FIFTHEDITION

1.1
29
2.1
100
3.1
145
4.1
194
5.1
230
6.1
295
7.1
393
8.1
415
9.1
452
11.1
557
12.1
601
13.1
626
14.1
674
16.1
776
vi
Contents

RC

RL
RCRL

Contents

Contents

pnp

Contents

Preface

xi
xiiPreface
SOFTWARE

MATLABANDTHESYMBOLICTOOLBOX

ON-LINESTUDENTRESOURCES

Prefacexiii

INSTRUCTORRESOURCES

WHATSNEWINTHISEDITION

xivPreface

PREREQUISITES

PEDAGOGICALFEATURES

MEETINGABET-DIRECTEDOUTCOMES

Preface

CONTENTANDORGANIZATION

RL
RC

Preface

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Prefacexvii

xviiiPreface

1.1OVERVIEWOFELECTRICALENGINEERING

...

3
Table1.1.

engineknock

1.

2.

3.

1.2CIRCUITS,CURRENTS,ANDVOLTAGES

*+
*

()

()=
()

()=
*

()+(

()=<

()=

>
()()

()=
()

=<
=

>
()()

q(t)(C)
t(ms)
1.0
0
2.0
010203040
i(t)(A)
t(ms)
100
0
200
010203040
Note

D
AC
B
i
1
i
2
i
3
E

i
b
(t)
i
b
(t)

i
a
t
t
i
b
tpt
t

i
ab

i
t
t
t
i
s
t
t

abi
ba

bai
ab
i
ba

i
ab
=i
ba
i
abi
ba
a
b

i
ab

ab

i
ba
ba

*
q(t)=
(t)

i(t)=(t)*
i

=i

CE
CE*

voltage

+
v

+
v

+
+v

()=

()=()

()

a
b
v
ba
+
v
ab
+

a
v
ba

abb
v
ab
=v
ba

v
ba
v
ab

v
ab
=
ba

*
i
v
+

p=vi
1.3POWERANDENERGY
i
v

p=vi

=
=
=

p=vi
p

p(t)=v(t)i(t)

p
a
=v
a
i
a
==

p
b
=v
b
i
b
=()=

i
b
v
b
+
B
i
c
v
c
+
C
i
a
v
a
+
A
v
a
=12V
i
a
=2A
v
b
=12V
i
b
=1A
v
c
=12V
i
c
=3A
(a)(b)(c)

=()=

=
*

()

()

=
i(t)
v(t)
v(t)=12V
i(t)=2e
t
A
+

()=()()
=

=
*

()
=
*

=
+

=(

)=

Table1.2.

+
i
a
(t)i
b
(t)
v
a
(t)v
b
(t)
+
i
a
(t)=2t
v
a
(t)=10t
i
b
(t)=10
v
b
(t)=202t
(a)(b)
AB

()=

()=

*
1.4KIRCHHOFFSCURRENTLAW

a
i

c
i

==

AD
B
C
i
a
i
b
i
c
i
d

series

i
a
i
c
i
b B
A
C
1
2
A
B

=*

1.5KIRCHHOFFSVOLTAGELAW

+
+
v

+
v

Loop
1
Loop3
Loop
2

+
v

+
v

+
+v

+
v

+
+

parallel

AD BE
C
F

BC
v
c
+
v
b
+
A
v
a
+

actual

BC A v
+

=*

*
D
AC
B
F v
c
+
Ev
e
+ +
++
3V
5V10V

1.6INTRODUCTIONTOCIRCUITELEMENTS

++
pt

ideal

v
x
+
+

v
x
=
v
x
=

v
x
+
i
x
+
v
x
+
i
x

v
x

v
x
=v
x
=
v
x
v
x
=

i
x

pt

v
x
+
i
y
v
x
i
y

v
x

v
x

v
x
=

i
y

vi
R

v=iR

i
i R v
v

viR

()

i R
v +

/conductance

=
+

+
*

A
L

Table1.3.*

>

A=
d

=
(

R=
L
A
=

p=vi
vi

v
p=Ri

p=
v

vi
R

=L/L

R=
L
A

G=
R/R

=G=

R=

FigurePA1.1

=*

=
*

=*

=*=*
*

=*
1.7INTRODUCTIONTOCIRCUITS

v
s

+
v
s

+
v
R
+
RR
v
R

+
v
R
+
R
i
R
v
R
Ri
s
=i
R
i
R
i
R
i
s

v
R
v
s
=
v
R
=v
s
v
R

i
R
=/=
i
R
=

i
R

i
s
i
R

p
R
=v
R
i
R
==
p
R
=i

R
R=

=
p
R
=
v

R
R
=

p
s
=v
s
i
s

p
s
=v
s
i
s
==
p
s

p
s
+p
R
=+=

v
s
=
10V
+
v
x
+
R=
5
i
x
i
y

v
s
v
x
=
v
x
=v
s
=v
x

i
x
=
v
x
R

v
x
i
x

i
x
=

=
i
x

=
i
y
+i
x
=
i
y
=i
x
=

p
s
=v
s
i
y
=()=

p
R
=v
x
i
x
v
x
i
x

p
R
=()()=
p
R

i
y

i
y
=

i
x
+i
x
=i
y

5
a=0.5A/A
V
s
ai
x
15V
+
+
10
i
x
v
x
+
i
y

i
y
i
x
=
v
x
=i
x
=

V
s
=v
x
+
v
x
V
s
=
i

=i

=v

=p
R
=p
s
=*
v
1
=
25V
v
2
+
R=
25
i
1
i
2
+

i
R
v
R
v
s

i
R
=v
s
=v
R
=p
s
=p
R
=*
i
s
=
2A
v
R
+
v
s
+
R=
40
i
R

Summary
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

p=vi

p=vi
p

8.

9.

10.

Problems35

=
=
Problems

()=+

i
ab
v

()=

=
=

()=()

()

==
==

()=
+()

Problems
i
a
v
a
+
i
b
v
a
=15V
i
a
=2A
v
b
=10V
i
b
=3A
v
DE
=20V
i
ED
=3A
(a)(b)(c)
D
E
v
b

()=
()=

i(t)
v(t)
+

==

()=

()=()

=
=
==

+
+

+
AM
+
VM
A

+
AM
+
VM

=1A

=2A
3A

Problems

v
+
v

+
+
v

+ + +
+
++
5V10V
15V v

=1A

=2A
v

=10V
+
v

+
+
v

=4V
+

+
v

+
+v

+v

+v

+ v

+ v

+ v

Hint:

i(t)=(t)

t=t=

v(t)=(t)

t=t=
t

i
ab

v
ab

2
2
2A
5V
1A
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
ab
ab
ab
ab
+

1
2V
(e)
ab
+
Cont.

i
R

2A10V
+
i
R
5

V
x

+
5
5 5 10
1A
V
x

2A15V
+

i
R

3A15V
+
i
R
5

I
x

55 10
1A
I
x
10

V
x

2A12 6
2
3
V
x
+

v
x

i
x

10Vav
x
+
i
x
3
v
x
+
+
a=5V/V

v
s

+
34
2
a=0.5S
v
x
v
s
+
av
x
1A

*
I
x

I
x

2 5
I
x
+
8
32
v
in
ai
in
a=2000A/A
i
in

R
x

68
3R
x
2A
+
10V

4A v6 2
i
2
i
6
+

v
x
i
y

12 16Vav
x
+
2
v
x
+
i
y
+
a=3V/V

P1.77.
R

=*R

=*V
s
=
a.
b.
v

ic.

id.

+
i
R
2
R
1
V
s
v
1
v
2
+
+

P1.78.
R

=*R

=*I
s
=
a.
b.
i

vc.

vd.

I
s
+
vR
1
R
2
i
2
i
1

P1.79.
i
s

1510
5 i
s
ai
x
i
x
20V
a=0.5A/A

P1.80.
i
x

10Vai
x
+
i
x
7
+
a=3

T1.1.

T1.2.I
s
=
R=*V
s
=a.
v
R
b.

c.
d.

TableT1.1

v
ab
=Ri
ab

+
I
s
V
s
R
v
R

=I

=
R

=*R

=*
v
ab

2
v

T1.4.V
s
=
v

=R

=*a.
a.v

b.ic.R

1
v
1
v
2
+
+

T1.5.V
s
=R=*
a=
i
sc

=0.3S

2.1RESISTANCESINSERIESANDPARALLEL

=R

i
v

=R

=R

v=v

+v

+v

v=R

i+R

i+R

i
i
v=(R

+R

+R

)i
R

=R

+R

+R

v=R

ii
v
+
v
+
+
v

+
+
R

=
R

=
R

+R

+R

=
*

+/

+/

i
i

i
v
+
v
+
R

+R

+R

i=

v
iv
R

/R

+/R

+/R

+/R

/R

+/R

=
R

+R

=R

+R

=+=
R

/R

+/R

/+/
=

=
R

=
R

=
R

=
R

=+=

a.b.c.d.*

+/

++/

++

R
2
=
6
R
1
=2
R
3
=
3
R
4
=
2
(a)
R
1
=
10
R
2
=8
R
3
=
6
R
4
=3
(b)
R
1
=1k
R
3
=
3k
R
2
=2k
(d)
R
1
=100
R
2
=50
R
3
=
75
R
4
=
25
(c)

2.2NETWORKANALYSISBYUSINGSERIESANDPARALLEL
EQUIVALENTS

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

=
R

+
v
s
=
R

=
R

+
v
s
=
R

+
v
s
=

+
v
s

+
v
s

+
v
s

+
v

+
v

=
v
s
R

*
=
R

v
s
R

v
s
i

=
R

v
s
i

=
i

v
s
R

=R

=*=
R

v
s
R

=
R

=
v

=
i

=
v

=
i

=i

+i

=R

==
v
s
=v

+v

p
s
=v
s
i

v
s
i

p
s
=()=

=R

=()

=
p

=
v

=
()

=
p

=
v

=
()

=
p
s
+p

+p

+p

a.i

=i

=i

=i

=b.i

=i

=
c.i

=i

=i

=*

R
2
=
20
R
1
=10
R
3
=
30
R
4
=
40
(a)
i
2
i
3
i
4
+
v
s
=20V
R
2
=
40
R
1
=10
R
4
=25
(c)
i
2
i
1
i
1
i
3
R
3
=15
+
v
s
=30V
R
1
=
5
R
2
=
15
R
3
=
10
R
4
=
10
(b)
i
1
i
2
i
s
=2A

2.3VOLTAGE-DIVIDERANDCURRENT-DIVIDERCIRCUITS

R
1
i
R
3
R
2
+
v
total
v
1
v
2
+
+
v
3
+

R
1
=1k
R
2
=1k
R
3
=2k
R
4
=6k
+
v
total
=15V
v
1
+
v
4
+

=
R

+R

+R

+R

+++
=

=
R

+R

+R

+R

+++
=

=
R

+R

v=R

=
R

+R

=
v
R

=
R

+R

+
v

++

++

+
v
s

R
x

+
v
s

i
s
i

+
v
x
+
v
x

R
x
=
R

+R

+
=

v
x
v
x

R
x

v
x
=
R
x
R

+R
x
v
s
=

+
=
i
s

i
s
=
v
s
R

+R
x
=

+
=
i

i
s
R

/(R

+R

)
i

=
R

+R

i
s
=

+
=
i

=
v
x
R

two

=
R

+R

+
=

=
R

+R

i
s
=

+
=
R

*
i

*
R

*
R

*
R

*
i
s

i
s

=G

=G

=
G

+G

+G

i
s
=

++
=

*
R

+R

v
o
=v
s
R

+R

=K*
Kv
s

a.v

=v

=v

=v

=b.v

=v

=
v

=*

a.i

=i

=b.i

=i

=i

=*

v
o

*
+
v
o
v
s
R

R
2
=
7
R
1
=3
R
3
=
5
(b)
v
s
=20V
R
2
=10
R
1
=5
R
4
=30R
4
=4
R
3
=15
(a)
v
s
=120V
+
+
v
1
v
2
++
v
1
+
v
4
+v
4
+
v
2
+
v
3
+

i
s

i
s

2.4NODE-VOLTAGEANALYSIS

+
v
s
v

R
4
R
2
R
1
R
3
R
5
+
v
x
v
y
v
z
v
1
v
2
v
3
Node1Node3
Node2

v
n
v
k
R
nk
v
n
v
k
R

v
y
=v

v
y
/R

n
n
v
n

/R

+
v

+
v

+
v

+
v

+
v

+i
s
=

R
3
R
2
R
1
R
4
R
5
i
s
v
1
v
2
v
3

R
3
R
2
R
1
R
4
R
5
i
ai
b
v
1
v
2
v
3

+
v

+
v

+
v

=i
s

+
v

=i
a

+
v

+
v

+
v

+
v

+i
b
=*

+g

=i

+g

=i

+g

+g

=i

+g

+g

=i

+g

+g

=i

g
i

GV=I

G=
*
g

+
G=
,
-
g

.
/
VI

V=
*
v

+
V=
,
-
v

.
/
I=
*
i

+
I=
,
-
i

.
/

V=G

,
0
0
0
-

.
1
1
1
/
,
-
v

.
/
=
,
-
i
a

i
b
.
/

G
g

g
jk

jkI

1.

2.G

3.G

4.I

*
.
+

,
/
-
*
+
v

,
-
=
*
+
i
s

i
s
,
-
*

10*
5*
4*
2.5*
3.5A
5*
v
2
v
3
v
1
2A

+
v

+=
v

+
v

+
v

=
v

+
v

=
v

+v

=
v

+v

*
+

,
-
*
+
v

,
-
=
*
+

,
-

=
g

=
i

=v

=v

=*

68

>>

=v

=v

LabVIEWMathScript

i
x

+
v

+
v

+
v

+
v

+
v

=
v

+v

=
v

+v

*
+

,
-
*
+
v

,
-
=
*
+

,
-
GV=I

v
1
v
3
v
2
10A
5*10*
10*
20*
5*
i
x

GV
I

a.b.
c.v

d.i
x
i
x

a.
v

+
v

+
v

=
v

++
v

=
v

+
v

+
v

v
1
v
3
v
2
10A
5*10*
10*
20*
5*
i
x

b.
v

=
v

+v

=
v

+v

=
c.v

=v

=v

=
d.i
x
=
*

+
v

=
v

+
v

+
v

=
v

+v

=
v

v
1
v
2
1A
210
5
5
+
10V
Node3
v
1
v
2
1A
210
5
5
+
10V
Node3

=*

=*

supernode

2
10
10
5 5
+
v
1
v
2
10V
R

+
v

R
4
R
2
R
1
R
3
+15V
+
10V
v
1
v
2

()

()

++

R
3
R
4
R
2
R
1
+
10V1A
v
1
v
2
v
3

+
v

+
v

+
v

+
v

+
v

v
1
v
3
v
2
i
x
i
s
R
1
R
3
R
2
R
4
2i
x

=i
s
+i
x

+
v

+
v

=
v

+
v

+i
x
=
i
x

i
x
R

i
x
=
v

=i
s
+
v

+
v

+
v

=
v

+
v

+
v

=
i
s

+v
x
+v

v
1
v
3
v
2
i
s
R
1
R
3
R
2
R
4
+
0.5v
x
v
x
+
76

+
v

+
v

=i
s

+
v

+
v

+
v

=i
s

v
x

v
x

v
x
v

v
x
+v

=
v
x

v
x
=v

=(v

)+v

1.

2.

3.

4.

R
1
=5
R
2
=10R
3
=20
R
4
=10R
5
=20
+
25V
i
b
i
a
R
2
=
5
R
1
=
10
(a)
(b)
10V
+
1A

5.

a.i
a
=b.i
b
=*
i
x
i
y

i
x
=i
y
=*

5
10
25
a=2
3A
i
y
i
x
5
5
(a)
(b)
10V2i
x
ai
y
+
+

pretty(V1),pretty(V2),pretty(V3)

=
i
s
R

+i
s
R

+i
s
R

+i
s
R

+i
s
R

+R

+R

=
i
s
R

+i
s
R

+R

+R

=
i
s
R

+R

+R

=v

=
v

=R

=
R

i
x
=
v

=v

=i
s
(R

+R

)v

=i
s
R

=
i
s
R

+i
s
R

+i
s
R

+R

+R

+R

+R

=
i
s
R

+i
s
R

+i
s
R

+R

+R

+R

+R

=
i
s
R

+i
s
R

+R

+R

+R

+R

*
2.5MESH-CURRENTANALYSIS

v
A
R

v
B

v
A
R

+R

=v
A

v
B

+R

=v
B

++
v
A
v
B
i

++
v
A
v
B
i

)=

)+

a.

b.

c.

d.

a.

b.

c.

d.

R
1
R
2
R
3
R
4
+
(a)
v
A
v
B
+
i
1
i
2
i
3
R
1
R
2
R
4
R
5
R
7
R
8
R
3
R
6
+
(b)
v
A
i
2
i
3
i
4
i
1

(i

)
R

(i

(i

)+R

(i

)v
A
=

(i

)+R

+v
B
=

(i

)+R

v
B
=
R

(R

+R

)i

=v
A
R

+(R

+R

)i

=v
B
R

+(R

+R

)i

=v
B

*
+
(R

+R

)R

(R

+R

)
R

(R

+R

)
,
-
*
+
i

,
-
=
*
+
v
A
v
B
v
B
,
-
RI
V

RI=V
ijRr
ij

+R

(i

)+R

(i

)v
A
=
R

+R

(i

)+R

(i

)=
R

+R

(i

)+R

(i

)=
R

+R

(i

)+R

(i

)=
*
.
.
+
(R

+R

+R

)R

(R

+R

+R

)R

(R

+R

+R

)R

(R

+R

+R

)
,
/
/
-
*
.
.
+
i

,
/
/
-
=
*
.
.
+
v
A

,
/
/
-

(i

)+(i

)=

++
70V
2012
10
14
42V i
1
i
2
i
3

(i

)+(i

)+=
(i

)+i

+(i

)=

=
i

+i

=
i

+i

*
+

,
-
*
+
i

,
-
=
*
+

,
-

R
V
I

R=[30-10-20;-1022-12;-20-1246];
V=[70;-42;0];
I=R\V

=i

=i

+
100V
57
103
*

1.

2.
R

3.
R=

4.V

*
+
(

)
,
-
*
+

,
-
=
*
+

,
-

R
5
R
3
R
2
R
6
R
4
R
1
+
+
v
A
v
B
i
1
i
3
i
2

*
+
(

)
,
-
*
+

,
-
=
*
+

,
-
*

+
2A
155
1010V i
1
i
2

3
2
1
4
+
i
1
i
2
i
3
5A
10V

(i

)+i

+=
i

10
5
+
i
2
i
1
5A
100V

supermesh

+(i

)+(i

)+=

+(i

)+(i

)=

=
(i

)+i

=*

+ +
10V
510
20V 1A
i
1
i
2

=i

+i

+=
i

=/i

=/*

+i

+i

+i

av
x
=v
x
=i

v
x
=i

+
20V
4
a=0.25S
2
6
av
x
v
x
+
i
1
i
2

v
x

=i

+i

=
i

=
i

=i

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

a.i
a
=b.i
b
=*
i
x
i
y

i
x
=i
y
=*
2.6THVENINANDNORTONEQUIVALENTCIRCUITS

+
R
t
V
t

+
R
t
V
t
v
oc
+

+
R
t
V
t
i
sc

+R

=
v
s
R

+R

+
=
R

=R

==
V
t
=

v
s
R

=
v
s
R

R
t
=
v

=*
+
v
s

+
v
s
v

i
R

+
+
v
s

+
V
t

R
t

=**

+
R
t
V
t

R
t

R
t

+
v
s

V
t

+
v
s

R
t

R
t
i

R
t
=R

/R

+/R

/+/
=

=
R

=
v
s
R

=
R

+=i

+i

V
t
=R
t
i

==

+
10V
510
20
(a)
+
10V
206
10 5
(c)
2A
510
20
(b)
1A

a.R
t
=*b.R
t
=*c.R
t
=**

V
t

i
x
+

R
t

i
x
i
x
i
x
i
x
i
x
+
v

+
+

i
x
+i
x
=
v

i
x

i
x
=
v

=
v

*
i
x
=

*
=

=i
x
=

R
t
=
v

=*

I
n

R
t

I
n

R
t

R
t
I
n

R
t
I
n
i
sc
=I
n
0

1.
a.

b.

c.

2.

3.

