EE445L Lecture 15.5

by Jonathan W. Valvano
The last step is to build the circuit. If the gain is positive, then the input resistor is
connected to the positive terminal of the op amp. Conversely, if the gain is negative,
then the input resistor is connected to the negative terminal of the op amp.

Example 8.1. Design an analog circuit with two inputs and one output. The first input varies from 1 to
1.5 V and the second input varies from 0.75 to 1 V. The output will be equally sensitive to the two
inputs, so the gain of the second input will be twice the gain of the first input. The output should range
from 0 to 3 V. In particular, build a circuit with a transfer function of

V
out
= 3V
1
+ 6V
2
7.5

Solution: The first step is to choose a reference voltage. The REF3312 +1.25 V voltage reference will
be used. The second step is to rewrite the design equation in terms of the reference voltage.
V
out
= 3V
1
+ 6V
2
6V
ref

The third step is to add a ground input to the equation so that the sum of all the gains is equal to one.
V
out
= 3V
1
+ 6V
2
6V
ref
2V
g

The fourth step is to choose a feedback resistor, R
f
=60 k. The value is a common multiple of the
gains: 6,3,2. Then calculate input resistors to create the desired gains.
R
1
= R
f
/2 = 20 k
R
2
= R
f
/6 = 10 k
R
ref
= R
f
/6 = 10 k
R
g
= R
f
/2 = 30 k

The last step is to build the circuit, as shown in Figure 8.16. The positive gain inputs are connected to
the plus input of the op amp and the negative gain inputs are connected to the minus input of the op
amp input.
op amp
V
ref
30k
R
g
10k
R
2
V
2
10k
R
ref
60k
R
f
V
out
REF3312
20k
R
1
V
1

Figure 8.16. A linear op amp circuit.


EE445L Lecture 15.6

by Jonathan W. Valvano
********** TIs FilterPro ***********
ADC methods
Flash ADC Converter
Explain how it works, why we would use it
Sigma delta
Explain how it works, why we would use it
Successive Approximation ADC Converter
Explain how it works, why we would use it
I pick a number from 0 to 255, and you try to guess it
Dout = 0
for(bit=0x80 ; bit ; bit = bit/2){
Dout = Dout|bit; // try bit on
if(Z) // if Vin>Vdac then bit should be one
Dout = Dout^bit; // if Vin<Vdac then bit should be zero
}
V
in
Comparator
8-bit DAC
V
dac
Z=1 if V < V
in
dac
D
out


Show ADCT0ATrigger_811 project
Clocks
Sequencer3 (priority)
Trigger method
Interrupt trigger bits

The bottom line
Quality analog circuits require quality parts
Two approaches to analog circuit design
Use simple rules to develop circuits
Start with existing circuit and modify it
There are lots of ADC methods: we use successive approx

A design problem like Figure 8.16 will be on Quiz2