TEMPERATURE

I. Description :

- The measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a substance, which
is related to how hot or cold that substance is.
- A physical property that underlies the common notions of hot and cold.

Temperature is measured with Thermometers that may be calibrated to a variety
of temperature scales.

II.Temperature Scales :

> Reamur Scale (R, Re, R)

- Known as the "octogesimal division" is a temperature scale in which the
freezing and boiling points of water are set to 0 and 80 degrees respectively.
The scale is named after Ren Antoine Ferchault de Raumur (French ),
who first proposed something similar in 1730 ==>Diluted alcohol for
thermometer
- Its used for Milk & Cheese Industry at Europe
-

> Fahrenheit Scale (F)


Celsius [C] = [R]
5

4
[R] = [C]
4

5
Fahrenheit [F] = [R]
9

4
+ 32 [R] = ([F] 32)
4

9
Kelvin [K] = [R]
5

4
+ 273.15 [R] = ([K] 273.15)
4

5
Rankine [R] = [R]
9

4
+ 491.67 [R] = ([R] 491.67)
4

9
For temperature intervals rather than specific temperatures,
1 R = 1.25 C = 2.25 F


- The temperature scale proposed in 1724 by Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit
(16861736 Netherlands). the freezing point of water is 32 degrees Fahrenheit
(F) and the boiling point 212 F (at standard atmospheric pressure), placing the
boiling and freezing points of water exactly 180 degrees apart A degree on the
Fahrenheit scale is
1

180
of the interval between the freezing point and the boiling
point.
- Absolute zero is 459.67 F & its used at USA for weather forecast, food
cooking & freezing temperature.




Celsius [C] = ([F] 32)
5

9
[F] = [C]
9

5
+ 32
Kelvin [K] = ([F] + 459.67)
5

9
[F] = [K]
9

5
459.67
Rankine [R] = [F] + 459.67 [F] = [R] 459.67





> Celcius Scale (C)
- Celsius (known until 1948 as centigrade) is a temperature scale that is named
after the Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius (17011744), who developed a
similar temperature scale two years before his death. The degree Celsius (C) can
refer to a specific temperature on the Celsius scale as well as a unit to indicate a
temperature interval (a difference between two temperatures or an uncertainty).
0 C is defined as the freezing point of water and 100 C is defined as the boiling
point of water, both at a pressure of one standard atmosphere.
- Absolute Zero.
[1]
is -273.15 C & Triple point of water.
[2]
is 273.16 K = 0.01 C
(Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water ,VSMOW ) .
[3]
- Throughout the world except USA , the Celcius scale is used for practically all
purpose.






Fahrenheit [F] = [C]
9

5
+ 32 [C] = ([F] 32)
5

9
Kelvin

[K] = [C] + 273.15 [C] = [K] 273.15
Rankine


[R] = ([C] + 273.15)
9

5
[C] = ([R] 491.67)
5

9

For temperature intervals rather than specific temperatures,
1 C = 1 K = 1.8 F = 1.8 R





Kelvin Celsius Fahrenheit
Absolute zero
(precisely, by definition)
0 K
273.15
C
459.67 F
Temperature of Liquid Nitrogen 87.30 K,
185.85
C
302.53 F
Temperature of dry ice. 195.1 K, 78 C 108.4 F
Melting point of ice
(approximate)
273.15 K 0 C 32 F
Water's triple point
(precisely, by definition)
273.16 K 0.01 C 32.018 F
Normal human body temperature 310.15 K 37.0 C 98.6 F
Water's boiling point at 1 atm
(101.325 kPa)
(approximate: see Boiling point)
373.1339 K 99.9839 C 211.9710 F




> Rankine Scale ( R )
- A thermodynamic (absolute) temperature scale named after the Scottish
engineer and physicist William John Macquorn Rankine.
[4]
, who proposed it in
1859.
- Zero on both the Kelvin and Rankine scales is absolute zero, but the Rankine
degree is defined as equal to one degree Fahrenheit, rather than the one degree
Celsius used by the Kelvin scale. A temperature of 459.67 F is exactly equal to 0
R.
- Some engineering fields in the USA and Canada measure thermodynamic
temperature using the Rankine scale












Celsius [C] = ([R] 491.67)
5

9
[R] = ([C] + 273.15)
9

5
Fahrenheit [F] = [R] 459.67 [R] = [F] + 459.67
Kelvin

[K] = [R]
5

9
[R] = [K]
9

5

For temperature intervals rather than specific temperatures,
1 R = 1 F =
5

9
C =
5

9
K
Comparisons among various temperature scales











> Kelvin Scale ( K )
- A unit increment of temperature and is one of the seven SI base units