4.

v
s

+
+
v
x
v

v
x

v
s

+
v
x
v
x

R
t
I
n

v
x
=

=
v
s
R

*
=

R
t
=
v

=*

a.I
n
=R
t
=*b.I
n
=R
t
=**
+

+
v
x
v
x

R
t
I
n
a
b
R
t
V
t
a
b
+

I
n
=V
t
/R
t

ab
R
t

I
n

a
a

+R

+=

+R

=i

+=

i
++

=
R

+R

+
()=

=i

=*

R
1
=
5
R
2
=10
i
2
i
1
+
2A10V

+
R
t
i
L
R
L
V
t

R
L

)
(

R
1
=20
R
2
=
5
+
50V

R
t
=

/R

+/R

/+/
=

V
t
=v

=
R

+R

()=

+
()=

R
L
=R
t
=

P
L
=
V

t
R
t
=

2.7SUPERPOSITIONPRINCIPLE

nlinear

riv

r
T

R
1
R
2
i
x
v
s1
+
Ki
x
i
s2
v
T

++

i
v
v=Ri

=(

/=

+
()=

+/

/+/
=

==

=+=

i
T
i

+
v
s
v
s
y
T
i
s

+
+
R

i
s

+
v

i
T
++
v
s
v
s
v
T
+

i
T

=i

=i
T
=*
v
T
i
T

=v

=v
T
=i

=i

=
i
T
=*
2.8WHEATSTONEBRIDGE

v
s

R
x
R

i
g
+
R

R
R
x
b a v
s

i
g
=v
ab
=

balanced
i
g
v
ab

ai
g
=
i

=i

b
i

=i

+v
ab
=R

v
ab
=
R

=R

=R
x
i

=R
x
i

=
R
x
R

R
x
=
R

/R

R
x
R

a.R

=
R

=R
x
b.R
x

c.R

=
R
x

1.
R
x
=
R

=
R

/R

2.
R

R
x
=
R

=
3.R
x

R
x
=
R

=
Summary
1.
n

=R

+R

++R
n
2.

n
R

/R

+/R

++/R
n
3.

4.

Summary107

/(R

+R

I
n

Note:

Problems

3*
7*
30*24*
3*
4*
(a)
12*
10*
5*
24*60*
6*
6*
(b)
15*
9*

*
*
R
x

*
R
x

ab
18*12*
6* 9*
b a

*
*
*
*
*

ab
20*30*
40*
4*
60*
b
a

ab

4*
6*
20*63*
6*
30*
30*
(a)
18*
4*
8*
8*15* 16*
(b)
a
b
15*
6*
3*
28*
ab

a
b
*
*
*
*
*
Cont.
P2.7.*
*
P2.8.a.

b.

6*30*
6*
30*
b
a
cd

P2.9.

P2.10.

*
*
**

P2.11.

=*

P2.12.

*
*
*
**
*

*
*
*
*
*

P2.13.*

P2.14.

=*

=*

P2.15.

P2.16.

ab

a
b
ab

ab
b
a

P2.17.
abR
ab
=
R
80*
7*
6* 12*
a
R
b

P2.18.a.G

=/R

b.

P2.19.

P2.20.
ab
cR
ab
=
bca
R
bc
=ca
bR
ca
=
b
c
a
bc
R
a
R
c
R
b
b
a
c

P2.21.

Problems

=*

=*

=*

R
a
R
c
R
b
bc
a

+
10V
i
1
i
2
6
v
x8 8
+

12
6
105
25
30 v
1
+
v
2
+
+
v
s
=12V

5
25
10
20
2010
20 20
v
+
8A
i

8
20 3012 6
v+
i
1
i
2
3A

i
2
i
1
v
12A
6 30
10 10
+
v
2
+
v
s
+

P2.29.i

i
1
i
2
v
2
+
+
7
2 18
20V
4

P2.30.
v

v
ab

6
2A 15V7
834
v
1
+
2
v
2
ab
+
+i
1

P2.31.i

i
1
i
2
+
20V
15
10 3A

P2.32.

RR
i
+
R
RRR 12V

P2.33.
v

=R

R
L

+
v
2
+
R
2
6
R
L
12V

*P2.34.i

i
1
2A
i
2
4A
v
x
+
515

*P2.35.i

612
6 12
i
1
i
2
+
20V

Problems

25V
v
3
+
v
1
v
2
+
+
R
1
=5
R
3
=13
R
2
=7
+

i
1
i
2
3A
R
2
=
5
R
1
=
10

v
+
v
+R
2
=
20
R
1
=20
R
3
=20 10V

R
2
=
25
R
1
=100
R
3
=75 20mA
i
3

v
o
=

v
o

R
1
R
2
+
15V
+
v
o

**
R
x

**
R
x

R
x

R
g

R
w
=*

R
g

R
w
R
g
+
v
i

i
n
+i
n

Hint:

i
s

i
s

Problems
P2.51.

=*

=*

=*

=*

=*

v
1
v
2
v
3
R
4
R
2
R
3
R
5
R
1
I
s

P2.52.

i
1
2A 1A210
20 5
+
15V

P2.53.

=*

=*

=*

=
*

=*

=*

R
1
R
2
R
3
R
4
R
5
R
6
v
1
v
3
v
2
I
s

P2.54.

P2.55.

=
*

=*

=*

=*

=*
a
b
R
4
R
3
R
5
R
1
R
eq
R
2

*P2.56.

5
1020
i
x
1A
v
2
v
1
0.5i
x

*P2.57.

v
x
+
v
x
+

P2.58.

i
x

+
ai
x
a=

P2.59.

ai
x
i
x
+

a=

P2.60.
ab
Hint:
ab

a
b

+v
x
av
x
a=

P2.61.
ab
Hint:
ab

a
b
i
x
i
x

P2.62.

/V

+
+
R

Problems

+
4k
10V
1k
i
1
i
2
2k5k
3k2k
i
3
i
4
2mA
v
2
v
4
v
1
v
3

v
1
1A
v
2
v
7
v
6
v
5
v
4
v
3

+
+
20V
510
1510V i
1
i
2

+
i
1
i
2
i
3
1
7
5
11
3
31V

P2.69.

P2.70.

P2.71.

P2.72.

P2.73.

P2.74.

P2.75.

a.

b.

*
R
w
=0.1
R
1
=15
R
n
=0.1
R
w
=0.1
120V
R
2
=5
R
3
=8
120V
+
+

P2.76.

=*

=*

=*

=*

=*

=
P2.77.

=*

=*

=*

=*

=*
P2.78.

Problems

1A
10
5
+
10V

3A
6
6 24
a
b

32V
1015
30 10
+

ab*

48
12V
1A
16 7
+
b
a

a
b
10
510
15V0.5i
x
+i
x

+
R
t
R
L
=5 V
t
=20V

30V
10
5
i
3A
+

=
I
s
=10A
8*
18*
12*
6*
i
6
9*

=<

2A
i
1A Av
+

TableT2.1

R
2
R
4
R
3
R
1
+
v
s
i
s
i
4

v
1
v
2
v
3
4
2A
101
5
2

T2.4.

+
R
1
R
3
R
4
R
5
R
2
V
s
I
s
i
1
i
2
i
3

T2.5.

30
30
40
+
60V2A
a
b

T2.6.

1010
5
++
5V15V

3.1CAPACITANCE

dielectric

q=Cv
C

q
vv
vv

(=

)
(=

i=
dq
dt
=
d
dt
(Cv)

i=C
dv
dt

vi

i=C
dv
dt

i(t)
v(t)C
+

i(t)v(t)

v(t)i(t)

v(t)

q(t)
v(t)
q(t)=Cv(t)=

v(t)
+
i(t)
v(t)
C=1mF
(a)
v(t)(V)
t(ms)
2
10
45
(b)
q(t)(mC)
t(ms)
2
10
45
(c)
i(t)(A)
t(ms)
2
5
10
45
(d)

i(t)=C
dv(t)
dt
=

dv(t)
dt

t
dv(t)
dt
=

i(t)=C
dv(t)
dt
=

=
t=(dv/dt=)
t=
dv(t)
dt
=

i(t)=C
dv(t)
dt
=

)=
i(t)

q(t)=

t)

v(t)=(

t)i(t)=(

t)*

i(t)C

q(t

q(t)=
*
t
t

i(t)dt+q(t

v(t)
v(t)=

C
*
t
t

i(t)dt+
q(t

)
C

v(t

)=
q(t

)
C

v(t)=

C
*
t
t

i(t)dt+v(t

)
t

=
i(t)=(

t)

q()=i(t)q(t)v(t)

q(t)=
*
t

i(t)dt+q()
=
*
t

t)dt
=

t)
+
+
+
t

[(

t)]

v(t)=
q(t)
C
=
q(t)

=[(

t)]
i(t)q(t)v(t)t=
q(t)i(t)
q(t)

p(t)=v(t)i(t)

it

t
vt

Cm
vt
t

qtm
it
t

p(t)=Cv
dv
dt

v(t

)=

t
v(t)

t
w(t)=
*
t
t

p(t)dt

w(t)=
*
t
t

Cv
dv
dt
dt

w(t)=
*
v(t)

Cvdv

w(t)=

Cv

(t)

v(t)

w(t)=

v(t)q(t)
w(t)=
q

(t)
C

v(t)=
*
+
,
+
-
tt
t
(t)t

i(t)=C
dv(t)
dt
i(t)=
*
+
,
+
-

t
t

t
v(t)(V)
t(s)
1
1000
35
(a)
w(t)(J)
t(s)
1
5
35
(d)
i(t)(mA)
t(s)
1
10
5
35
(b)
p(t)(W)
t(s)
1
10
5
35
(c)

i(t)(mA)
t(ms)
2
1
1
46
i(t)

p(t)=v(t)i(t)
p(t)=
*
+
,
+
-
tt
t
(t)t
p(t)t=t=
t=
t=

w(t)=

Cv

(t)
w(t)=
*
+
,
+
-
t

t
t
(t)

t
w(t)

*
3.2CAPACITANCESINSERIESANDPARALLEL

=C

dv
dt

=C

dv
dt

=C

dv
dt

qtm
t

pt
t

wtm
t

vt
t

i
i

i=i

+i

+i

i=C

dv
dt
+C

dv
dt
+C

dv
dt

i=(C

+C

+C

)
dv
dt

=C

+C

+C

i=C

dv
dt

v
+
C
eq
=
1/C
1
+1/C
2
+1/C
3
C
1
i
C
3
C
2
v
1
v
2
++
v
3
+
1

+/

+/

*
a.
b.
a.b.*
3.3PHYSICALCHARACTERISTICSOFCAPACITORS

d
L
W
Table3.1.

C=
A
d

=
r

A=LW=(

)(

)=

=
r
=

C=
*A
d
=

C=

+
+
L=*

R
s
R
p
L
s
C

=
=

)()

=
t=0
+
v
2
+
v
1
C
2
1mF
C
1
1mF

138

=C

+C

=
q

=
v

=v

=v

)()

=
w

)()

=w

+w

LC

3.4INDUCTANCE

laminations

()=

()=

i(t)
v(t)
v(t)=L
L
+
di
dt

)()
>

()

*
i(t)
i(t

)
di=

L
*
t
t

v(t)dt

i(t)=

L
*
t
t

v(t)dt+i(t

)
v(t)i(t)
i(t)

p(t)=v(t)i(t)

p(t)=Li(t)
di
dt

i(t

)=
t

ti(t)

t
w(t)=
*
t
t

p(t)dt

w(t)=
*
t
t

Li
di
dt
dt

w(t)=
*
i(t)

Lidi

w(t)=

Li

(t)

v(t)=L
di
dt

tdi/dt=v=
tdi/dt=v=
di/dt=v=

w(t)=

Li

(t)

i(t)(A)
t(s)
2
3
45
(a)
w(t)(J)
t(s)
245
(d)
v(t)(V)
t(s)
2
7.5
15
22.5
45
(b)
p(t)(W)
t(s)
2
22.5
45
45
(c)

t=

t=

t=

i(t)=

L
*
t
t

v(t)dt+i(t

)
t

=i(t

)=i()=
i(t)=

*
t

dt
t

i(t)=tt>

t=0
+
v(t)
i(t)
+
10VL=2H
(a)
v(t)(V)
t
10
(b)
i(t)(A)
t
1
5
(c)

t(ms)t(ms)
i(t)(A)
245
(b)
v(t)(V)
2
15
15
0.1
45
(a)

t=

v(t)=L
di
dt
v(t)di/dt
t=

t=

t=

i(t)=(

t)

v(t)i(t)
v(t)=(

t)w(t)=

t)*

i()=i(t)
v(t)i(t)
*
3.5INDUCTANCESINSERIESANDPARALLEL

ii
i

ii
v

v v

a.b.*
3.6PRACTICALINDUCTORS

R
s
R
p
C
p
L

C
L
R
t
*

FigurePA3.1
146

FigurePA3.2

3.7MUTUALINDUCTANCE

Mdi

/dtMdi

/dt
L

di

/dtL

di

/dt

L
1
L
2
M
v
1
+
v
2
+
i
1
i
2
v
1
=L
1
+M
di
1
dt
di
2
dt
v
2
=M+L
2
di
1
dt
di
2
dt
L
1
L
2
M
v
1
+
v
2
+
i
1
i
2
v
1
=L
1
M
di
1
dt
di
2
dt
v
2
=M+L
2
di
1
dt
di
2
dt
(a)(b)
v*i

v
o

V
m
vt

v
o
(t)=

v
o
(t)=Kx(t)
x

3.8SYMBOLICINTEGRATIONANDDIFFERENTIATION
USINGMATLAB

v
L
(t)
v
C
(t)
v
x
(t) i
x
(t)
+
+
+
L
C

()=

()=

()()
=<

=====

boldface

()=

()()
=<

i
x
(t)

t=
t=t

t=
t=t=

t=
t=

v
L
(t)=L
di
x
(t)
dt
ak

v
L
(t)=Lkt(at)[(t)at(t)+t(t)]

()=

()+

()

()=

()()

()=<
=>

u(t)
t
1
u(t)

t=u(t)
t
a
t
b
t
a
<t
b
t
a
t
b

u(tt
a
)u(tt
b
)=t
a
<t<t
b
=
[u(tt
a
)u(tt
b
)]
t
a
t
b

)(

<<

u(t*t
a
)
t
t
a
1
u(t*t
b
)
t
t
b
1
u(t*t
a
)*u(t*t
b
)
t
t
b
t
a
1

()=<<
=

<<
=

()<<
=

()
<<

()=
*
()
+

,-
+

,-

()
*

,-

.
()
/

01

01

ut

...
...

v
C
(t)=

C
*
t

i
C
(t)dt+v
C
()

v(t)

...
...

156

*
Summary
1.

2.
=
3.

()=

()+(

)
4.
()=

()
5.

6.

7.

8.
9.

10.

()=

()=

()+(

)
11.
()=

()
12.

13.
14.

15.

Problems
Problems

v(t)=(t)

i(t)=
t=
v()=v(t)
i(t)
t=

t=

Note:

v
C
(t)=e
t

t=

t=

v
C
(t)
+
i
C
(t)
C=2mF
i
C
(t)(mA)
t(ms)
2
10
20
45
(a)(b)

t=

t=0
5mA10mF v(t)
+

i(t)=I
m
(t)
C
t=

t=
v
C
()=

v
C
t

i
C
t
Cm
i
C
t
t

t=

t=

C=+(t)

t=t

C
t

+
t
V
f

I
m

t
V
f

v(t)=(t)
t=

m
mm
m
m
m
m
m

Problems

x
y
x
y
(a)
(b)
6mF
12mF
4mF24mF
8mF
3mF3mF4mF5mF
18mF

=+

=+

+
20V
v
1
+
v
2
+
C
1
C
2

=+

=+

+
+
+

b.

c.

P3.34.

P3.35.

()=+()

/(+)=
<<

P3.36.

TopofLiquid
L=100cm
d
W
x

P3.37.

P3.38.

()=()

()=

()+

()

()=(

)
Problems
R
s
C
+
v
r
(t)
+
v
c
(t)

K
V

=Kd
d

=/
r
K

K=

/
r
=

+
+
C
1
C
2 50V50V

i(t)(A)
t(s)
0.10.20.30.4
3
3

t=
t
x
+

+
10V
i
L
(t)
L=50mH

t=

t=
t=

(t)

(t)

<t<

i
L
()=

v
L
(t)
t(s)
123456
10
10

v
L
(t)=(

t)
i
L
()=
t>

t=
t=

v(t)=V
m
(t)

t=t

+t

I
f

V
m

tI
f

t=

t=

2H
1H1H
(a)
6H
9H
5H
20H
(b)
15H18H

=L

Problems
i

()=
i

()=i

(t)
i(t)L

(t)

v(t)
i(t)
i
1
(t)i
2
(t)
+
L
1
L
2

2H2H
12H
(a)
(b)
2H
10H15H
1H
6H3H
18H 3H

R
s
=
i(t)=
(t)v
R
(t)v
L
(t)v(t)

v(t)
i(t)=(

t)
v
R
(t)
v
L
(t)
v(t)
+
+
+
R
s
=0.5
L=10mH
i(t)

v(t)i
C
(t)i(t)

i
L
(t)=
(t)

i(t)v(t)40mH
1mF
+
i
C
(t) i
L
(t)

()

()()

()=
()

v(t)
v
L
(t)
v
C
(t)
+
+
+
i(t)
4mH
250mF

M
L
1
L
2
L
eq

==

()=()

()=()

()

()

M
i
1
(t)i
2
(t)
L
1
L
2
v
1
(t)
+
v
2
(t)
+

=()

=()

()

()=

()/

()=()()

()=

()=
()

()

()

()

()

P3.80.
t=
v
C
()=

P3.81.

i()=

T3.1.
abi
ab
=
(t)t
v
ab
()=v
ab
(t)
t
t=
T3.2.C

C
eq
6mF
4mF
3mF 1mF
12mF

T3.3.

T3.4.i
ab
=(t)
v
ab
(t)

T3.5.L

ab
(b)
2H
5H
ab
4H
3H

T3.6.L

=M=
L

=v

(t)
v

(t)
M
2e
*400t
A
A
2cos(500t)
L
1
L
2
v
1
(t)
+
v
2
(t)
+

T3.7.
abi
ab
=

(t)t
v
ab
()=
v
ab
(t)
t
t

RCRL

RLC

transients

4.1FIRST-ORDERRCCIRCUITS

()

()

()

()=

()

()

()=

()

CR v
C
t
t

V
i
t

=
=

()=
/

()=

(+)=

(+)

(+)=

()=

v
C
(t)
t
V
i
0.368V
i
=RC2

()=

()

()

()

()=

(+)=

()=

()

()=

V
s
v
C
(t)
R
C
t=0
+
+
170
v
C
(t)
(+RCs)K

e
st
+K

=V
s

e
st

s=

RC

=V
s

v
C
(t)=V
s
+K

e
t/RC

v
C
(+)==V
s
+K

=V
s
+K

=V
s

v
C
(t)=V
s
V
s
e
t/RC

=RC
v
C
(t)=V
s
V
s
e
t/

v
C
(t)v
C
(t)
V
s
tv
C
(t)

v
C
(t)
V
s

v
C

RC

v
C
(t)
t
2
V
s
0.632V
s
==

=()=*

()

()
*
4.2DCSTEADYSTATE

()=

()

()

()=

()

>>

C
m

t
v
x
L
R

v
x

+
+
i
x
R

i
x

i
x
=

+R

v
x
=R

i
x
=

t
v
a

L
C
m
R

i
a

a.

=b.

=*
4.3RLCIRCUITS

1.
2.

3.

4.

5.

6.
RL
()()
()=

()=<

()+

()=

V
s
=100VL=0.1H
R=50
t=0
v(t)
+
+
i(t)

+(

()=+

=/

(+)==+

=+

()=
/
>

i(t)(A)
t
2t3t
20.632
2
t=t=2ms
v(t)(V)
t
2t3t
100
t
(a)
(b)

()=

()=<
=()
()=()>
()
()=
/

()
=

()=

RL

=()
()
=

()=<

()=

<

>
>()
()=
/
>

=()=

(+)=

V
sR
2
L
R
1
t=0
v(t)
+
+
i(t)
t
i(t)
t2t
V
s
R
1
t
v(t)
t2t
LV
s
R
1
t

()=

/
>

()=
()

=<
=

/
>

==a.
b.()c.
()d.
()
a.=b.|()|

=c.()

d.=()=*

=()

()

()>

()

()=
/

()=
/

()=
/
*

=()()
RCRL

2A
2H
t=0
v(t)
10
+
i
R
(t)i
L
(t)
100V
t=0
v(t)
+
i(t) 100100
1H
+

i(t)=t<
=+e
t/
t>
v(t)=t<
=e
t/
t>
=*
4.4RCANDRLCIRCUITSWITHGENERALSOURCES
RLRC

v
t
(t)
R

L
di(t)
dt
+Ri(t)=v
t
(t)
R
L
R
di(t)
dt
+i(t)=
v
t
(t)
R

LL
R
it
v
t
t
+

dx(t)
dt
+x(t)=f(t)

f(t)

x(t)RL
RC

x
p
(t)

dx
p
(t)
dt
+x
p
(t)=f(t)

()=()

()=()+()

()

()

()=

()/

()
=

()]=

()=
(/+)
=

/
=

()=
/

3.

K
4.K

RC

v
C
(+)=
t>

Ri(t)+

C
*
t

i(t)dt+v
C
()(t)=

v
C
()

R
di(t)
dt
+

C
i(t)=(t)
C
RC
di(t)
dt
+i(t)=C(t)
RC

di(t)
dt
+i(t)=

(t)
i
p
(t)

i
p
(t)

(t)(t)(t)(t)

i
p
(t)=A(t)+B(t)
RC

2sin(200t)
R=5k
t=0
v
C
(t)
v
C
(0)=1V
+
+
i(t)
C
1mF
181

()+()+()+()
=

()

+=

+=

()=()+()

()=()

()

+()=

()=
/
=
/

()=()+()+
/

2sin(0+)=0
R=5k
v
C
(0+)=1V
v
R
(0+)
+
+
+
i(0+)
v
C
(+)=v
R
(+)=

i(+)=
v
R
(+)
R
=

=
t=
i(+)==+K
K=

i(t)=(t)+(t)e
t/RC

=RC=

(t)
v
C
()=

m
t

i(t)
(mA)
t(ms)
300
400
200
100
0
100
200
300
400
020406080

2cos(200t)
R=5k
t=0
v
C
(t)
v
C
(0)=0
+
+
i(t)
C
1mF

10e
t
R=1M
t=0
v
C
(t)
v
C
(0)=5V
+
+
i(t)
C
2mF
()=()+()+
/
==
*

()=

()=

/
*
4.5SECOND-ORDERCIRCUITS

v
C
v
s
t

+
it
R
L
m

RLC

()

+()+

()+

()=

()

()

+
()

()=

()

()

()

()=

()

()=

()

()

+
()

()=()

RLC
xdx/dt

x(t)
dt

+
dx(t)
dt
+

x(t)=f(t)
x(t)

x(t)
x
p
(t)x
c
(t)
x(t)=x
p
(t)+x
c
(t)
x
p
(t)

x
p
(t)
dt

+
dx
p
(t)
dt
+

x
p
(t)=f(t)

x
p
(t)

x
c
(t)

f(t)
d

x
c
(t)
dt

+
dx
c
(t)
dt
+

x
c
(t)=
186

()=

++

++

=+
*

=
*

>>>

()=

===

()=

<<<

=+

=
*

()=

)+

)
underdamped

=
()=

()=

()

()=

()=

()

()

+()+

()=

()

()

()

()=

()

()

()=

()

()=

=
V
s
=10V
R
L
10mH
t=0
v
C
(t)
i(0)=0v
C
(0)=0
+
+
i(t)
C
1mF

V
s
R
v
Cp
+
*
i
p

()

CaseI=

=/

=>

=+
*

+
(

=
*

()=+

()=
=
+

=
()=

()=

()

e
s

t
K

e
s

t
v
C
t
v
Cp
t
=

()

=
=

()=+

CaseII(=)

=
=

=/

=+
*

==

()=+

()=

()/=
=
+

=
=

v
Cp
t
K

te
s

t
K

e
s

t
v
C
t
=

()=

CaseIII(=)

=
=

=
=/

=
*

()=+

)+

()=

()/=
=
+

=
=

()=

R=

e
at
v
n
t
e
at
v
n
t
v
C
t
v
Cp
t

v
C
(t)
(V)
t(ms)
0
5
10
15
00.20.40.60.81.0
R=100*
R=200*
R=300*

u(t)

u(t)=t<
=t
A

v(t)=Au(t)

u(t)
t<u(t)=tu(t)=
t

ut
t
A
A
vtAut
RLC

vt

x(t)
dt

+
dx(t)
dt
+

x(t)=Au(t)

=/

x(t)

x()=x()=

x()=x()=
v

z
z
xt
A

CC
LL
i
L
(t)
v(t)
R
i
n

LC

()

()+

()+

()=

()

()

()

()=

()

()

()

()=

()

()=

()

()

+
()

()=()

RLC

LCLC

=/RC=R/L
R=
a.
v()i
L
()

b.v()=i
L
()=
v(+)=

c.v(t)d.
v(t)
a.

=b.i
C
()==
Cv()v()=

c.v
p
(t)=d.v(t)=(e

t
e

t
)*

RLC

FigurePA4.1

FigurePA4.2
0.1At=0v(t)
i
L
(t)
R
L
C
L=1mHC=0.1mF
+

R=
a.

=b.i
C
()==
Cv()v()=

c.v
p
(t)=d.v(t)=

te

t
*

()=
=()()=

()=()=

)
*
4.6TRANSIENTANALYSISUSINGTHEMATLAB
SYMBOLICTOOLBOX

=+

dsolve

()

()()

()+

()=

()

()=()

==

(+)=

(+)=

>>
>>

tL
+
+
+
v
L
t
t

R
v
L
=2
v
R
=Ri
L

i
L

=+

()=()()+()

(+)=

()

()

()

+
()

()+

(+)=()

tt
v(t)
i
L
(t)
A

C
RL
i
L
=
* m

i
C
=i
R
=
v=

t=+

v(t)
dt

dv(t)
dt
+v(t)=(t)
v(t)
t=+

v(+)

C
dv(+)
dt
=
v(+)=v(+)=dv(+)/dt=

i
L
(t)=

L
*
t

v(t)dt=
*
t

v(t)dt

i
L
(t)t

i
L
(t)=(t)(t)
(t)(t)+(t)

t=

R
1
C
1
C
2
R
2
R
3
V
s
+
v
1
v
2
t=0
V
s
=10VR
1
=R
2
=R
3
=1MC
1
=C
2
=1mF

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

()=

()

()

()=

()=/()(/)()

()=/()+(/)()

=
=

()=/

()=/

v
C
(t)
t=0
C
R
1
L
1
L
2
R
2
+
+
i
1
(t)
i
2
(t)
V
s
=2VL
1
=L
2
=1mHC=10mF R
1
=R
2
=1
V
s

()
=

()=

()

()]

()

()+

()

()]=

()

()+

()

()]=

()

()

()

()=

()

()

()

()=

()

()

()

()=

()

()

()

()=

(+)

(+)

(+)

(+)=

(+)=
i

(+)=t=
t=+t=+
L

di

(+)
dt
=V
s
L

di

(+)
dt
=
i

(+)=V
s
/L

=i

(+)=

(t)=(t)+(t)(

t)
i

(t)=(t)(t)(

t)
v
C
(t)=(t)(

t)(t)(

t)

t=

*
Summary

()

*
Summary
1.

/
=
=/

2.

3.

4.

()=

()=

()=

)+

5.

Note:

Problems
RC
C
R

RC

v
C
(+)=

v
s
=10Vv
C
(t)
R=50k*
C=0.04mF
t=0
+ +

t=
t

t=

t=t=

10mF
t=0
VM

C
V

t>t

RC
V

t=

v
C
(+)=

=RC

RC

V
i
t=

Problems
=

P4.11.

=a.

()

()b.

c.=
=d.

=
C
100mF
R=
100*
v
R
(t)
t=0
+
v
C
(t)
+

P4.12.

P4.13.

()

()

10mAt=0v
C
(t)
+
C
10mF
R=
2k*

P4.14.=

==

=
P4.15.

=
=

P4.16.

P4.17.

()=

()

()

()

()
10V
C
A
B
R
1M
+
1mF

P4.18.
=

=a.

(+)b.

c.
d.

t
C
1
20mF
C
2
5mF
t=0
R=200k
v
1
+
v
2
+
i(t)

RLC

100V
2A
1H
100
200
10mF
i
1
i
2
i
3
+

v
C

v
C

10mAt=0v
C
(t)
+
10mF 1k

At=
v
R
(t)
t
20kAB
200k 10k 30V
+
+
10mF v
C
+
v
R
(t)
t=0

t=
v
C

t=v
C

12V40
t=0
v
C
+
20
1H
100mF
+

v
C

20V2k
v
C
100mF
500 1H
5k
+
+
i
4
i
1
i
3
i
2

i
L
v
x

v
C

Problems
v
C
+
v
x
+
1mF 15mA
5mH20V
3k 3k
+
7mH
i
L

v
C
i
R

i
R
+
+
2mH
4mA
2k
1mF
12V
v
C

t=v
C
(t)
t=t=

v
C
(t)v
C
(t)
t
10k
10k 5mAv
C
(t) 10mF
+
t=0

t=
v
C
(t)
t
9V
t=0
v
C
(t) 20mF 3k
+
6k
+

t=v
C
(t)
t=t=

v
C
(t)v
C
(t)
t
1M
2M
30Vv
C
(t) 2mF
+
+
t=0

RL

RL

t=

xt
t

t=itt<t

2At=010*
10*
1H i(t)

*P4.34.
i
L
()=
i
L
(t)vt
t
0.3At=0v(t)
i
L
(t)
+
R=
2k*
L=
10mH

P4.35.i
L
()=
*P4.36.

P4.37.i
s
(t)
t

12V
3
+
i
s
(t)
0.75H
3
t=0

P4.38.
i
L
(t)

v
L
(t)
20VL=2H
t=0
R=10
v
L
(t)
v
R
(t)
+
+
+
i
L
(t)

P4.39.

t=i
L
(t)t<
ti
L
(t)
20V
t=0
i
L
(t)
155
L=2H
+

P4.40.

100V5H
50
+
i(t)VM

Problems

()=

()

==

i
L
(t)R L

=
==

()
6H12
i
L
(t)
6
3A

()

20V1H
5
+
i
L
(t)
1k
t=0
v
R
(t)
+

RCRL

()

()=

5 5e
t
t=0
10H
i
L
(t)
+

()>

()=

2e
3t
t=01M1mFv
C
(t)
+

>

=()+
()
5cos(10t)t=010v(t)
+
1H

()>

5e
2t
cos(3t)1H
R
L
2
+
i
L
(t)

()=
*
<

()=

()

()

()

()=+
C
t
t
R
+
v
C
(t) v(t)
v(t)
+

(+)=

()

()=()+()
2H 15cos(300t)
t=0
300
i
s
(t)
+

()=

()

()=+
t
4t
R=5
L=
2H
+
v(t)
v(t)
i
L
(t)

()

+()=()

()

+()=

()
Problems

()=()

()=
()

12e
3t
6
2H
+
t=0
i(t)

()=()

()=
()

5,10
+6
e
+10t
50k*
2mF
v(t)
C
R
t=0

(+)=

(+)=

()

()
=
v
C
(t)
C
5mF
L
2mH
R
v
s
=50V
t=0
i(t)
+
+
i(0)=0v
C
(0)=0

=
=

=
=

(+)=

(+)(+)

1A
t=0
v(t)
i
L
(t)
RLC
L=10mHC=1000pF
+

=
=
>
=
(+)=

(+)=

()=
()+()
it
t
t=
v
C
t

R
+
m

=
=

()=(

)+(

()=
(

)+(

t
i
L

vt
i
L
m
t

()

()<<

()=
*
<

()=()

()
=
=

()()
<<

(+)=

()

()

=
=

(+)=

(+)(+)

b.v(+)v(+)
c.
vt
P4.76.

t=

t=0
2H 1H
12V
+
i
1
(t)
i
2
(t)
4 2

P4.77.
t=

t=0
2mH
10V
+
1k
2k
0.2mF
0.2mF
v
1
(t)v
2
(t)

T4.1.

t=a.
i
L
i

v
C

b.i
L

v
C

c.i
L
(t)t>d.v
C
(t)
t>
t=0
10V
+
+
1k2k
3k
1mF
2mH
v
C
i
1
i
Li
2
i
3

T4.2.
a.it
b.

c.
d.it
5e
3t
V2H
1
t=0
+
i(t)

T4.3.

a.v
C
(t)
b.
c.

d.v
C
(t)

15V
2mH
v
C
(t)
4
20mF
t=0
+
+
i(t)

T4.4.

5.1SINUSOIDALCURRENTSANDVOLTAGES

v(t)=V
m
(t+)
V
m

T=

f=

T
=f

v(t)=V
m

(t+)Note:
t

v(t)
t
t
max
V
m
V
m
T

(+)

()=()

()=(+)

()=(+)
=()

()

()

()=

()

=
*

()

()

()

=
+
,

()
.

()

=
/

()

()

=
/

()
()

()=

(+)

=
/

(+)

()=

()

=
/

[+(+)]

=
,
V

m
T
*
t+

(t+)
+
T

=
,
V

m
T
*
T+

(T+)

()
+

T=

(T+)

()=

(+)

()
=

()

()
=

=
V
m

V
m
=V

=
=

=V
m
/

v(t)=(t)
v(t)

v(t)
=f=/=
T=/f=v(t)

V
m
=V

=
V
m
/=
P

=
V

R
=
()

v(t)(V)
p(t)(W)
t
(ms)
t
(ms)
100
1020304050
100
(a)
(b)
P
avg
=100
0
200
01020304050

p(t)=
v

(t)
R
=

(t)

(t)
p(t)

t=t=T=

v(t)=
*
tfort
tfort

vt
T
t

vt
vtt
t
t

=
+

T
*
T

(t)dt
v(t)
V

=
,
-
-
.

/
*

dt+
*

(t)

dt
0
V

=
1

2
t

|
t=
t=
+(tt

+t

)|
t=
t=
3

=
1

+(++)=

v(t)(V)
t
(ms)
150
10
t
max2030
150

v(t)=(t)

t=v(t)

v(t)
=f=T=V
m
=V

=
t

T=P

=v(t)
*
v(t)=(t+)
v(t)=(t)*

t=

v(t)=(t)*
5.2PHASORS

v(t)=(t)+(t+)+(t+)
v(t)

v(t)=V
m
(t+)

phasor

(t)=V

(t+

=V

(t)=V

(t+

(z)=(z)

(t)=V

(t+

=V

(t)=I

(t+

(t)=I

(t+

=I

=I

v(t)=(t)+(t+)+(t+)
v(t)=(t)+(t)+(t+)

()=
*
e
j
+
=[()+j()]
()

v(t)=
,
e
jt
-
+
,
e
j(t)
-
+
,
e
j(t+)
-

ZA
ZA
v(t)=
,
e
jt
-
+
,
e
j(t)
-
+
,
e
j(t+)
-

v(t)=
,
e
jt
+e
j(t)
+e
j(t+)
-

e
jt

v(t)=
,*
+e
j
+
j
+
e
jt
-

v(t)=
,
(
*
+
*
+
*
)e
jt
-

*
+
*
+
*
=+j+j
=+j

=
*
=e
j

v(t)=
,*
e
j
+
e
jt
-

v(t)=
*
e
j(t+)
+

v(t)=(t+)
v(t)

v(t)

(t)=(t)
v

(t)=(t+)
v
s
(t)=v

(t)+v

(t)

=
*
V

=
*
V

(t)

V
s
=V

+V

=
*
+
*
=j+j
=j
=
*
V
s

v
s
(t)=(t)

(t)=(t)+(t)
i

(t)=(t+)+(t+)
i

(t)=(t+)+(t)

(t)=(t)
i

(t)=(t+)
i

(t)=(t)
*

v(t)=V
m
(t+)

v(t)=
*
V
m
e
j(t+)
+

V
m
e
j(t+)
=V
m
t+
*
V
m

t=
v(t)

t=

(t)=(t+)

(t)=(t)

=
*

=
*

V
m
V
m

u
v

vt
vt
t

*
*

=(

/)

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

()=()

()=(+)

()=(+)

(t)
v

(t)
v

(t)v

(t)
vt
60*
v
2
(t)
v
1
(t)

*
5.3COMPLEXIMPEDANCES

i
L
(t)=I
m
(t+)

v
L
(t)=L
di
L
(t)
dt

v
L
(t)=LI
m
(t+)

I
L
=I
m

V
L
=LI
m*
=V
m*

V
L
=V
M
u
I
L
=I
M
u

vt
v
L
t
i
L
t

p
u

=(
*
)

=(
*
)

=
*

==
*

FigurePA5.1

FigurePA5.2

V
C
=V
M
u
I
C
=I
M
u

vt
v
C
t
i
C
t

=
*

=
V

*
(/)
*
=

+
*
I

+
*

=I

()=()
=a.
b.
a.

==
*
I

=
*
V

=
*
b.
*

V
R
I
R

vt
v
R
t
i
R
t
u
u

V
L
+
m
I
L
+
V
C
+
I
C
+
*
V
R
+
I
R
+

v
C
(t)=(t)
a.
b.
a.Z
C
=j=
*
I
C
=
*
V
C
=
*
b.
*
v
R
(t)=(t)a.
b.
a.I
R
=
*
V
R
=
*
b.
*
5.4CIRCUITANALYSISWITHPHASORSANDCOMPLEX
IMPEDANCES

(t)+v

(t)v

(t)=

+V

1.

2.Z
L
=jL=L *
Z
C
=/(jC)=(/C)

3.

v
s
(t)

V
s
=
*

Z
L
=jL=j=j

Z
C
=j

C
=j

=j
R=100
I
V
s
=
10030
V
R
V
L
V
C
j50
+j150
L=
0.3H
100
i(t)
v
s
(t)=
100cos(500t+30)
+ +
C=40mF
+
+
+
(a)(b)

=R+Z
L
+Z
C

=+jj=+j

=
*

I=
V
s
Z
=
*

*
=
*

i(t)=(t)

V
R
=RI=
*
=
*
V
L
=jLI=L
*
I=
*

*
=
*
V
C
=j

C
I=

*
I=
*

*
=
*

IV
s
V
R

IV
L

IV
C

V
s
V
L
V
R
I
V
C
35.4
15*
30*
100
106.1
75*

v
C
(t)

V
s
=
*
v
s
(t)

Z
L
=jL=j=j

Z
C
=j

C
=j

=j

V
C

RCRC
Z
RC
=

/R+/Z
C
=

/+/(j)
=

+j
=

*
=
*

Z
RC
=j

V
s

V
C

j
j
v
s
t
st
v
C

L
C
mF
R

++

I
C
I
R
I
Z
RC
V
C
V
s

j
I
+

V
C
=V
s
Z
RC
Z
L
+Z
RC
=
*

*
j+j
=
*

*
+j
=
*

*
=
*

v
C
(t)=(t)=(t)

I
R
I
C
V
s
I

I=
V
s
Z
L
+Z
RC
=

*
j+j
=

*
+j
=

*
=
*
I
R
=
V
C
R
=

=
*
I
C
=
V
C
Z
C
=

*
j
=

*
=
*

(t)

st5cst

*
mF

t v

t
+5+ *
j5*
j*
V

+
V

j
=
*
V

j
+
V

j
=
*

(+j)V

jV

=j
jV

+jV

=
V

=
*

(t)=(t+)

a.i(t)b.
c.
v
s
(t)i(t)
a.i(t)=(t)b.
c.i(t)v
s
(t)*

V=
*
I
C
= *I
L
=
*

I
R
=
*
*
I
V
L
5
V
R
35
V
s

5
5
+
v
s
t
s5t
v
L
v
R
it

5cos(200t)100 100mF1H
i
C
i
L
i
R
v
+

100cos(1000t)100
i
1
(t)i
2
(t)
+
0.1H
0.1H
5mF

()=()

()=()*
5.5POWERINACCIRCUITS
()=

()

V=

=||
*
=+
I=
V

*
||
*
=
*

||

=+
+
R
jX
I
m
u
V
m
0
Zu

t
t
V
m
I
m
I
m
V
m
P
avg
=
p(t)
V
m
I
m
V
m
I
m
v(t)
i(t)
2

()=

()
()=

()
()=()()=

()

()

=
*

=
()=

()
()=

()=

()
()=()()=

()()
()()=(/)()

()=

()

t
t
V
m
vt
it I
m
I
m
V
m
pt
t
V
m
vt
it I
m
I
m
V
m
V
m
I
m
V
m
I
m

pt
V
m
I
m
V
m
I
m

=
(/)
*
=
()=

()
()=

(+)=

()
()=()()=

()()
=

()

+
()=

()
()=

()
()=

()()

()=()()+()()

()=

()

()+

()()()

()=

()

()()=

()

()=

()[+()]+

()()
()()

()

()

()
=()

=
vi

()=

Q=V

()
V

=Q=

QV
AR

=V

+Q

=(V

()+(V

()

()+

()=
P

+Q

=(V

P=
V

=Q=

PQV

Z
Z=|Z|
*
=R+jX
RX

()=
R
|Z|

()=
X
|Z|

uu
V

QQ
P
P
u
u

X
R
u

||

/||
=

/
R

S=

VI
V=V
m
u
v
I=I
m
u
i
+
I
m

S=

VI=

(V
mv
*
)(I
mi
*
)=
V
m
I
m

vi
*
=
V
m
I
m

=
vi

S=
V
m
I
m

()+j
V
m
I
m

()
P
j
S=

VI=P+jQ
S

P=(S)=
*

VI
+

Q=(S)=
*

VI
+

=|S|=
,
,
,
,

VI
,
,
,
,

SSSS

=
vi

v
=

i
=
=()=

I
C
=0.190
I
R
=0.1180
V
s
=1090
+
I=0.1414135
+j100
j100 100

V
s
=
|V
s
|

=
I

=
|I|

P=V
s
I

()
=()=
Q=V
s
I

()
=()=
PQ

S=

V
s
I=

(
*
)(
*
)=
*
=+j
P=(S)=
Q=(S)=

Q
L
=I

X
L
=()

()=

Q
C
=I

C
X
C
=
*

()=

X
C

Q=Q
L
+Q
C

=
*
|I

=
*

I
I
A
3
+

5
5

AB
I
B

AB
P
A
u
A
Q
A
V

I
A

u
A
5

Q
B
P
B
5
u
B

u
B

(
A
)=

P
A
=V

I
A
(
A
)=

()=

Q
A
=
*
(V

I
A
)

A
=
+
(

()

=
Q
A

BB
B
Q
B

B
=()=

Q
B
=P
B
(
B
)=()
Q
B
=

u
I
V

P=P
A
+P
B
=+=
Q=Q
A
+Q
B
=+=
Q

=
*
Q
P
+
=
*

+
=

()=

S=P+jQ=j=
*

S=

V
s
I=

(
*
)I=

I=
*

L
=()=

Q
L
=P
L
(
L
)=

=()=

=P
L
(

)=

Q
C
=Q

Q
L
=

X
C
=
V

Q
C
=
(

==

C=

|X
C
|
=

=
a.V=
*

b.c.

a.=I=
*
b.=I=
*
c.