- The Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic (absolute) temperature scale referenced to
absolute zero, the absence of all thermal energy. So by definition, the temperature
of a substance at absolute zero is zero kelvin (0 K). The secondary reference point
on the Kelvin scale is the triple point of water (0.01 degrees Celsius). The Kelvin
scale is the difference between these two reference points, with the kelvin defined
as one 273.16th of this scale. The Kelvin scale and the kelvin are named after the
Belfast-born physicist and engineer William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin (1824
1907), who wrote of the need for an "absolute thermometric scale". Unlike the
degree Fahrenheit and degree Celsius, the kelvin is not referred to as a "degree",
nor is it typeset with a degree symbol; that is, it is written K and not K. The kelvin
and the degree Celsius are often used together, as they have the same interval,
and 0 kelvin is 273.15 degrees Celsius.

- In science and in engineering, the Celsius scale and the kelvin are often used
simultaneously in the same article (e.g., "...its measured value was 0.01028 C
with an uncertainty of 60 K..."). This practice is permissible because the degree
Celsius is a special name for the kelvin for use in expressing Celsius temperatures
and the magnitude of the degree Celsius is exactly equal to that of the kelvin.




Celsius [C] = [K] 273.15 [K] = [C] + 273.15
[F] = [K]
9

5
459.67 [K] = ([F] + 459.67)
5

9
Fahrenheit
[R] = [K]
9

5
[K] = [R]
5

9
Rankine
For temperature intervals rather than specific temperatures,
1 K = 1 C = 1.8 F = 1.8 R
Comparisons among various temperature scales
















> Others Scale :
- Rmer scale ( R ) : Named after the Danish astronomer Ole Christensen
Rmer, who proposed it in 1701 ,Boiling point at 60 & the freezing point of pure
water was roughly one eighth of the way (about 7.5 degrees) between these two
points, so he redefined the lower fixed point to be the freezing point of water at
precisely 7.5 degrees :
Equation >
[C] = ([R] 7.5)
40

21
[R] = [C]
21

40
+ 7.5



- Newton scale (N ) is a temperature scale devised by Isaac Newton around
1700.he defined the "zeroth degree of heat" as melting snow and "33 degrees of
heat" as boiling water. His scale is thus a precursor of the Celsius scale, being
defined by the same temperature references . "Thermometer" for measure the
temperature is named by him.

Equation >

[C] = [N]
100

33
[N] = [C]
33

100

- Deslile scale (D ) is a temperature scale invented in 1732 by the French
astronomer Joseph-Nicolas Delisle (16881768). It is similar to the Raumur
scale.
Equation >

[C] = 100 [De]
2

3
[De] = (100 [C])
3

2

III. Explanation & Extraordinary :

> Explanation :
- [ 1 ] : Absolute zero (-273.15 C ; -459.67 F ) is the theoretical temperature
at which ENTROPY would reach its minimum value or molecular KENITIC ENERGY
is minimal value .As the Thermodinamics law state that absolute zero can not be
reached cause its only happened if the universe is totally REST. Scientists have
achieved temperatures very close to absolute zero, where matter exhibits
quantum effects such as superconductivity and superfluidity.
- [ 2 ] : Triple point of a substance is temperature & pressure at which 3 phases
of that substances coexist in Thermodynamic equailibrium.
- [ 3 ] : VSMOW (Vienna standard Marine Ocean water ) is a water standard
defining the ISOTROPIC composition of water ( laboratory standard for high
accuracy measurement of waters physical properties ) ==> International Atomic
Energy Agency in 1968.
- [ 4 ] : William John Macquorn Rankine ( Scotish Physicist ) is also found the
RANKINE CYCLE (pump heat ) ,This is an applicated of the CARNOT laws
CCVT ( Closed Circuit Vapour Turbine Generator ) for electric power supply at GTS
is used the RANKINE cycle ( cycled the special chemical Trichloro Benzene or
Chloro benzene inside ORMAT package CCVT ).
> Extraordinary :
- When the temperature C & F indicate the same point at the scale????
- When the temperature Re & F indicate the same point at the scale???
- Anomaly water : 0 C - 4 C (please expressed your self and remember the
elementary school grade # 6s lessons ) ?? Its helpfull the water ecosystem
when winter time.. How ???



@M4v3121ck5 2010.