===

=*
5.6THVENINANDNORTONEQUIVALENTCIRCUITS

=V

=
V

=
V

+
*
Z
t
V
t

I
n

Z
t

I
n
Z
t

I
n

I
n
=I

Z
t

Z
t

Z
t

ab
V
s

j
I
s

a
cc
b

j
a
Z
t
cscsd
b
V
s

j
I
s

ccscc
I
R
I
C
=
I
sc
+

Z
t

5j5
V
t
I
n
5
Z
t
5j5

u
'
u
a
b
a
b

Z
t
=

/+/(j)
=

+j
=

*
=
*
=j
ab

I
C
=V
s

I
R
=
V
s

= *

=I
R
I
s
=
*
=j=
*

+
Z
t
Z

V
t

V
t
=I

Z
t
=
*

*
=
*

=Z
t

Z
t
=R
t
+jX
t

=Z
t
=R
t
jX
t

=Z
t
+Z

=R
t
+jX
t
+R
t
jX
t
=R
t

=R
t

=R

=|Z
t
|

a.b.

Z
t
=j*

+
Z
t
=50j50
Z
load
=
50+j50
V
t
=
10090
I
a
(a)
Z
t
=50j50
R
load
=
70.71
V
t
=
10090
I
b
(b)
+

a.
Z

=Z
t
=+j

I
a
=
V
t
Z
t
+Z

*
j++j
=
*

I
a
=/
P=I

a
R

=
*

()=
b.
R

=|Z
t
|
=|j|
=
,

+()

I
b
=
V
t
Z
t
+Z

*
j+
=

*
=
*

+
V
s
=1000100
+j100
50
j25

=
*

=+

=
*

=
*
*

*
5.7BALANCEDTHREE-PHASECIRCUITS

()

()

()=

()

()=

()

()=

(+)

v
cn
v
bn
v
an
+ +
+
sscsssm
csdm
n
c
b
a
v
cn
v
bn
v
an
V
Y
t
V
Y
V
bn
V
cn
V
an
m

V
Y

an
=V
Y

bn
=V
Y

cn
=V
Y
*

abcv
an
v
bn
v
cn

bc
acb

b
c

()

*
=

*
=
*

()=

()

()=

()

()=

(+)
V
cn
V
anV
bn
ZuZu
Zu
I
aA
I
bB
I
Nn
I
cC
a
b
n
c
A
B
N
C
+
*
+
*
+
*

()=

()+

()+

()

=I

+I

+I

=
*
+

*
+

*
=
*
(+
*
+
*
)
=
*
(+)
=

not

()

()

()=

()

()+

()

()+

()

()
+ + +
135
246

260

p(t)=V
Y
(t)I
L
(t)
+V
Y
(t)I
L
(t)
+V
Y
(t+)I
L
(t+)

(x)(y)=

(xy)+

(x+y)

p(t)=
V
Y
I
L

()+
V
Y
I
L

[(t)
+(t)+(t+)]

(t)+(t)+(t+)
=(t)+(t+)+(t)
=

p(t)=
V
Y
I
L

()

V
Y
=
V
Y

I
L
=
I
L

V
Y

I
L

=p(t)=V
Y
I
L
()

()=

()

*
+

V
an
V
bn
V
bnV
ab
30*
120*

V
an
V
bn
V
bc
V
Y
V
cn
V
ca
V
ab
3*
3
VY
V
bc
V
bn
V
cn
V
an
V
ca
V
ab
n
a
b
c
u

V
ab

V
an

V
ab
=V
an

V
bc
=V
bn

V
ca
=V
cn

V
Y
=

V
an

Z=R+jL=+j()()=+j
= *

nN
V
an

A
I
aA
=
V
an
Z
=
*
*
=
*

Z
N
n
Z
Z
c
ab
C
BA
+
++
A B
C

V
bc
I
aA
V
an
V
ab
I
cC
V
ca
I
bB
V
bn
V
cn
u

I
bB
=
V
bn
Z
=

*
=
*
I
cC
=
V
cn
Z
=
*

*
=
*

V
ab
=V
an

*
=
*
V
bc
=V
bn

*
=
*
V
ca
=V
cn

*
=
*

P=
V
Y
I
L

()=
*

+
()=

Q=
V
Y
I
L

()=
*

+
()=

V
L
=

V
an

V
an
=
*
V
bn
=
*
V
cn
=
*

I
aA
=
*
I
bB
=
*
I
cC
=
*
P=
Q=*

V
ab
V
bc
V
ca
c
b
a
+
+
+

V
ab
+V
bc
+V
ca
=

Z
*
=Z
Y

Z
Y
Z Z
Z
Z
Y
Z
Y

a
c
C
bB
A
I
aA
I
AB
I
BC
I
CA
+
* +
*
+*

V
ab
=V
L
*

V
bc
=V
L

V
ca
=V
L

V
AB
=V
ab
V
BC
=V
bc
V
CA
=V
ca

Z
*

AB
I
AB
=
V
AB
Z
*
=
V
ab
Z
*
=
V
L

*
Z
*
=
V
L
Z

I=
V
L
Z

I
AB
=I
*

I
BC
=I
*

I
CA
=I
*

aA
I
aA
=I
AB
I
CA
=I
*
I
*
=(I
*
)(
*
)

=(I
*
)(j)
=(I
*
)(
*
)
=I
AB

I
L
=I

=
+jZ=+j
V
ab
=
*
V
bc
=
*
V
ca
=
*

a
c
C
bB
A

j
Z
Z Z V
bc
V
ca
V
ab
a
n
A

j
Z
Y
Z
Y
Z
Y
V
an
I
aA
Z

+
cc
yccdcc
+
+
+

267
Solution

A
V
an

V
an
=
V
ab

*
=
*

*
=
*

Z
Y
=
Z

=
+j

=+j

V
an
=(Z

+Z
Y
)I
aA

I
aA
=
V
an
Z

+Z
Y
=
*
+j++j
=

*
+j
=
*

*
=
*

V
An
=I
Aa
Z
Y
=
*
(+j)
=
*

*
=
*

V
AB
=V
An

*
=
*

*
=
*
AB
I
AB
=
V
AB
Z
=
*
+j
=
*

*
=
*
AB

P
AB
=I

AB
R=
*

()=

=
*

()=

=
*
V

=
*
V

= *

=
*
I

=
*
I

=
*
=*
5.8ACANALYSISUSINGMATLAB

==

+
+

*
=()

=
*

M
*
=M(j)=M()+jM()
V
s
=
*

Z=+j

=
*

1.
2.ZI=V
ZI
V
YVIYV
I

3.
I=(Z)V
V=(Y)I
4.

(+j)I

+(
*
)(I

)=
(
*
)(I

)+(+j)I

+
*
=

V
1
=
5+j34+j1
++ 5010
kV
2.220
V
2
=
kV
2210
I
1
I
2

*
(+j+
*
)
*

*
(+j+
*
)
+*
I

+
=
*

*
+
I

ZV

=
*
I

=
*

100*
A
V
1
V
2
160+
A
230+
+j30*
+j50*
50j80*

clear

= *V

= **
Summary
1.()=

(+)

=/
=
2.

()=()
3.
()

=
+

()

()

()

=
+

()
()

4.

5.

6.

=I

Problems273

=
(/)

()

)()

Problems

()=

(+)

()=(+
)

()=(
)

()=()

()=()

()=
(

)()=(

+)

=
=

==

==

==

v(t)(V)
15
123
t(s)
T=2s

i(t)
5
2
2468
t(s)
T=4
(A)

v(t)V
75100 25 25150
t(ms)
T=100ms
4cos(20pt)

()=()+()

v(t)(V)
10
24
t(s)
T=4

Problems
v(t)=+
(t)

v(t)V
5
12
t(s)
T=1
5e
*t

v(t)
v(t)=(t)(t)
t

(t+)(t)+
(t)V
m
(t+)
v

(t)=(t)v

(t)=
(t)
v
s
(t)=v

(t)+v

(t)
V
m
(t+)

f=

V
m
(t+)

V
3
V
1
V
2
10V
10V
5V
30+
30+

v(t)=V
m
(t+
)V
m

v(t)

()

()

()

()

()+()
+()

(+)

()=()

()=()

()=

()+

()

(+)

()=()

()

()

()

(+)
()=
()+()

()=()

()=(+)
()=(+)()=
(+)()=(+
)()=(+)
()=(+)

()=()

i(mA)
v(V)
5
4
3
2
1
0
1
2
3
4
5
(a)
012345
t
(ms)

i(mA)
v(V)
10
8
6
4
2
0
2
4
6
8
10
(b)
048121620
t
(ms)
Cont.

,
+

=
*
=
*

=
*

=
*
=

*
=
*

v
s
t
ct
i
v
L
v
R

*
m

v
s
t
ct
i
v
C
v
R

*=*=*=
Z
mF
5*

P5.47.
=
==

Z
mF
*

P5.48.

*P5.49.
I
s
VI
R
I
L
I
C

i
L
(t)
i
s
(t)

i
s
t
c

t
m
m
*

i
R
i
C
i
L

P5.50.

I
s
V
I
R
I
L

VI
s

i
s

vt

i
R
i
L

P5.51.
V
s
IV
L
V
R
V
C

v
L
(t)
v
s
(t)

v
s
t
s

t5+
5*
5

mF
v
R
v
L
v
C

*P5.52.

I
s
V
I
R
I
C

VI
s

i
s

t
m

*
v

i
R
i
C

P5.53.II
R
I
C

tm *
m

i
R
i
C
i

P5.54.
V

V
R
V
L
I

IV

IV
L

Problems
v

t
st
v

t
st3

it
v
R

v
L

,*

+*

j
j
++
I

5
j5
+
I
I

v
m I

Z=j+
=
*

=
*

=
*

=
*
Z=j

v(t)=

(t+)
i(t)=(t+
)

++
5
I
+j
3
B
5
A

AB

A
B

I
A
I
B
AB

+j

AV
A

Problems

150020
v=377
500.25H5mF
+
V

100020
+
I
Load
C
v=377
V

10020
+j50

+j55 j3
4
a
b
230A

7530V+j10
j10
10
50A
+

6j8
0.5I
x
I
x
ab
+
1030A

V
t
=1000
Z
t
=10+j5
V
a
b

()=()

()=(+)

()=()

()

()

()

()=(+)

()

()

=
=+

Problems
a
cC
bB
A
1+j2
1+j2
1+j2
Z
Z Z
V
m
90
V
m
150
V
m
30
+
+
+

+
=*

*
+*

+*

a
c b
Z
A
Z
B
Z
C
a
c
b
Z
c
Z
a
Z
b

15
V
10
V
1
V
2
+j20
j5
100
+
I
1
I
2
I
3

20*
A
A
5*
V
1
V
2
130+
+j8*
j20* 10+

i(t)(A)
6
2 15 346
t(s)
T=3s
i(t)50

v(t)=(t+)+(t)
V
m
(t+)
v

(t)=(t+
)v

(t)=(t)

(t)

(t)v

(t)

V
R
V
C
V
L
t

a
n
0.3
+j0.4
0.3
+j0.4
0.3
+j0.4
V
an
V
cn
V
bn
+ +
B
C
c
b
A
Z
Z Z
+

T5.6.I
aA

V
an
=
*
Z
+
=+j*
T5.7.

1045
VV
j5
15
+j10
++
I
1
I
2
150

6.1FOURIERANALYSIS,FILTERS,ANDTRANSFER
FUNCTIONS

()=

)+

)+

)+

=/

(+)()

Table6.1.

T T
t
TT
A

A
v

A
A
T
A
p
v

t
TTT

A
p
v

t
A
p
v

(t)

(t)
v

(t)

t
v

Z
L
=
L
*
=fL
*

RLC

RLC

H(f)

H(f)=

H(f)

H(f)
|H(f)|H(f)
*

H(f)
4
3
2
1
f
(Hz)
f
(Hz)
1000200030001000
60*
30*
20003000
H(f)

()=(+)

|()|=()
*
=
()= *
=
V

=
*

=()V

=
*

*
=
*

()=(+)

=
a.

()=
()b.

()=()
a.

()=(+)b.

()=*

1.
2.
3.

4.

(t)=+(t)+(t)

(t)=

(t)=(t)

(t)=(t)

H()=
H()=
*

H()=
*
H()
v

=H()v

==

=H()V

=
*

*
=
*
V

=H()V

=
*

*
=
*

()=

()=(+)

()=()

()=

()+

()+

()

()=+(+)+()
V

1.
2.
3.

()=(+)+()

t
t
t
t
t
t
V

Hf

Hf

H(f)
v

(t)=(t+)+(t+)*

(t)=+(t)+(t)

(t)=+(t+)
*

FigurePA6.1
6.2FIRST-ORDERLOWPASSFILTERS

RLC

V
out
V
in
+
+
R
I1
j2pfC

I=
V

R+/jfC

jfC
I
I
V

jfC

R+/jfC

H(f)

H(f)=
V

H(f)=
V

+jfRC

f
B
=

RC

H(f)=

+j(f/f
B
)

H(f)

H(f)

1.0
0.707
0.5
0
0*
45*
90*
00 f
B
2f
B
3f
B
f
B
2f
B
3f
B
H(f)
H(f)
f
f

|H(f)|=

*
+(f/f
B
)

H(f)
*
=
+
f
f
B
,

(f>>f
B
)

f=f
B
/=

/=

f
B

RC

(t)=(t)+(t)+(t)
RC

f
B
=

RC
=

(/)

(t)=(t)
V

=
*
=
f=/=

H(f)=

+j(f/f
B
)
(f=)

H()=

+j(/)
=
*
f=

=H()V

=(
*
)( *)=
*

(t)=(t)

(t)=(t)

t v

+
R
C
m

=
*
f=
H()=

+j(/)
=
*
V

=H()V

=(
*
)(
*
)=
*

(t)=(t)

(t)=(t)
V

=
*
H()=

+j(/)
=
*
V

=H()V

=(
*
)(
*
)=
*

(t)=(t)

(t)=(t)+(t)
+(t)
v

(t)
f=f=

f=

V
V

+
jpfL
R

t v

+
R
C
m

()=V

/V

()

=/*

()=()+()+(

()

()=()+()
+(

)
*
6.3DECIBELS,THECASCADECONNECTION,
ANDLOGARITHMICFREQUENCYSCALES

decibels

|()|

=|()|

Table6.2.

|H(f)||H(f)|

|H(f)|=

H(f)H(f)

f f

|H(f)|

cascade

H(f)=
V

=V

)
V

=V

)
H(f)=
V

H(f)=
V

=V

)
H(f)=
V

V
out1
=V
in2
V
out2
=V
out
V
in
=V
in1
+ + +
H
2
(f) H
1
(f)

()=

()

()

()

()

|()|=|

()||

()|

|()|=|

()|+|

()|

|()|

=|

()|

+|

()|

>

=
*

*
f

+
=
(f

/f

)
()

|H(f)|=
|H(f)|

=*
|H(f)|

=|H(f)|
|H(f)|

=
|H(f)|=|H(f)|=*

*
f

=f

=
,

-
=
=
(/)
()
=
*
6.4BODEPLOTS

305

H(f)=

+j(f/f
B
)

|H(f)|=

*
+(f/f
B
)

|H(f)|

=|H(f)|

|H(f)|

*
+(f/f
B
)

|H(f)|

=()
-
+
+
f
f
B
,

|H(f)|

=
-
+
+
f
f
B
,

(x)=

(x)
|H(f)|

=[+
+
f
f
B
,

]
f<<f
B

f>>f
B

|H(f)|

=
+
f
f
B
,

f
B

f
B
f
B

f
B

f=f
B

|H(f
B
)|

f
B
|H(f)|

Table6.3.

f|H(f)|

f
B

f
B

f
B

f
B

f
B

f
f
B
f
B
f
B
f
B

Hf

H(f)
*
=
*
f
f
B
+

1.f<f
B
/
2.f
B
/f
B

3.f>f
B

RC
RLC

RC

f
f
B
f
B
f
B
f
B
u

+
R
C
m

p
ff

*
6.5FIRST-ORDERHIGHPASSFILTERS

H(f)=

=
j(f/f
B
)
+j(f/f
B
)

+
j
R

pfC

f
B
=

RC

|H(f)|=
f/f
B
*
+(f/f
B
)

(f=)(f>>f
B
)

RC

f
B
f
B
f
B
f
B
f
B
H(f)

f
B
f
B
f
B
f
B
f
B
H(f)
f f

/=

|()|=/=

()
*
=
+

|()|

=
/

*
+(/

|()|

=
+

,
[+
+

]
<<

<<

|()|

=
+

,
<<

>>

|()|

=>>

Table6.4.

|()|

f
B
f
B
f
B
f
B
f
B
f
B
f
B
f
B
f
B
f
B
*
*

H(f)
H(f)

f f

|()|

|(

)|

=
=

/
=

+
=

V
out
V
in
+
+
L
R

f
B
=R/L*
RC

f
B
=C=*
6.6SERIESRESONANCE

Z
s
(f)=jfL+Rj

fC

I V
s
Z
sR
C
L
+
*

L=

LC

Q
s

Q
s

Q
s
=
f

L
R

L
Q
s
=

CR

Z
s
(f)=R
,
+jQ
s
*
f
f

f
+-

Q
s

f/f

s
Z
s
(f)

+
+
+
+
+

*
Z
s
*

f
f

f
f

Q
Q
Q
Q
R
Z
s
Q
Q
Q
Q

s
/R
+jQ
s
(f/f

/f)

R
=R=

s
+jQ
s
(f/f

/f)

s
=

+jQ
s
(f/f

/f)

R
/
s
f
Q
s

s
)

R
=
s

/=

1.0 V
R
V
s
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0.80.91.01.11.2
f
f
0
Q
s
=50
Q
s
=100
Q
s
=20
Q
s
=10
|V
R
/V
s
|

f
L
f
H
f
B
1.0
0.707
V
R
V
s
f
L
f
H

bandwidthB

B=f
H
f
L

B=
f

Q
s

Q
s
>>

f
H
=f

+
B

f
L
=f

*LC
=

*
*

Q
s
=
*f

L
R
=
*

B=
f

Q
s
=

f
H
=f

+
B

=+

=
f
L
=f

Z
L
=j*f

L=j*=j+
Z
C
=j

*f

C
=j

=j+

Z
s
=R+Z
L
+Z
C
=+jj=+
IV
R
V
L
V
C
R=100
C=0.1592mF
L=159.2mH
+
+
+
+
V
s
=10

Q
s

s
Z
s
=
*

= *
V
C
V
L
V
R
=V
s

R
=R=
*
=
*

L
=Z
L
=j
*
=
*

C
=Z
C
=j
*
=
*

Q
s

RC
L=f

=Q
s
=

C=R=B=f
L
=f
H
=*

s
=
*

R
=
*

C
=
*

L
=
*
*
RLC=

R=L=*
6.7PARALLELRESONANCE

Z
p
=

/R+jfCj(/fL)

C=

I=I0*Z
p
RCL
V
out
I
R
I
C
I
L
+

LC

Q
p

Q
p
=
R
f

Q
s

Q
p

Q
s

Q
p
=f

CR
LC

Z
p
=
R
+jQ
p
(f/f

/f)

=
IR
+jQ
p
(f/f

/f)

V
o
=RI

f
L
f
H

B=f
H
f
L

RI
0.80.91.01.11.2
f
f
0
Q
p
=50
Q
p
=100
Q
p
=20
Q
p
=10

B=
f

Q
p

LCR=f

=
B=I=

Q
p
=
f

B
=

L=
R
f

Q
p
=

C=
Q
p
f

R
=

=IR=(

*
)

=
*

R
=

R
=
*

L
=

jf

L
=
*
j

C
=

j/f

C
=
*
j

*
I
L
I
C
I
R
I

R=L=C=

=Q
p
=B=*
f

=B=R=
LC
L=C=*
6.8IDEALANDSECOND-ORDERFILTERS

H(f)=

f
H
f
H

f
L
f
L

f
L
f
H

*H(f)*

f
H
f
*
H(f)
*

f
L
f
*
H(f)
*

f
L
f
H
f
*
H(f)
*

f
L
f
H
f

f
L
f
H

t v

t
v

t
v

t
t
v

()=
V

/)
+

(/

/)

>>

+
R
L
C
V

+
R
C

f
f

Q
Q

Q
Q

f
B
=/(RC)f
B
=f

Q
s
=

B=f
H
f
L

B=
f

Q
s

f=f

|H(f

)|=
V

+
R
L
C

f
f

Q
s

Q
s

Q
s
Q
s

H(f)

Q
s

+
L
R
C

f
f

H(f)

Q
s

Q
s

Q
s

Q
s

Q
s

+
L
R
C

f
f

H(f)

Q
s

Q
s

Q
s

Q
s

Q
s

L=

Q
s
=f

+
R
L

Cm

C=

()

L
=

()

R=
f

L
Q
s
=

Q
s

L=

*
f
L
=
f
H
=

+
R
Cm
L

+
L
R

=Q
s
=
*
6.9TRANSFERFUNCTIONSANDBODEPLOTS
WITHMATLAB

H(f)=V

/V

H(f)=
V

=
R

+R

+/jC+/(R

+jL)

=
R

=
R

=
L=
C=m
V

LR

+
C
+

60
10
1
10
2
10
3
10
4
10
5
50
40
30
20
10
0
f(Hz)
|H(f)|
(dB)
Notch

f=

H()=
V

=
R

+R

+R

()=()=

H()=
R

+R

()=()=

1.V

2.V

3.
4.solveV

5.
subs

6.

H(f)=V

*
V

R
s
+jC

+
V

jL

=
V

jL

+jC

+
V

jL

=
V

jL

+jC

+
V

R
L
=

R
s
V

+
L

R
L
L

R
s
=R
L
=
C

=C

=
L

=L

=m
C

H()=
R
L
R
s
+R
L
=

*
6.10DIGITALSIGNALPROCESSING
RLC

x(t)

y(t)

xtxnynyt

TTTT
t
*
x
xT
xT
xT
xT
xt

f
s

f
H

f
s

f
H

f
s
>f
H

f
H

f
s

f
H

T
T=

f
s

N
k
N=
k

(k=)N=

+
=

N=N
k=

+
+
R
Cy(t)
x(t)
()()

()
()

()()

()()

+
()

=
=

()()+
()

()

=
()()

()()+
()()

()=()+()()

=
/
+/

()

>>

n=a=

x(n)=n<
=n
y(n)=n<

y()=ay()+(a)x()=+=
y()=ay()+(a)x()=
y()=ay()+(a)x()=
...
y()=
x(n)y(n)
RC

a.
Ta=b.
()=

a.=Tb.=T*

RLC
n
0
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0.2
0.2
05101520 5
x(n)
y(n)

+
+
C
R
y(t)
x(t)

()=

*
=
()+

*
=

()

=
()=

()+

()+

()

=
/
+/*

()=()+()=[()+()]

[()]=()=()

()()

f
s
=
a.
db.

a.d=b.d=d
*

f
s
=

x(n)

x(n)

xnznyn
=

()()
()=

[()+()]

==

()
=

=/

=/
=
/
+/
=
()
()()
()=()+()
()()

RLC

RLC

RLC
Summary

340

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.
()

()
18.

19.

Problems
Problems

v
t
(t)=+

(t)
+

()

(t)+
+

(n)

(nt)+
n

n=t

v
t
t

()()
(t)

()()
(t)+
+
()
(n/+)
(n)(n+)
(nt)+
n

n=t

t
pt

(t)=

(t)+

()()
(t)

()()
(t)+
+
()
(n/+)
(n)(n+)
(nt)+
n=
n=
t
n=

(t)=

(t)

(t)

(t)

n
(nt)

n=t
n=

H(f)=

(t)=+
,
t+
-
+(t)

1
2
510
f
(kHz)
180*
510
f
(kHz)
H(f)
H(f)

(t)=+(

t)+(t)

(t)=+(t)(t)

(t)=
*

t
+

(t)=
*

t+
+

f=

t=

t=

Hf

(t)=
Problems
V

(ft)

t
v

tdt
t

P6.15.

3500 2500
5
f
(Hz)
H(f)

P6.16.

P6.17.

(t)=+(t)+(t)
+(t)

(t)=+
*
t+
+
+(t)

P6.18.
v
o
(t)=v

(t)+v

*
t

(t)=V

(ft)

v
o
(t)=
.
t
t

(t)dt
v

(t)=
V

(ft)

(t)=
V

(ft)

t
v

dv

t
dt

RC

RL

RC
f
B

RC

(t)=(t)+(t)
+(t)
RC

t v

+
R
C
m

(t)=+
,
t+
-
+
*

t
+

RC

Problems
*P6.30.
()=V

/V

C=m

P6.31.

()=

()=
*

P6.32.

a.

()=
V

++

+(/

+)

b.=

=
=

=
()
/

V
sV

+
R
s
R
L
R
C

'

V
s
V

+
R
s
R
L
C
R

P6.33.a.
()=V

/V

b.

==

+
R

P6.34.

P6.35.

()=

()

|()|

=|()|
|()|

|()|=
|()|=|()|=/=
|()|=

()=

()=

+(/

V
out
V
in
+
+
H
1
(f)H
2
(f)R
L

()

()

()|

()|

()

)|

=|

)|

=+

Problems

H(f)=

+j(f/)

H(f)=

+
R
C

H(f)=

j(f/)

(t)=v

(t)
*
t

(t)dt
v

(t)=A(ft)
v

(t)

H(f)=

H(f)=

+
R

C
m

H(f)=
j(f/)
+j(f/)
H(f)=

+
Lm
R
p

H(f)=/(jf)

H(f)=jf

RC

()=

+
R

Cm
R

()=+()

()

t v

+
Cm
R

()=()+()

()=

+
Rp
L
m

()=

+
Cm
R

==
V
R
V
s

V
L
V
C
R
C
L

Problems
C=

L=+R=
*C=

B=f

=
R=*LC
f

=
R=*
|
R
|=|
L
|=
LC|
C
|

=B=

*
RLC

R
L
C

RLC

R=*
L=+C=

=
B=
|Z
p
|*RL
C

LCR=*f

=
B==

=
B=R=*
LC

R=Q
s
=
f

=
LC

R=Q
s
=
f

=
LC

H(f)=

=R

=
C=

+
V
in
R
2
V
out
R
1
+
C

+
V
in
V
out
R
1
+
R
2
C

=R

++
C

f
Hf

Problems
b.

c.

H(f)=V

/V

P6.94.

=C

/a.

b.

c.
H(f)=
V

/V

++
C

P6.95.RLC

a.

b.
L=
R=C=c.

RLC

R
L
C

P6.96.
R=L=C=
a.
f
b.

c.
RLC

d.

P6.97.RLC

a.

b.
L=R=
C=c.

RLC

R
L
C

()=

==
=

+
V
in
V
out
+
R
LC

+
V
in
V
out
R
+
C
L

()=

R
s
L
+
C

R
L
+
V

R
s
=R
L
=
C

=C

L=m

R
s
C
+
L

+
V

R
s
=R
L
=
L

=L

=mC=

==

y(t) x(t)
+
+
L
R

y(t) x(t)
+
+
L
R

y(t) x(t)
+
+
L
C
1 i(t)=y(t)

()=+()
+()

()
+
p

t v

t
+

()=

=
(/)
+(/)

R=L=
C=

+
R
C
V

R
+
C
L

RV

+
C
L

+
L
R
V

R=L=
C=

analogsignal

+A
A

TT
T

7.1BASICLOGICCIRCUITCONCEPTS

tt
tt

ABC

V
IL

V
IH

V
IL
V
IH

V
OL

V
OH

V
DD
NM
H
NM
L
V
IH
V
IL

V
DD
V
OH
V
OL

NM
L
=V
IL
V
OL
NM
H
=V
OH
V
IH

R
R=R=

RWSR
W
S

nn+

7.2REPRESENTATIONOFNUMERICALDATA
INBINARYFORM

*
*
*
*
*
*

a.b.c.
a.b.c.*
a.

b.

a.

b.

Table7.1.

=
=

==

==

Graycode

=
/=

*
*

++()

+=
+

+()+

7.3COMBINATORIALLOGICCIRCUITS

ABABAB

ABAB

AA=A
A=A
A=
AB=BA
A(BC)=(AB)C=ABC

A
A
B
B

CAB
CAB

A
A
B
B

DABC
DABC
C

AAAAA

A
A
A

bubble

A
A
B
B

CA+B
CA+B

AA=
A=A

A+BAB

A+BAB

(A+B)+C=A+(B+C)=A+B+C
A(B+C)=AB+AC
A+=A
A+=

A
A
B
B

DA+B+C
DA+B+C
C

A+A=
A+A=A

(A+B)+C=A+(B+C)

A+(B+C)(A+B)+C
ABC

A+(B+C)=(A+B)+C=A+B+C

*
D=AB+C
*

Table7.2.

ABC(A+B)(B+C)A+(B+C)(A+B)+CA+B+C

Table7.3.A(BC)=(AB)C
ABC(AB)(BC)(AB)CA(BC)

Table7.4.A(B+C)=AB+AC
ABC(B+C)ABACAB+ACA(B+C)

F=ABC+ABC+(C+D)(D+E)

Table7.5.D=AB+C
ABCABD=AB+C

A
B
C
D
E
ABC
ABC
C+D
D+E
(C+D)(D+E)
F

F=ABC+ABC+(C+D)(D+E)

F=ABC+ABC+CD+CE+DD+DE
DD

F=AC(B+B)+CD+CE+DE
B+B
F=AC+CD+CE+DE
C
F=C(A+D+E)+DE

A
C
D
EA+D+E
C(A+D+E)
F
DE

ABC=A+B+C

(A+B+C)=ABC

D=AC+BC+A(B+BC)

AC+BC+A(B+BC)

(A+C)(B+C)[A+B(B+C)]

D=(A+C)(B+C)[A+B(B+C)]

D=AB+BC

=
*
(+)+
+

=(+)(+)
=(+)(+)
*

=
=
=
=

A
A A
B
AB
A
B
A+B
A
B
A*B
A
B
A*B

AB=A+B
AAAA
A
B

AB
AB
A
A
B
B

AB
AA
A
B
A+B
A
B

()=

*
7.4SYNTHESISOFLOGICCIRCUITS

Table7.6.

ABCD

ABC
D
ABC

DD
D

ABC
ABCABC
ABC

D=ABC+ABC+ABC+ABC

D=
*
m()
m

D
D

ABC
ABC
ABC
ABC
D
ABC

(A+B+C)(A+B+C)
(A+B+C)(A+B+C)

D=(A+B+C)(A+B+C)(A+B+C)(A+B+C)

D=
*
M()
M
A+B+C
D
ABC
A+B+C
A+B+C
A+B+C

F
DHL
DH
L
D
H

DHLF

D
LHDH
L
F

(L=)(H=)
dontcare

F=DHL+DHL+DHL
DHL
DHLDHL

F=
*
m()

F=DH+DHL

F=(D+H+L)(D+H+L)(D+H+L)

B
A
A
A*B=(A+B)(A+B)
A+B
A+B
A*B=AB+AB
AB
B
AB
A
B
(a)
(b)
A
B

(D+H+L)

(D+H+L)

F=
*
M()

F
G
DR

Table7.7.
FDGRA

A=
*
m()=FDGR+FDGR+FDGR
+FDGR+FDGR+FDGR

A=
+
M()
*

ABCDEFG
AAB
B
G

A
G
D
C
B
E
F

BC

BAY

A
B
C
Y

ABC
Y

ABC
Y

ABC
Y

ABC
Y

ABC
Y

ABC
Y

ABC
Y

ABC

7.5MINIMIZATIONOFLOGICCIRCUITS

F=ABD+ABD+BCD+ABC

F=AD(B+B)+BCD+ABC
B+B=
F=AD+BCD+ABC
BCD=B=C=D=AD=
ABC=A=A=BCD

F=AD+ABC

*
Table7.8.
ABCDF

B
B
A
A
AB AB

AB
AB

B
ABC
ABC
BC
A
A

D
B
A
ABCD

C
CD
AB
ABCD
ABCD

ABC

ABCD

AA
BAB

ABCDABCD*

AB
BD BD
C
D
B
A

C
D
B
A

C
D
B
A

ABAB

F=ABCD+ABCD+ABCD+ABCD+ABCD+ABCD

ADABC
F
C
D
B
A



ABC
AD

F=AD+ABC
F=AD+ABC

ABCD
E=
*
m()
E

D
B
A
11
1 1
1
1
1 1
1 1
01 0010
01
11
10
00
C
CD
AB
BC
AD
ABCD

E=AD+BC+ABCD

1.
2.
3.

4.

E
D
B
A
11
1 1
1
1
11
1 1
01 0010
01
11
10
00
C
CD
AB
BCD
ACD
ABD
ABC

EE

E=ABC+ABD+ACD+BCD

E=(A+B+C)(A+B+D)(A+C+D)(B+C+D)

E=ABC+ABD+ACD+BCD

E=(A+B+C)(A+B+D)(A+C+D)(B+C+D)

Z=WY+WY (a)
X
Y
W11
1 1
(b)D=B+AC
B
C
A
1 1 1
1 1
(c)E=ABC+BCD
C
D
B
A
1
1 11

Z=WY+WY
X
(a)
Y
W
Z=(W+Y)(W+Y)
11
1 1
(b)
D=AB+BC
B
C
A
D=(A+B)(B+C)
11
1
(c)
E=B+AC+CD
E=B(A+C)(C+D)
C
D
B
A
111 1
11 1
1
111 1

Z=WXY+WXY+WXY+WXY
D=ABC+ABC+ABC+ABC+ABC
E=ABCD+ABCD+ABCD+ABCD
*

*
7.6SEQUENTIALLOGICCIRCUITS

t
V
OH
v
C
t
T
C
T
C

Q
Q

Q
R
S
Q

SR
SR

Q
n

RSQ
n

Q
Q
R
S

)
SR

Q
Q
S
R

A
B

t
V
A
t
V
B
t
Q
t
Q

SR

SR
V
A
V
B
SR
AQ
AV
A

V
B

QQQ

SR
Q
*

t
S
t
R

t
Q
3711

*
C
A
B
D

SR
SR
SR
CSR
RS
SR
SR

RSC
C
Q=Q=

SR

PrQ
ClQPrCl

Table7.9.
ABC
n
D
n

C
n
D
n

*
*

*
Q
n

Q
n
S RCQ
n

Q
Q
R
C
S
Q
R
C
S
Q

SR

+
+
+
+

+
+
+

+
+
+

Q
n

S R Cl PrCQ
n

Q
R
C
S
Q

Pr
Cl
Q
Q
Cl
Pr
R
C
S

V
OH

*
*
+
+

Q
n
Q
n

CDQ
n

Q
Q
D
C

D
QQ
t=
*
JKJK
ip-opSR
JK
JK
toggles

t
D
3713 9
t
C
246121416 810

t
Q
4816 12

+
+

*
*
*
*
+
+

Q
n
Q
n
Q
n

Q
n
J CKQ
n

Q
Q
J
K
C
JK

t
Q

t
Q

t
Q

t
Q

C
Q

C
Q

C
Q

t=Q

=Q

=
Q

=Q

Cl
Pr
D

Cl
Pr
D

Cl
Pr
D

Cl
Pr
D

ABCD

CCC C

J
K
C
Q

J
K
C

J
K
C
t

t
Q

t
t

394

t
FigurePA7.1

FigurePA7.2

395

FigurePA7.3

396

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.
ABC=A+B+C

A+B+C=ABC
10.

11.

12.

Problems397

Problems

+
*

*
++

=+
=++
=+(+)
=++
=(+)

C
A
BF
(a)
C
A
BF
(b)

C
A
B
F
D
(c)
Cont.

(+)(+)=+

(+)(+)=

+=+

+++=

=+
=++
=(++)(++)
(++)

=+(+)
=(+)+
=+(+)
=(++)(++)
(++)
=++

AA
AAB
B
BB

5V
C
D
A
+
Logic0
Logic1
R
B

5V
D
+
Logic0
Logic1
R
A
B
C

A
B
C=A+B
(a)

D
E
F=DE
(b)
Cont.

ABC
FK

TableP7.40
ABCFGHIJK

G
H
I
J
K

A
C
B
AB+CD
D

A
C
B
(A+B)(C+D)
D

=++
+++
Problems401

ABC

D=
*
m()
D

ABC

D=
+
M()
D

D=ABC+ABC+ABC+BC

F=ABCD+ABCD+ABCD+ABCD

ABCD
FGHI

TableP7.58
ABCDFGHI

G
H
I
X

A
B
C
D
P

TableP7.69

TableP7.71.

Problems

Fx

GH
I

Ax

BC
D

Wx

XYZ

Ax

BC
D

SR

SR

SR

=
Q

=Q

Q
0
D
0
C
Q
1
D
1
C
Q
2
D
2
C
Clockin

D
t=
Q

=Q

=
Q

CCQ

t
V

P7.84.D
Cl

=Q

=Q

=Q

=t=
V

Cl
D

Cl
D

Cl
D

Cl
D

CCCC

*P7.85.
D
JK

P7.86.

P7.87.

a.JK

b.

+V

P7.88.

S=
S=

+V
S

SQ

...
...

...
...

...

...

...
QD
D
...

...
406
TableT7.1.(Cont.)

j....
k....
l.

...

T7.2.

a.b.c.
d.
T7.3.

a.b.
T7.4.a.
DABC
b.
c.
Dd.
D

C
D
A
B

B
2
B
1
B
2
B
1
B
8
B
4
B
4
B
8
00
00011110
01
11
10
G
T7.5.
G
BF
B

a.
b.
Gc.
G
T7.6.

=Q

=Q

Q
0
D
0
C
Q
1
D
1
C
Q
2
D
2
C
Clockin

8.1COMPUTERORGANIZATION

===*

*
8.2MEMORYTYPES

SR

boot

program

8.3DIGITALPROCESSCONTROL

416

FigurePA8.1

8.4THE68HC11MICROCONTROLLER

4
7
P
D
1
/
T
x
D
P
D
3
/
M
O
S
I
P
D
4
/
S
C
K
P
D
5
/
S
S
V
D
D
P
A
7
/
P
A
I
/
O
C
1
P
A
6
/
O
C
2
/
O
C
1
P
A
5
/
O
C
3
/
O
C
1
P
A
4
/
O
C
4
/
O
C
1
P
A
3
/
O
C
5
/
O
C
1
P
A
2
/
I
C
1
P
A
1
/
I
C
2
P
D
2
/
M
I
S
O
2
1
2
3
2
4
2
5
2
6
2
7
2
8
2
9
3
0
3
1
3
2
3
3
2
2
XTAL
PC1/A1/D1
PC2/A2/D2
PC3/A3/D3
PC4/A4/D4
PC5/A5/D5
PC6/A6/D6
PC7/A7/D7
RESET
XIRQ
IRQ
PD0/RxD
PC0/A0/D0
8
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
9
46
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
45
PE5/AN5
PE4/AN4
PE0/AN0
PB0/A8
PB1/A9
PB2/A10
PB3/A11
PB4/A12
PB5/A13
PB6/A14
PB7/A15
MC68HC11A8
PA0/IC3
PE1/AN1
754321
5
2
5
1
5
0
4
9
4
8 6
E
X
T
A
L
ES
T
R
A
/
A
S
M
O
D
A
/
L
I
R
M
O
D
B
/
V
S
T
B
Y
V
S
S
V
R
H
V
R
L
P
E
7
/
A
N
7
P
E
3
/
A
N
3
P
E
6
/
A
N
6
P
E
2
/
A
N
2
S
T
R
B
/
R
/
W

1.

2.

1.

2.

1.
2.

1.

2.

1.

2.

422

Answer

*
8.5THEINSTRUCTIONSETANDADDRESSINGMODES
FORTHE68HC11

ADDA$CA01
424
Table8.1.
425
Table8.1.Cont.

Table8.1.Cont.

ADDA$A9

ADDA$00A9

+=+=

BB
07
0A

Table8.2.

++

a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

a.b.c.d.e.*

CLRA
BEQ$15

0200
0201
0202
0203
0204
0205
0206
0207
10
04
1A
10
07
FF
A3
16
0000
0001
0002
0003
0004
0005
0006
0007
EF
01
AE
F1
78
96
13
A4

*
8.6ASSEMBLY-LANGUAGEPROGRAMMING

LABELINSTRUCTION/DIRECTIVEOPERANDCOMMENT

directives

ORG$0100

*SOURCECODEFOREXAMPLE8.1
*THISLINEISACOMMENTTHATISIGNOREDBYTHEASSEMBLER
*
ORG$0400ORIGINDIRECTIVE
BEGINLDAA$0500LOADNUMBERINTOA
ADDA#$05ADD5,IMMEDIATEADDRESSING
STAA$0500STORERESULT
STOP
END

Hint:

J
SR

RTS

+n
nn

*SOURCECODEFORSUBROUTINEOFEXAMPLE8.4
*
SGNTSTATESTCONTENTOFA
BEQENDBRANCHIFAISZERO
BPLPLUSBRANCHIFAISPOSITIVE
LDAA#$FFLOAD-1,IMMEDIATEADDRESSING
JMPENDJUMPTOENDOFSUBROUTINE
PLUSLDAA#$01LOAD+1,IMMEDIATEADDRESSING
ENDRTSRETURNFROMSUBROUTINE

*SOLUTIONFOREXERCISE8.8
*
ORG$0100
LDAA#$34LOADHEXEQUIVALENTOF52BASETEN
ADDA$0500ADDCONTENTOF0500
STAA$0501STORERESULTIN0501
STOP
END*

Summary

*SUBROUTINEFOREXERCISE8.9.
*
MOVETSTATESTCONTENTOFA
BEQZEROBRANCHIFCONTENTOFAISZERO
JMPENDRETURNIFAISNOTZERO
ZEROSTAATEMPSAVECONTENTOFA
LDA$0100LOADCONTENTOF0100
STA$0200STORECONTENTOFAIN0200
LDATEMPRETRIEVEORIGINALCONTENTOFA
ENDRTSRETURNFROMSUBROUTINE
*

Summary
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

436
Problems

A:07B:A9SP:004EX:34BF

A:A7B:69SP:004DY:B804

Problems

0000
0001
0002
0003
0004
0005
0006
0007
01
FA
9B
61
9A
B6
73
41
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
37
AF
20
07
20
00
FF
F3

2000
2001
INCA
BMI$11
2002
2003
(b)
4C
26
11
2000
2001
TSTA
BMI$07
2002
2003
(a)
4D
2B
07
2000
2001
TSTA
BMI*$0A
2002
2003
(c)
4D
2B
F6

LDAA#$01
ADDA#$F1
CLRA

438

Hint:

*PROBLEM8.42
ORG$0600
STARTLDD#$07AF
LDX#$0600
STD6,X
STOP
END

Hint:

Hint:
n

439

TableT8.1

...

...
...
...

...
...

...

...

...
...
...
...

...

...

...
...

440
TableT8.1.(Cont.)

A:A6B:32SP:1038X:1958

9.1MEASUREMENTCONCEPTSANDSENSORS

=Km
V

K
m

.
.
.

Table9.1.

www.ni.com

=V

+R

**

*
V

+R

+R

v
o

v
D
V
B

i
D

v
D
V
B

i
D
R

=x
m
x

...

x
m
x

=
x
m
x

x
m
x

x
m
x

x
m
x

x
m
x

x
m

*
*

**

*
9.2SIGNALCONDITIONING

A
d

A
d

+
v

v
o
A
d
v

+
v

v
o
Av

v
d

v
d

+
+ +

v
d
=v

(v

+v

R
g
R
g
I
g

I
g

I
g

=V

I
g
R

I
g

I
g
R
g
I
g
I
g

R
g
V

+
+

++

+
+

+
+
v

R R

C
+
+

=v

v
d
=v

=*

C
+

453
FigurePA9.1

9.3ANALOG-TO-DIGITALCONVERSION

f
H

f
H

f
H

f
H

f
H

f
H
aliasing

f
ff
s

t
m

f
s
2f
s
f
alias
f
2
1
f
s
2
1
f
s
2
3
f
s

N
k
N=
k

(k=)N=

N
q
=
+

*
,

*
+

=
k=

()=k=

www.ni.com

=N
q
=*

=*
9.4LABVIEW

LabVIEW

X=X+

www.ni.com
X
X
X
X
Z=XY
XYZ

AB

AB

x(t)
X

T
*
T

x(t)dt
X

=
+

T
*
T

[x(t)X

dt
T
x(t)

x(t)=X

+X

(ft)

=
X

Tip>

>

>
>>

>

>
>

Tip

>>

>>
x

y
+

>
>

>>
>>
>>
>>
>
>>>*
>>
>>

>

>

i
i=
i

>
f

...

>>

>

T
*
T

x(t)dt
t=t=T
T
/
>
>

x(t)

>>

=
+

T
*
T

[x(t)X

dt

T=
t=/)

>

=
,
-

.
/
,
-
v

.
/
=
,
-

.
/

470

Summary
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.
v

v
d
=v

(v

+v

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.
f
H

f
H

Problems471

f
s

Problems

**

472

TableP9.10

(t)=+(t)

(t)=+(t)

A
d
=

473

=
(

()=(+)

()=(

+)

=
/

()=

[()+()]
()=
()=

+
(+)

()
()

()

+
*

+
(

+
+

474
T9.4.

T9.5.

T9.6.

T9.7.

T9.8.

10
Diodes

10.1BASICDIODECONCEPTS

v
D

i
D

v
D

v
D
i
D

i
D
v
D

+
v
D

i
D

pn
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

p
np

pnn
p
n

p
n

i
D
10mA
1nA
0.6V
"Knee"
v
D
100V

[
*

+
+]
+

=*

=
=

=*

=*
i
+*
R
v
v
i=
R
i
v

10.2LOAD-LINEANALYSISOFDIODECIRCUITS

+
R
V
SS
+
v
D
i
D

V
SS
=Ri
D
+v
D

V
SS
R
i
D
v
D

i
D
=v
D
=V
SS

A
v
D
=i
D
=V
SS
/R
BAB

V
SS
=R=

v
D
=
V
SS
Ri
D
=
Bi
D
=
i
D
R

A
v
D
=V
SS
,i
D
=
v
D
=,i
D
=
V
SS
v
D
V
SS
B

i
D

C
A
B
v
D

D
v
D
,i
D

v
D
=A
V
DQ
=I
DQ
=

V
SS
=R=*
v
D
=
i
D
=C
i
D
=v
D
=

Ci
D

i
D

v
D

v
D
=
i
D
=D
V
DQ
=
I
DQ
=

V
SS
=R=V
SS
=
R=V
SS
=R=
V
DQ
=I
DQ
=V
DQ
=I
DQ
=
V
DQ
=I
DQ
=*
10.3ZENER-DIODEVOLTAGE-REGULATORCIRCUITS

v
D
i
D

v
D
i
D
)

V
SS
+Ri
D
+v
D
=

v
o

v
o
=v
D
+
+
R
V
SS
v
D
i
D

v
D

i
D

V
SS
=

V
SS
=

R=
V
SS
=
V
SS
=
V
SS

v
o
=V
SS
=
v
o
=V
SS
=

/R

R
T
V
T

v
L
I
S

V
SS
=R=*R
L
=*

R
L

V
T
=V
SS
R
L
R+R
L
=

V
SS
v
L
+
+
R
V
SS
R
L
I
S

+
R
V
SS

R
L
+
R
T
V
T

v
D
i
D
+

v
D
(V)
i
D
(mA)
20
15
5
10
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

=(

)/=
a.

=
b.

=
a.

=b.

=
*

a.

=b.

=c.

=(

a.

=b.

=c.

=
*

v
D
i
D

v
o
+

i
L

v
D
i
D
+

10.4IDEAL-DIODEMODEL

idealdiode

i
D
v
D
on
v
D
i
D
off

i
D

v
D

i
D

v
D

v
D
i
D
on
off

1.
n
n

2.

3.

4.

i
D
=D

v
D
=+
D

i
D
=
v
D
=
(D

+
D

+
i
D
=

v
D
=+
v
D
+

+
i
D

i
D

v
D

v
D
+
+
+

+
2k
2V
D
1
1k
+
3VD
2
1k
5mA
D
3
2k
10V
D
4
+
(c) (a)(b)

n
n

*
D

*
10.5PIECEWISE-LINEARDIODEMODELS

R
a
V
a

v=R
a
i+V
a

iv
v=V
a
/R
a

i
v
=

R
a
v=V
a
i=
R
a
V
a

+
R
a
V
a
i
v
+

i
D
v
D

*
*

a.

=*b.

=*

a.

=b.

=*

i
D
i
D
+

v
o
+
+

R
L

i
i
v
ab
+

v
B

A
B
C

ab

ab
+

ab
+

V
f
=
=
i
D
v
D
V
f

10.6RECTIFIERCIRCUITS

vv

R
L

v
s
(t)

+
v

+
v

ripple

Q=I
L
T
I
L
T

Q=V
r
C
V
r
C
C
C=
I
L
T
V
r

t
A
B

V
m
vt
V
m
vt

R
L
v
L
t
v
L
t

V
m

v
L
V
m
vt

A
B
C
D
R
L

()

=
=

=*

==*

R
L

V
m
=C=**
10.7WAVE-SHAPINGCIRCUITS

+
Rv
o

A
B

v
o

v
o
t
v

A
t

v
o
t
+
+
R

+
+

A
B
v

tvt

+
v

+
v

()=()
*

=
*

()=

()

+
v

+
v
o

+
v

+
v
o

v
o

t
v

v
o

v
o

t
v

v
o

D
D

*V
C

*
R

v
o

v
o

v
o
+
+
v

v
o
+
+
v

R
v
o
+
+
v

+
+

R
a.v

(t)=b.
v

(t)=(t)c.

(t)=(t)

+
R

C
V
C
+ +
v

v
o
+
t
v
o

V
C
=

=vt

v
o
+
C

R
+
v

t
v
o

=tv

=t
R

t
v
o
D

v
c

a.v

(t)=v
o
=b.c.
*

v
o
+
C
R
+
v
in
+
6.6

v
o
+
C
R
+
v
in
15V 5.4V
+

+
*
10.8LINEARSMALL-SIGNALEQUIVALENTCIRCUITS

I
DQ
i
D
v
D
V
DQ
Qpoint

=
+

=
.
+

()

()

()

()

=a.b.c.
a.b.c.*

v
D
v
D
i
D
i
D
t
t

I
DQ
t
i
d
i
D
v
o
(t)v

(t)

V
C

V
C

R
L

Z
C
=

jC

v
o
t
+
R
V
C
C

t
+
C

R
C
R
L

V
C
R
C

+/

+/

v
o
t
+
R
v

tR
L
R
C
r
d

RC

A
v
=
v
o
v

=
R
p
R+R
p

A
v

R=*R
C
=*
R
L
=*n=
QQ
A
v
V
C
=
I
DQ
=A
v
=I
DQ
=A
v
=*

RC

Summary
pn

pn
Problems

Problems

V
T

iv

i
v
+
(a)
i
v
+
(b)
i
v
+
(c)
6.8V
5.6V
5.6V

v
+
i
5.1V
5.1V
3.3V
v
+
i
(a)
(c)
v
+
i
(b)
v
+
i
(d)

==

=
=

=
v
+
1mA

Problems

I
A
I
B

i
x
=[(v
x
)]/
V
s
=R
s
=
i
x
v
x

+
R
s
V
s
v
x
+
i
x

V
s
=
R
s
=i
x
=/(v
x
/)

V
s
=R
s
=
i
x
=v

x
/
V
s
=R
s
=
i
x
=v
x
+v

i
v

i
v +
i

v
i
v +

+
v
i

+
v
i

iv

2.5k
10Vv
++
i

6mA
i
2
i
1
1k
2k

iv

v
+
+
1k
5V
2
i
i
xi
x

v
+
+
5k5k
10V
i
2mA

v
o

V
s

i
L

R
s

v
L

R
s

v
L
i
z
+
V
s
R
s
i
L
5V

Problems

ab
v
ab
=

ab
v
ab
i
ab
=

v
ab

IV

+
V
+
I

+
V
+

I
V
+

V
+
I

IV

V
+

I
I
V
+
+
+
D

+
D

I
V +

IV

V
+
+
V

+
I

V +

VV

P10.39.iv

v
+
(c)
v
+
1k
(d)
C
D
v
+
1k
A
2k
B
i
i
(b)
2k
i
v
+
5V
+
v
+
i
1k
(a)

P10.40.a.

V
A
V
B

V
o
=
b.

+5V
(a)
(b)
+
V
A
V
B
+
V
o
+
+
V
A
V
B
+
V
o
+

P10.41.v
o
(t)

v
o
(t)
5sin(2pt)
+
+
D
1
D
2
R
RR

R
a

V
a

v
i
iv

v
+
2
1
3k
15V
+
(a)
v
+
40mA
2
1
50
(b)

1
10
11
i(mA)
0.81.22.0
v(V)
i
v +
12
(c)
Cont.

v
L
i
L
i
L

v
L
+
+
100
13V
i
L

V
f
=

v
1
+
4V
v
2
300
200
200100

514

()
()

()=

()

()=
()=

()

()

v
AB
v
BC
v
CA
+
+
+

A
C
B
+
+
v
L
v
AB
=V
m
vt
v
BC
=V
m
vt
v
CA
=V
m
vt+

v
o
t
v
s
t
pt
+
+
D

1k
v
o
+
1k
+
v
in

v
o
+
1k
+
1k
v
in
5V

+
v

v
o

v
o

+
v
in
5V
1.2k
2k
3k
+
v
o
+

RC

v
o
(t)

()
+
+

()=
5sin(200p)

RC
v

()
v

()=
10sin(200p)
+
+
+
5V

AA

sin(v)

++
++

3
v
o
(V)
v
in
(V)
6
(b)
Cont.
v

I
DQ
=i
d
(t)=
(t)
i
D
(t)

i
D
=v

D
/
i
D
v
D
v
D

v
D

v
D
+

i
D
=

(+v
D
/)

<v
D
<
i
D
i
D
v
D

I
DQ
=
I
DQ
=

v
D
(t)=+(t)

i
D
(t)=+(t)
Q

V
L
=5V
+
R
V
ripple
100
+
8V
20
R
L

T10.1.i
D

v
D
+
400
400 6V
i
D
+
v
D
+
25 40mA
i
D

T10.2.

v
x
i
x

1k
+12V
16V
2k
4k
v
x
i
x

T10.3.

T10.4.

T10.5.

v
o
(t)

T10.6.
v

(t)

v
o
(t)

T10.7.

n=

11.1BASICAMPLIFIERCONCEPTS

v
i
(t)

v
o
(t)=A
v
v
i
(t)
R
L
A
v

A
v

A
v

A
v

v
i
t

R
L
v
o
t=A
v
v
i
t

v
o
t
t
v
i
t
+ +
t

v
i
t
t

v
o
t

v
o
t
t

ground

()=()

()
()()*

i
i
+
v
iR
i
+
v
s
A
v
v
i
i
o
+
v
o
R
L
+
R
s
R
o

v
o
=A
v
v
i
A
v

i
i

i
o

A
i

A
i
=
i
o
i
i

A
i
=
i
o
i
i
=
v
o
/R
L
v
i
/R
i
=A
v
R
i
R
L

A
v

A
v

A
v
=
v
o
v
i
A
v

A
v

P
i

P
o
G

G=
P
o
P
i

G=
P
o
P
i
=
V
o
I
o
V
i
I
i
=A
v
A
i
=(A
v
)

R
i
R
L

V
o
I
o

v
o
i
o

+
V
i
R
i
+
V
s10
4
V
i
I
o
+
V
oR
L
+
R
s
R
o
1mV
rms
2M
2
8
1M

==

*
11.2CASCADEDAMPLIFIERS

v
o
=v
i
++
i
i
i
o
=

v
i
+
i
i
v
o
+
i
o

A
v
=
v
o
v
i
=
v
i
v
i
=A
v
R
i
R
i
+R
o
=
A
v
=
A
v
=
v
o
v
i
=A
v
R
L
R
L
+R
o
=

A
v
=A
v
A
v
=
R
i

A
i
=A
v
R
i
R
i
=

A
i
=A
v
R
i
R
L
=

A
i
=A
i
A
i
=

+
v
i
R
i

v
i
+
v
i
R
i

+
R
o

v
i
+
v
o
R
L

+
R
o

=A
v
A
i
=

=A
v
A
i
=

G=G

A
v
=A
v
R
i
R
i
+R
o
=

A
v
=A
v
=

A
v
=A
v
A
v
=

R
i
=R
i
=*

R
o
=R
o
=*

+
v
i
R
i
1510
3
v
i
+
v
o
+
R
o
1M
100

=*

=*

=*

=*

=*

=*

=*

=*

=*

=*

=*

=*
11.3POWERSUPPLIESANDEFFICIENCY

i
o
v
i
+
+
I
B
R
s
v
s
v
o
+
A
v
v
i
+
R
o
R
i
R
L
I
A
V
BB
+
+
V
AA

P
o
P
d
P
s
P
i

V
CC

P
i

P
s
P
o
P
d

P
i
+P
s
=P
o
+P
d

P
i

*=
P
o
P
s

P
i
=
V

i
R
i
=

I
o
V
i
+
V
o
+
10
4
V
i
R
o
R
i
R
L
V
BB
+
+
V
AA
15V
I
A
=1A
I
B
=0.5A
15V
1mV
rms
100k
2
8
+ +

==

=+=

*=

=*=*

+
v
i
R
i
A
i
i
i
+
v
o
R
o

i
i
i
o
11.4ADDITIONALAMPLIFIERMODELS

R
o

A
i
A
i

A
i

A
i

i
i
=
v
i
R
i
i
o
=
A
v
v
i
R
o
i
o
v
i
+
R
i
R
o

+
v
i

i
i

+
v
iR
i

i
i
+
v
o
R
o
i
i
i
o

A
i
=
i
o
i
i
=A
v
R
i
R
o
=

**

A
v
=R
i
=*R
o
=**

G
m
G
m
i
o
v
i

G
m
=
i
o
v
i

+
v
iR
i
+
v
o
R
o
i
i
i
o
G
m
v
i

i
o
v
o
+
G
m
v
i
R
o
R
i

i
i
v
i
+
G
m

G
m
=
i
o
v
i

G
m
i
o
=
A
v
v
i
R
o

G
m
=
A
v
R
o
=

*
*

G
m
=R
i
=*R
o
=**

R
m

v
o

i
i

R
m
=
v
o
i
i

R
i
i
i
v
i
+
i
o
v
o
+
R
m
i
i
R
o
+

R
i
i
i
v
i
+
i
o
v
o
+
10
5
i
i
+
R
o
1k
100

R
m

v
o
=A
v
v
i

i
i
=
v
i
R
i

R
m
=
v
o
i
i
=A
v
R
i
=

G
m
=R
m

R
m
=*

R
i
=v
i
=
A
v
=v
o
/v
i

11.5IMPORTANCEOFAMPLIFIERIMPEDANCESINVARIOUS
APPLICATIONS

+
R
s
i

i
s
R
s
v
s
+
R

v
s
R
s
R

R
s
v

v
s
R

R
s
i

i
s

==

+
R
o
A
voc
v
i
R
L
R
o

+
R
i
R
s

R
i
*Z

v
s

11.6IDEALAMPLIFIERS

Table11.1.

*A
v
*A
i
**G
m
R
m

*
*

*
*
**

***
*
*
*

R
i
=*
R
o
=*R
s
R
L

a.R
s
*R
L
*b.R
s
*R
L
*c.R
s
*R
L

*d.R
s
*R
L
*e.R
s

*R
L
*
a.b.
c.d.
e.
*

**

*
11.7FREQUENCYRESPONSE

=
V

()=()

()=(+)

=
*

=
*

=
V

=
*

*
=
*

=|

|=()=

*A
v
*
*A
v
*

*A
v
*
*A
v
*

R
L

R
L

f
L
f
H
A
mid
A
mid
B
2
f
A

(f
H
f
L
)B

/
(/)=

f
L
f
H
A
max
A
max
B
2
f
A

11.8LINEARWAVEFORMDISTORTION

v
i
(t)=(t)(t)

v
o
(t)=(t)(t)

v
i
t
t

v
o
t
t

v
i
(t)=(t)(t)

v
oA
(t)=(t)(t)
v
oB
(t)=(t)(t)
v
oC
(t)=(t)(t)
A
B
A
B

v
A
v
oA
v
B

v
oB
v
A
+v
B
v
oA
+v
oB

Table11.2.

A
*

*
B
*

*
C
*

v
A
t
t
A

v
C
t
t
C

v
B
t
t
B
Note:v
A
(t)

v
o
(t)=v

(t)
(v
A
+v
B
)=v
A
+v
B
v
o
(t)=[v

(t)]

(v
A
+v
B
)

=v

A
+v

|A|
f
f

A
v
=
v
o
(t)
v
i
(t)

v
i
(t)=(t)+(t)+(t)

*
v
o
(t)=v

(t)
v

(t)=V
m
(t)

*
*
11.9PULSERESPONSE

t
r
t

Bt
r

t
r
=

v
o
t
T
t

v
i
t
T
t

v
o
t
V
f
V
f
V
f
t

V
f
t
t
r
Note:
V
f

f
r

f
r
A
v
f

t
T
P
P
v
o
tv
o
t
t

P
v
o
t
t
t<<T tT t>>T
T
+

=
,P
P

,PP

=*f
L
T
Tf
L

B=*

=*
11.10TRANSFERCHARACTERISTICANDNONLINEAR
DISTORTION

()=

)
v
o

v
i

v
o
t
t
v
o
v
i
Clipping
v
i

[(
a
t)]
n

v
o
(t)=V

+V

(
a
t)+V

(
a
t)+V

(
a
t)+
V

(
a
t)
V

=
V

=
*

=)

()=()

()=()

=/+(/)()

==
*
11.11DIFFERENTIALAMPLIFIERS

()=

()

()]
=

()

()

+
v
i
+
v
i
v
o
=A
d
v
i
v
i

v
i
v
i

v
i
v
id

+
v
i
+
v
i

=
+
v
i
+
v
id
+

v
id

v
id
=v
i
v
i
v
i
=v
i
+v
i

v
id
=v
i
v
i

A
d

v
o
=A
d
v
id

v
i

v
i
=

(v
i
+v
i
)
v
i
v
i

v
id
v
i

v
i
+
v
i
+

A
d
A

v
o
=A
d
v
id
+A

v
i

A
d

=
|A
d
|
|A

=
|

|
|

|
=

V
i
+

=
V
o
V
i
+
V
o

+
+
+
v
id

v
id

v
id
v
o
+

+
A
d
A

v
o
A
d
=v
o
/v
id

A
d
=

==*
v
o
=A

v
i
A

v
i
a.v
i
=/
v
i
=/v
id
v
i
v
o
A
d
A

b.
v
i
=v
i
=v
id
v
i
v
o
A

c.
A

=A

=
a.v
id
=v
i
=v
o
=A
d
=(/)A

+(/)A

b.v
id
=v
i
=
v
o
=A

=A

c.=|(A

+A

)/(A

)|=*
11.12OFFSETVOLTAGE,BIASCURRENT,ANDOFFSET
CURRENT

AB
BC

A
B

AC

ABC

FigurePA11.1
+
R R
C
A
B

FigurePA11.2

I
off
v
o
=A
v
v
in
+
+
+
2
+
V
off
I
B
I
B
v
in

I
B

I
B

/
V

R
s
+
I
B
I
B
R
s
R
s
I
B
+
R
s
I
B
R
s
R
s
+
+

R
s
=R
s

+
R
s
R
s
I

v
o
=v

+
+
+
R
s
I
B
R
s
I
B
I

+
V

+
R
s
R

+
+
I

R
s
v

v
o
=v

v
o
=v

V
I
=
I

(R
s
+R
s
)
R

+R
s
+R
s
=

R
s
R
s

V
V
=V

+R
s
+R
s
=

+
R

+V
SS
V
SS
R

v
o

Summary

*
v
o
+*

v
o
++*
Summary
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

562

Problems

V
s
=

A
vs
=V
o
/V
s
A
v
=V
o
/V
i

R
i
=R
o
=
A
v
=

(t)

R
i
=R
o
=
A
v
=

(t)

Problems

A
vs
=V
o
/V
s
A
v
=V
o
/V
i

v
o

Amplifier
+1M
v
s
+
v
o
R
in
10k Amplifier
+1M
v
s
+
v
o
R
in
10k

AB

BA
TableP11.19.

A
B

A
v
=R
i
=
R
o
=
A
v
=R
i
=
R
o
=
A
v
=R
i
=
R
o
=

A
v
=R
i
=
R
o
=

A
v
=
R
i
=R
o
=

Amplifier v
in
+
+
+
R
s
2A
v
s
+
15V
+
+
R
L
v
o
5V
1A
15V
1A

+
*
*

**

*
*

R
i
=*R
o
=*
R
m
=*
A
v
G
m
A
i

R
i
=*R
o
=*
G
m
=
A
v
R
m
A
i

**

R
i
=*R
o
=*
A
i
=
A
v
R
m
G
m

Problems

()

()=

()

()
()

+
v
o
R
x
v
x
+
v

i
x
x
x'
+

566

*
P11.54.
*
*

*P11.55.

*P11.56.

P11.57.

P11.58.

P11.59.

*P11.60.

P11.61.

*
*

P11.62.

P11.63.

*
*

**

Problems

()=()
+(+)

()=()
+(+)

==

[+(/

)]

()

()

()=

()

()

=
=

v
in
(t)
+
v
o
(t)
+
AB
C

()

()

()=

()

()

=/=

v
in
(t)
+
v
o
(t)
+
AB
C

()=
()+()

+(/)

()=
()+()

()=

()+

()=

()

()=

()+

()
=/()

()=

()=

()

()

()

++
C
R
V
1
V
2

(t)t
TRC
T

d.

++
C
R
(a)
V
1
V
2
v
1
(t)(V)
1
T
t
(b)

*P11.82.

T
*P11.83.

f
Af

f
Af

t
v

Af

Cont.

P11.84.

tm
v

1.0
1.0
t(ms)
v
oB
(t)
(V)
(b)
0.9
0.1
0.1
2.0
1.0
t(ms)
v
oC
(t)
(V)
(c)
0.3
1.6
t
r
=0.05ms
1.0
t(ms)
v
oD
(t)
(V)
t
r
=0.03ms
1.0
(d)
0.25ms
Cont.

(t)=(t)

v
o
(t)=(t)+(t)
+(t)
D

v
o
(t)=v

(t)+v

(t)+v

(t)
v

(t)=(t)
D

(A)=

(A)

(A)=

(A)+

(A)

v
o
(t)=v

(t)+v

(t)
v

(t)=(

t)+(

t)

(A)=

(A)
(A)(B)=

(AB)
+

(A+B)

Problems

v
i1
(V)
1
1 023
t(ms)
v
i2
(V)
1
1 023
t(ms)

()=

()

()

+
+
I
B
I
B
I

+
+
v
o
=

R=
+
+
I
B
I
B
I

+
+
v
o
=

R=
+
+
I
B
I
B
I

+
+
v
o
=

T11.1.
A
v
=R
i
=*
R
o
=*

T11.2.

T11.3.

a.

b.

c.

d.

T11.4.R
i
=
*R
o
=*A
i
=
A
v
R
m

G
m

573
T11.5.

*
*

T11.6.

T11.7.

T11.8.

T11.9.

12.1NMOSANDPMOSTRANSISTORS

npn
p

DGSB

LW
LW

n+n+

W
L

D SG
B
nL
W

D
S
B
G

<

D
S
G
+
i
D
v
DS
+
v
GS
i
D
n
B
p
G
D
S
n
+
v
GS
+
v
DS

<

n
B p
G
D
S
n

*
v
GS

*
v
DS
i
D
v
DS
v
GS

D
S
G

*
i
D
v
DS

*
v
GS

>

<

=
*
(

>

=
*

=(

i
D

v
DS

v
GS
=
v
GS
=
v
GS
=
v
GS
V
to
=

=*=*=
*

=
*

=/

=(

=(

=)

=
Summary:

a.

=b.

=c.

=d.

=
a.b.c.d.*
=/

===

=
*

v
DS

i
D

v
GS

i
D
S
GB
D

pn

KP
/

Table12.1.
i
D
D
GB
S
i
D
S
GB
D
v
GS
V
to
v
DS
v
GS
V
to
i
D
Kv
GS
V
to
v
DS
v
DS

v
GS
V
to
i
D

KPm

KPWL KKPWL
V
to

v
DS
v
GS
m

v
GS
V
to
v
DS
v
GS
V
to
i
D
Kv
GS
V
to

v
GS
V
to
v
DS
v
GS
V
to
i
D
Kv
GS
V
to
v
DS
v
DS

v
GS
V
to
i
D

v
GS
V
to
v
DS
v
GS
V
to
i
D
Kv
GS
V
to

0
8
4
12
0246810
v
DS
(V)
i
D
(mA)
v
GS
=4V
3V
2V
1V

=/

===

=
*

+|

12.2LOAD-LINEANALYSISOFASIMPLENMOSAMPLIFIER

bias

()

+
v
in
(t)
S
D
G
sin(2000pt)
+
+
20V
1k
i
D
R
D
V
DD
V
GG
4V

(t)v
GS
i
D

R
D

(t)
v
GS

i
D

R
D

v
GS
(t)=v

(t)+V
GG

V
GG

v
GS
(t)=(t)+

V
DD
=R
D
i
D
(t)+v
DS
(t)
R
D
=V
DD
=

=i
D
(t)+v
DS
(t)
i
D
(t)

i
D
=

v
DS
=

v
DS
=i
D
=
v
DS
=i
D
=

Qv

(t)=v
GS
=V
GG
=
v
GS
=Q
I
DQ
=V
DSQ
=
V
GS
=
V
GS
=
AB
AV
DS
=I
D
=B
V
DS
=I
D
=
v
GS
(t)v
DS
(t)
v
DS
(t)

v
DS

i
D

V
DS
=V
DSQ
=V
DS
=

A
B
v
GS
=

v
DS

A
v
=/=

Q
t
v
DS

V
DS
=

V
DS
=

t
v
GS

v
GS
v
DS

V
DSQ
=V
CE
=

v
GS

V
DSQ
V
DS
V
DS

V
DD
=V
GG
=R
D
=v

(t)=
(t)
V
DSQ
=V
DS
=V
DS
=*
12.3BIASCIRCUITS

R
D
+V
DD
R
S
R

+V
DD

R
D
+V
DD
R
S
R
G

V
G

'
D
S
D
S

=(

biasline

<

=/

===

V
to
V
GSQ
V
G
v
GS
Q

i
D
=Kv
GS
V
to

V
G
=v
GS
R
S
i
D

V
G
R
S
I
DQ
i
D

K=
*
W
L
+
KP

=/

R
D
*

R
S
*
R

*
R

V
G
=V
DD
R

+R

(+)
=
Q

V
G
=V
GSQ
+R
S
I
DQ
I
DQ
=K(V
GSQ
V
to
)

I
DQ
V
G

V
G
=V
GSQ
+R
S
K
,
V
GSQ
V
to
-

GSQ
+
*

R
S
K
V
to
+
V
GSQ
+V

to
V
G
R
S
K
=

GSQ
V
GSQ
+=
V
GSQ
=V
GSQ
=

I
DQ
=K
,
V
GSQ
V
to
-

R
S
2k*
R
2
700k*
R
1
1.3M*
+20V

R
D
1k*
R
2
1150k*
R
1
850k*
R
S
1k*
S
D
G
+20
PMOS

=/

===

=*

=/

===

=*
12.4SMALL-SIGNALEQUIVALENTCIRCUITS

()

()

()

()

()=

()

()=

()

Current
t
i
d
(t)
i
D
(t)
I
DQ

=(

()=
,

()

()=(

+(

()+

()

=
*

()|
|(

)|

()=
*

()

=
*

()=

()

()=

+
*
v

=
*

=
*
/
*

+
*
v

*
*
*
*

=
*

*
*
*
*

=
+

*
*
*
*

=
*

*
*
*
*

=
+

*
*
*
*

g
m
r
d

=
*

*
*
*
*

I
DQ

=
v
DS

i
D

Q
v
GS
=

i
D
~

==

*
*
*
*

=
()
()
=

=*

C
S
R
S
R
L
V
DD
R
2
R
1
R
v(t)
+
v
in
+
v
o
+
C
1
C
2
V
DD
R
D
i
o

12.5COMMON-SOURCEAMPLIFIERS

()

+
v
in
()

in

+
v

+
v

+
v()
1

+/

+/

=
*

||

||

+
v

=0

+/

=/

===

()=()

4.7k

1
3M

2
1M

10k

100mF
0.01mF

2.7k
100k

+
+20V +20V

1
1mF
+
v()
v
in
()

=
*
/
*

+/

+/

||

+/

=()

=()

()=

()=()

()

()

=*

/(+

)*

*
12.6SOURCEFOLLOWERS

()

+V
DD
R
1
R
S R
2
R
C
1
v
o
+
v
in
(t)
+
+
v(t)
C
2
R
L

R
S
R

r
d
R
S
R
L

R
L
=

/r
d
+/R
S
+/R
L

+
+v

v
in
()
+
v

1

2
+
v()

m
v

in
()

||

||

+
v
in
()

+v

+
v

+/

+/

=
=/

==

=
*

=/

=
,

=
.

/+

=
.
/
.

+/

+/

||

+/

+/

=/(

+/

*
R
S
R
L
v
o
+
C
2
R
v(t)v
in
+
C
1
+V
DD
V
SS
R
D
+

+
v
in
+
v

+
v

+
v()

m
v

in

||

12.7CMOSLOGICGATES

np
G

Did

*
C

602

FigurePA12.1
L

A
B

FigurePA12.2

V
DD

(V

=V
DD
)
DS

V
DD
V

V
DD
V
DD
V

V
DD

G
S
D
D
G
S

S
G
p
n
D
D
G
S
n
n
V

V
DD

p
p

=
V

(V

=V
DD
)

N
N

AB
AB

AB

N
N

A
B
M

+V
DD
+V
DD
V

=AB
V

=V
DD
M

+
M

AB
+V
DD
V

=
M

+
M

AB

a.ABb.AB
c.AB
*

A
B
M

+V
DD
V

=A+B
M

V
DD
V

AB
M

V
DD
V

V
DD

AB
M

V
DD
V

AB

ABV

V
out
=A+B+C
A
B
C
+V
DD

Summary
1.n

2.

3.

4.

5.KP

W/L

6.

7.

8.

Problems607

=
*

*
*
*
*

=
*

*
*
*
*

Problems

=
=+

=+=
+

=+

=
=+=+

==

|==

+
5V
+
1V
I
a
+
4V
(a)
+
+
I
c
4V
5V
(c)
+
I
b
+
1V
3V
(b)
I
d
+
3V
(d)

=
=
+

=+

==

=|

|=
=

I
b
+5V
V
in
(b) (a)
I
a
+5V
V
in

=
=

0.5mA
R
+3V
+5V

==

=*

=*

=*

=
Problems

()

==

+
300k
+20V
sin(2000pt)
1.7M
2k
Z
in
G
D
S

sin(vt)
+
+
+
15V
1.5k
3V
6k

()

i
D
1k 7V
sin(2000pt)
+10V
+
v
o
(t)
+
D
G
S
+

()=

()
+

()

()

()

=
=

+15V
15V
R
D
=1k
R
S
=3k
1M

=
=

=
=

==

R
s
1M2V
+
2k
+20V
R
1
V
G
+
8V
+

=
=

=
=

=
=

1k
1M
1k
+20V
1M

=
=

==

=
=

Problems
+10V
10k
R
D
R
2
50k
R
1
150k

=
=

+10V
1k

+V
x
+5V
=2
R
i
D2
i
D1
W
2
L
2
=1
W
1
L
1

=
0
6.0
4.0
3.1
2.0
8.0
0246810
v
DS
(V)
i
D
(mA)
v
GS
=3.0
6.4mA
3.55mA
1.5mA
2.5
2.0
1.5

=(

)+

=
<

<

()=+()

()=

()=+()

()=

()=+()

()=+()

=
=

R
L
=
1k
R
1
R
D
=
1k
+20V
1.7M
v
o
+
v
in
+
R
2
300k

=
=

i
in
+
C
1
v
in
+
v
o
C
2
+V
DD
R
R
f
R
L
+
v(t)
R
D
i
o

==

()()=()

=
=

R
o
2.2k
+20V
R
D

=
=

==

=
=

=/

===

T12.3.
=/

===

=
R
S
10k*
30k*
+12V

T12.4.

()=+()

()=

()=+()

T12.5.

a.b.
c.
T12.6.

npn

pnp

13.1CURRENTANDVOLTAGERELATIONSHIPS

n
pn
p
npnp
npn

npn

npn
p

pn
p
n
n
p
n

i
B
v
CE
+
i
E
i
C
v
BE
+
B
C
E

npn

+
p
n
p
n

=()

=()

==*
=
=*

===*

i
C
i
B
i
E
n
p
n
E
B
C
i
C
=ai
E
i
B
=(1a)i
E
i
E

13.2COMMON-EMITTERCHARACTERISTICS
npn

v
BE
v
CE

v
BC
=v
BE
v
CE

v
CE
v
BE
v
BC

i
B
i
C
v
BE
v
CE

i
B
v
BE

i
C
v
CE
i
B
=
v
BC
<v
CE
>v
BE

npn
+
v
CE
i
C
+
+
v
BE
+
i
B
v
BE

i
B
m

m
m
m
m

v
CE

i
C
m

i
B
=m
T=
npn

=
=

*
13.3LOAD-LINEANALYSISOFACOMMON-EMITTER
AMPLIFIER

bias

()

i
B
=m
i
C

v
CE

i
B
m
v
BE

m
m
m
m

v
CE
+
+
R
C
i
B R
B
+
v

t
V
BB
v
BE
+
i
C
+
V
CC

V
BB
v

(t)

V
BB
+v

(t)=R
B
i
B
(t)+v
BE
(t)
loadline

i
B
=v
BE
=V
BB
+v

v
BE
=i
B
=(V
BB
+v

)/R
B

i
B
v
BE

i
B
v
BE

i
B
=m
i
C
v
CE

m
m
m
m
V
CC
V
CC
R
C

i
B
v
BE
V
BB
+v

R
B
V
BB
+v

R
B
v

/R
B

(t)

Qv

(t)=
v

(t)
Qi
B

i
B

V
CC
R
C

V
CC
=R
C
i
C
+v
CE

i
B

i
C
v
CE
v

i
B

i
B

v
CE

(t)
i
B

v
CE
v

v
CE

v
BE

i
B
m

I
B

I
BQ

I
B

Q
v

=
v

=
v

i
C

V
CC
R
C
V
CC
=
v
CE

V
CEQ

V
CE
V
CE

I
B
=m
m
m
m
m
I
BQ
=m

m
I
B
=m
I
B
=m
Q
=
=
=
=
=
=

V
CC
=V
BB
=R
B
=
R
C
=v

(t)=
(t)
Qv
CE

i
B
v

=Q
v

=v

I
B
=
I
BQ
=I
B
=

I
BQ
=Q
I
CQ
=V
CEQ
=
I
B
=V
CE
=
I
B
=V
CE
=
v

v
CE
v

(t)v
CE
(t)
v
CE
(t)
v
CE
(t)v

(t)

v
CE

v
CE
v

v
CE
V
CC
=
i
B
i
C

v
CE

V
CE
=
V
CEQ
=
V
CE
=

t

v
CE

(t)=(t)

i
C

v
CE
=i
B

v
CE=

(t)=(t)
V
CE
V
CEQ
V
CE

V
CE
=V
CEQ
=V
CE
=*
v

(t)=(t)V
BB
=
V
CE
V
CEQ
V
CE

V
CE
=V
CEQ
=V
CE
=*

v
CE
=
i
C

v
CE

13.4pnpBIPOLARJUNCTIONTRANSISTORS

pnp
p
n
p

i
B
i
E
i
C

pnp
pnp
npn
i
C
=i
E

i
B
=()i
E

i
C
=i
B

i
E
=i
C
+i
B

pnp
npn

v
BE
pnp
v
BC
pnpnpn=
=
pnp
i
E
=I
ES
*

+
v
BE
V
T
,

i
B
=()I
ES
*

+
v
BE
V
T
,

npn
v
BE
v
BE
v
BE

pnpnpnI
ES

V
T
=
pnp
npn

==*

v
BE

i
B
m

v
CE

i
C
m

m
m
m
m

i
B
=m

i
B
+
+
R
C
R
B

pt
v

t
i
C

a.

b.

a.

=b.

()

()

()
*
13.5LARGE-SIGNALDCCIRCUITMODELS

I
C
V
CE

I
E
+
I
B
I
C
C
B
E

npn
I
B

V
CE

I
E
+
I
B
I
C
C
B
E

npn
I
B

bI
B
I
C

C
B
E
npn

+
I
E
I
B
I
C
C
B
E

pnp
I
B

V
CE

+
I
E
I
B
I
C
C
B
E

pnp
+

I
B

bI
B
I
C

pnp
C
B
E
V
BE

V
BC

V
BE

V
BC

bI
B
bI
B
Note:

I
C
bI
B
i
C

I
C
=bI
B

I
B
=I
C
=
v
CE

i
B
v
BE

npn
I
B
V
CE

npnI
B

V
BE
=
V
CE

knees

pnpI
B
>V
CE
<
I
B

pnp

V
CE
=npn

I
B

I
B
>I
C
>

npn=a.I
B
=
I
C
=b.I
B
=V
CE
=c.V
BE
=V
CE
=

a.I
B
I
C

I
B
>I
C

b.I
B
>V
CE
>
c.V
BE
<V
BC
=V
BE
V
CE
=<

npn=
a.V
BE
=V
CE
=b.I
B
=I
C
=c.V
CE
=
I
B
=
a.b.c.*
13.6LARGE-SIGNALDCANALYSISOFBJTCIRCUITS

1.
2.I
C
I
B
V
BE
V
CE

3.

R
B
I
C
V
CE
+
R
C
+V
CC
+V
CC
R
B
V
CE
+
R
C
+V
CC
+V
CC
C
B
E
V
BE
+

R
B
I
C

R
C
+V
CC
+V
CC

+
+
C
B

I
B
E
R
B
I
C
bI
B
R
C
+V
CC
+V
CC

+
C
B

I
B
E
V
CE
+

R
B
=R
C
=
V
CC
==I
C
V
CE

I
B
=R
B

V
BE
=V
BE
<npn

I
C
=
V
CC

R
C
=

I
B
=
V
CC

R
B
=
I
B
>
I
B
>I
C

I
B
=
V
CC

R
B
=

I
C
=I
B
=

V
CE
=V
CC
R
C
I
C
=
V
CE
>I
B
>

I
B
=
V
CC

R
B
=
I
C
=I
B
=
V
CE
=V
CC
R
C
I
C
=
V
CE
>I
B
>

I
C
=
V
CC

R
C
=

I
B
=
V
CC

R
B
=
(I
B
>I
B
>I
C
)
V
CE
=

=Q
=

Q==

R
B

V
CC
R
B

I
C
=
V
CC
R
C
bI
B
=I
B
=m
Q
V
CC
=
V
CE

bI
B
=
=
V
CC
R
C
I
B
=m
V
CC
=
V
CE

Q
I
C
bb=

a.=b.=
a.I
C
=V
CE
=b.I
C
=V
CE
=*
R
B
I
C
V
CE
+
R
C

R
C
=V
BE
=V
CC
=
R
B

Q
V
CE
=V
CC
/=a.=b.=
a.R
B
=b.R
B
=*
I
C
V
CE
a.
=b.=
a.I
C
=V
CE
=b.I
C
=V
CE
=
*

I
C
V
CE
V
CC
=V
BB
=
R
C
=R
E
===

V
BB

R
E

V
BB
=+I
E
R
E

I
E
=
V
BB

R
E
=

R
C
V
CC
+
V
BB
R
E
R
C
V
CC
+
V
BB
R
E
+
I
B

I
C
C
bI
B
I
E
=b+1I
B
E

+
+

I
C
=I
B
I
E
=I
B
+I
C
I
C

I
E
=I
B
+I
B
=(+)I
B

I
B
=
I
E
+
I
B

I
C

V
CE

V
CC
=R
C
I
C
+V
CE
+R
E
I
E
V
CE
==
V
CE
==
Table13.1.

I
B
(I
C
V
CE

Q*

V
CC
V
BB

V
BB
V
BB

V
BB

*
I
C
V
CE

R
C
R
E
R

+V
CC
R
C
R
E
R

+
V
CC
V
CC
R
C
R
E
V
CC
+
V
B
R
B

V
CC
R

R
C
V
CC
V
B
R
E
+
I
B
V
BE
I
C
C
bI
B
I
E
E
R
B

+
+
+
+

R
B
R

R
B
=

/R

+/R

=R

||R

V
B

V
B
=V
CC
R

+R

V
B
=R
B
I
B
+V
BE
+R
E
I
E

V
BE
=

I
E
=(+)I
B

I
B
=
V
B
V
BE
R
B
+(+)R
E

I
B
I
C
I
E

V
CE

V
CE
=V
CC
R
C
I
C
R
E
I
E

I
C
V
CE
==
V
BE
=

R
B
=

/R

+/R

=
V
B
=V
CC
R

+R

R
1
10k
R
2
5k
R
C
1k
R
E
1k
V
CC
=+15V
=
I
B
=
V
B
V
BE
R
B
+(+)R
E
=
=I
B
=

I
C
=I
B
=
I
C
==I
C
=

I
E
=I
C
+I
B
I
E
==I
E
=
=
V
CE
V
CE
=
=V
CE
==

=R

=
I
C
=I
C
=

=I
C
=V
CE
==I
C
=
V
CE
=
R

I
C
*
13.7SMALL-SIGNALEQUIVALENTCIRCUITS

i
B
(t)

Q
I
BQ

()

()

()

()=

()

()=

()

=()

()=()

()

()=()

()

=()

()=

()

I
BQ
i
B
(t)
i
b
(t)
t
Current

()

()

+
1+x
0.40.20.20.4
e
x
0.5
1.0
x
0

()

()

||<<
()=+

()=

*
+

()

()=

()

/
=

==

()=

()

()=

()

()
v

()
+

p
b

()

()

()=

()

13.8COMMON-EMITTERAMPLIFIERS

+
v

+
v

p
b

p
b

||

+/

||

+/

+/

()=
()

()

R
E
v
in
+
v
sR
2
+
R
L
R
C
+15V
R
1
C
1
R
s
5k
500
10k
1k
1k
2k
b=100
V
BE
=0.7V

||

+/

||

+/

+/
=

=
=

v
s
(t)
(mV)
v
o
(t)
(mV)
1
54.6
*54.6
tt

()=()

()=()

()

==

()=()*
13.9EMITTERFOLLOWERS

+
v

+
v

=b)

=b)

||

+/

||

+/

(+)

+(+)

=
(+)

+(+)

+/

||

=+(+)

+/

+/

(+)/(

+)+/

R
E

Z
ot
=
R
s
+r
+
+*

Z
ot

r
+

r
+

R
s
R
L

R
E
v
sR

+
R
L
V
CC
=+
R

R
s

b=
V
BEQ
=

R
E
R

V
CC
=+
R

R
E
V
CC
=+

+
V
B

R
B

651

(+)

||

+/

||

+/

=
(+)

+(+)

=+(+)

+/

+/

+/

(+)/(

+)+/

*=

=+

=+

==*
Summary
1.

2.

=*

*
3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

Problems
Problems

=
=

=/
=

+
680k
10k
+15V+15V
0.7V
V=7V

V
BE
+
I
C
I
B

I
C
Q

I
B
+

I
ES
=

=
Q

I
ES
=

=
Q

I
ES
=I
ES
=

=+

=I
ES
+

i
C
i
E
=

npnv
BE
=
i
B
=

v
BE
i
B
=
v
BE

*+

i
B
m
v
BE

i
C

v
CE

i
B
m
m
m
m
m

()=

()

pnp

()=+()
=

()

()=+
()
v
CE
+
i
s
(t)
i
C
(t)
i
B
(t)
+
10k
20V

Q
1
Q
2
Q
eq
=

npn

pnp

npn
i
B

+
i
B

++
*=

npn
*=V
CE
=
I
B
=+I
C
=I
B
=V
CE
=
V
BE
=I
C
=I
B
=+

pnp
*=V
CE
=
V
BE
=I
C
=I
B
=
I
B
=V
CE
=

*=|V
CE
|=
|V
BE
|=

V
CE
I
B
I
E
I
C

1mA
1.5mA
(a)
0.1mA
(b)
5V
+

4V
+
4V
+
1V
+
(c)
0.02mA
(d)
Cont.

|V
BE
|=
V
BE

npn

I
C
V
CE

*=
1M
4.7k
+20V+20V
(a)
470k
6.8k
+15V+15V
(b)
1M
15V

1M
10k
+15V+15V
(c)
470k
15V
220k
1k
15V
(d)
Cont.
|

|=
*=

P13.45.

*=|

|=

*=
390k
2.2k
+10V
(a)
V
I
10k
2.7k
+10V
(b)
I
V
V
+
1k1k
I
15V +5V
(c)

15M
+15V
V
I
+15V
Q
1
Q
2
1k
(d)
Cont.
P13.46.

=
+

=+

=
+

=+*=

*P13.47.

1k
+15V
R
E
+
R
B
5V
V
BEQ
=0.7V

P13.48.

=
+

=+

=
+

=+*=

*P13.49.

=+

=+

=
+

=+*

*=

Q
1
Q
2
+15V
1k
1k
10k
1.43M

100k
R
C
R
1
+15V
15V
V
BE
=0.7V
b=100

150k
R
C
+15V
15V
V
BE
=0.7V
b=200
4.7k
47k

*=

=
-

,
*

Problems

R
E
v
in
+
v
s
R
2
+R
L
C
E
R
C
R
1
+15V
C
1
R
s
v
o
+
+15V
10k1k
100
i
in
4.7k
1k
i
o
1k
b=100
V
BEQ
=0.7V

,
*

,
*
*=

=+

=+

=+

R
L
R
E
+V
CC
+
v
o
+
v
in
(t)
R
B
R
C

R
E
v
in
+
v
s
R
2
+
R
L
R
1
+15V
C
1
R
s
+15V
10k
1k
i
in
10k
1k
i
o
500
b=100
V
BE
=0.7V
C
2
v
o
+

P13.68.

T13.1.

T13.2.

()=()

T13.3.

=
T13.4.=

=a.

b.=
4.7k 470k
+9V

T13.5.

R
L
R
E
+V
CC
+
v
in
(t)
R
B
R
C
C
1
C
2

661

=
R

=R
C
=R
L
=
=V
T
=I
CQ
=

A
v
=v
o
/v

TableT13.1

=I
C
=I
E
=

662
TableT13.1.(Cont.)

(b)

14.1IDEALOPERATIONALAMPLIFIERS

()

()

+
v

v
o
=A

+
+
+

A
OL
v
id
+
+
v
1
+
v
2
+v
o
+
v
id
=(v
1
v
2
)

+
V
CC
V
EE
+
+

14.2INVERTINGAMPLIFIERS

R
L
R
1
R
2
v
inv
x
+
v
o
+ +
+

R
L
R

=
v

+
v
o
+
i

negative

=R

=*R

=R

=*
R

=*
R

v
i

v
i
=i
i
=
R
L
R
1
R
2
v
in
+
v
o
+
i
1
i
2
+
v
i
i
i
R
4
R
3
i
4
i
3
+

669

v
i
=

=
v

=i

i
i
=
v
i
R

=R

v
i
=
R

=i

+i

v
o
R

v
o
=R

=
v

=v

=v

+
R

v
o
=v

*
R

+
R

+
R

A
v
=
v
o
v

=
*
R

+
R

+
R

=
v

=R

a.

b.

c.

d.

a.

=(

b.

c.

d.
*

a.

=b.

=*

*
+
*
R
L
v
A
R
A
+
*
v
B
R
B
+
*
R
f
+
*
v
o

1k
1V
v
o
+
i
2
+
i
1
i
x
i
o
1k
(a)
(b)
v
in
+
R
1
10k
R
2
R
L
v
in
v
o
+
i
1
i
2
+
i
4
i
3
+
5V
1k
1k1k
1k

R
L
v
1
v
2
++
v
o
+
10k
+
R
1
20k
R
2
10k
R
3
10k
R
4
+
20k
R
5

aids

+
R
1
R
2
v
in
v
i
+
v
o
+
+
v
i

v
o
=(R

/R

)v

14.3NONINVERTINGAMPLIFIERS

v
i

v
i
=v

v
i

v
o
v

+
R
L
R
2
v
in
v
i
+
v
o
+
i
i
R
1
v
1
+
+

=+

=+

=/*

=
*

=+(

)+(

=*

=
+
R
L
v
in
v
o
+ +

FigurePA14.1

R
L
R
R
v
in
v
o
+
R
+
+

+
R
F
R
L
i
o
+
v
in
+
R
L
R
2
v
in
+
R
1
R
2
R
1
+
v
o

14.4DESIGNOFSIMPLEAMPLIFIERS

A
v
==+
R

=R

=*R

=*

+R

=*R

=
*

+
R

+
v
o
=
R

+
v

+
R

+
v
o
+

/R

=R

=
R

=R

/R

A
v
=+R

/R

v
s

v
o
=
R

+R
s
v
s

+R
s
=
R
s
R

R
s
R

=R
s
=R
s
R

+R
s

R
s

R
s
R
2
v
s
R
1
0500
+
v
o
+
+

=R

=
R

R
s

A
vs
=v
o
/v
s

=
R

=R

R
s

(t)v

(t)

v
o
(t)=A

(t)+A

(t)A

=
A

v
o
=
R
f
R
A
v
A
R
f
R
B
v
B

v
o
=
R

R
s
+R

R
f
R
A
v

R
f
R
s
+R
B
v

R
s1
R
2
v
1
R
1
01k
R
f
v
o
R
A
R
s2
v
2
R
B
01k
+
+
+
+
+

+
v

R
B

=R
B
=

=
R

R
s
+R

R
f
R
A

R
B

R
B
R

R
B

=
R
f
R
s
+R
B
R
s
+R
B
A

=R
f

=
R

R
s
+R

R
f
R
A
=
R
f
/(R
s
+R

)=
R

R
A
R

/R
A
=R

R
A

R
B
R

=
R
A
=
R
f
=

v
o
=A
vs
v
s
v
s

A
vs
=

=R

=R

=*
A
vs
=

R
s
R

=(R

+R
s
)
R

=R

=*
A

=+A

*
14.5OP-AMPIMPERFECTIONSINTHELINEARRANGE
OFOPERATION

()=

+(/

()

20logA
0OL
20dB/decade
f
t
=A
0OL
f
BOL
f
BOL
0
20logA
OL
(dB)
f

V
o
+
+
+
+
+
V
in
bV
o
R
2
R
1
V
id

id

o
=A

(f)
id

o
R

=
R

+R

=
id
+
o

id

o
=A

o
)

=
A

+A

(f)=
A

/[+j(f/f
B
)]
+{A

/[+j(f/f
B
)]}

(f)=
A

/(+A

)
+{jf/[f
B
(+A

)]}

=
A

+A

(+

()=

+(/

(+

)>>

(+

)=

==

=(

)=

f
t
f
B
f
B
A

=()=

=*
14.6NONLINEARLIMITATIONS

+
+
*
+
*
v
s
(t)
v
o
(t)
V
im
sin(2000pt)
R
2
3k
1k R
1
+15V
15V
mA741
R
L

=+

5
v
o
(t)(V)
0
5
00.51.01.52.02.53.03.54.0
t(ms)

()=

()

v
o
(t)(V)
0
00.51.01.52.02.53.03.54.0
t(ms)
5
10
15
5
10
15
Clipping
R
L
=
V
im
=

V
im
=
R
L
=
V
om
=
V
om
/R
L
=

v
o
(t)(V)
0
00.51.01.52.02.53.03.54.0
t(ms)
1
2
3
1
2
3
R
L
=
V
im
=

R
L
=

*
*
*
*
dv
o
dt
*
*
*
*

R
L
>

v
s
(t)=(

t)
t=v
s
(t)t=

t=

tm

*
*
v
s
t

A
v
o
t
R
L
=
v
s
(t)=(

t)

v
s
(t)

()=

()

()

()

+=

()=(

=
*

+
+
+

2
v

()
v

100k
100k
1

sin(v)
14.7DCIMPERFECTIONS

I
B+

I
B

I
B

I
B
=
I
B+
+I
B

=I
B+
I
B

I
B
I

/
V

off
2

+
+

off
I

=
*
+

R
L
+
V
o,v

+
R

R
L
+
V
o

+
+
v

+
R

R
L
+
V
o,i

R
L
+
V
o,

+
R

I
B
I

2
I

I
B
+
v
i

V
ov
+
V
ov

v
i
=I

=I
B

V
o
=R

=I

=I
B

V
o
=R

I
B
I
B
V
o

I
B

V
o

V
o

V
oi
=R

*
I

+
I

V
oi
+

V
o
=V
ov
+V
o
+V
oi

V
o
=++=

V
o
=+=
+

I
B
R

a.
v
o
/v

b.v

=
c.
R

=R

=
R

+
+
+
v
in
R
1
R
2
R
1
+R
2
v
o
R
2
R
bias
R
1
R
L

+
v

+
R

R
L
+
v
o

d.R

=R

=
I

e.

a.v
o
/v

=R

/R

b.c.d.*
a.
v
o
/v

b.R

a.v
o
/v

=+R

/R

b.R

=R

||R

=/(/R

+
/R

)*
14.8DIFFERENTIALANDINSTRUMENTATIONAMPLIFIERS

/R

=R

/R

(v

=R

=R

+R

+v
o
=
R

+
v

+
v

Note:
R

(v

)
R

=
R

=v

A
+
R
R
R
R
+
+
R

A
X

+
v

+
v

v
o
=
R

(v

) +

X

(+

)
(+

(+

(+

*
14.9INTEGRATORSANDDIFFERENTIATORS
integrator

()=

()

==

+
+
R
+
v

C
v
c
+

t=
v
o
=

RC
v

dt
t

()=

()

()=

()

()=

()
/

(/)

a.==
b.=

a.b.=*

==
==

=a.
b.=

v
in
(t)(V)
t(ms)
+5
5
1357

v
o
(t)(V)
t(ms)
+5
5
123456

v
o
(t)=tv
o
(t)=t*
R

v
o
(t)=v
o
(t)=*

+ +
+
v
in
C
v
o
=
dv
in
dt
RC
R

()=

*
14.10ACTIVEFILTERS

|()|=

*
+(/

H(f)
H
0
f
f
B
n=1
n=4
n=2
n=3
n=4
n=1
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
00.20.40.60.81.01.21.41.61.82.0

=|()|=

+
+
v
in
v
o
R
C
C
R
(K1)R
f
+
R
f

700

RC

R
f
(K)R
f
K
R

KK

K=
K
R
f
(K)R
f

R
f
(K)R
f
R

nn/
Kn
KH

K
Table14.1.K

OrderK

C=+

Rf
B
=C=+

R=**

K=H

=
=R
f
=*
R

R
1
=R
2
=R
11
=R
12
=15.8k
+
v
in
R
1
C
1
R
2
C
2
+
10k R
4
1.52k
X
1
+
v
o
R
3
LF411
K=1.152
R
11
C
11
R
12
C
12
+
10k R
14
12.35k
X
2
R
13
LF411
K=2.235
C
1
=C
2
=C
11
=C
12
=0.1mF

*
*

f
*

V
o
V

f
B

*n
*

Summary703
C=R=R
f
=
*
Summary
1.v

v
i
=

(v

+
v

)v
id
=
v

2.

3.

4.

5.

A
v
=R

/R

6.

A
v
=+R

/R

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

Problems

()=()+()

()=()+()

()

()

+
v
o
+ +
v
in
R
2
R
1
R
L
1k
2sin(2000pt)
10k
30k
+

+
v
in
v
o
+
+
R
RR
RR
R

R
2R
15R
v
in
R
L
R
+
v
o
+ +

Problems

+
v
D
v
o
R
L
v

R
+
+
+
i
D
+
v
D
v
o
R
L
v

R
+
+
+
i
D

v
x
+
v
o
+
+

v
L
i
L i
o
i
x
+
+
+

+
1k
2mA
(a)
+
v
o

+
3k
(b)
+
5V
+
2mA
+
v
o
+
3k
(c)
+
4V
+
1V
1k
+
v
o
15k
(d)
3mA
+
v
o
+
(e)
1k
+
2V
+
5V
+
v
o
+
Cont.
*P14.21.

v
A
R
A
v
B
R
B
R
2
++
+
R
1
+
v
o

P14.22.

()=+()

()

+
R
2
v
in
(t)
10k
+
v
o
(t)
+
1V
+

P14.23.

(a)
v
1
+
+
R
+
v
2
+
i
o
Load

+
R

+
R
+
v

R R
++
R
f
i
o

Cont.

+
R
f
i
inR
L
i
o
v
o
+

R
L
i
o
R
i
in
v
o
+
+
R
R

i
o

+
R
L
R
v
in
RR
+
i
o

G
R
L

v
s

+
R

v
s
+
R

R
L

v
s
+
R
L

*P14.28.

+
R
v
in
(t)
R
(a)
+
v
o
+
R
v
in
(t)
R
(b)
+
v
o
+
+

1123
+10
v
in
(t)
10
t
(c)
Cont.

v
o
(t)

P14.29.

(a)
+
+
v
in
(t)
v
o
+
+
+
v
in
(t)
v
o
+
v
id
+
(b)

P14.30.

P14.31.

+
*P14.32.

i
o

R
L

Problems
i
in
R
1
i
o
+
R
2
R
L

R
+
v
o
R
+
v
in
+
R(1T)
RT

R
+
R
4R
4R
+
R
+
v
in
v
o1
+
v
o2
+

TableP14.36.

()

()

()=

()+

()

+ +
v
i

v
o
Z
o
+
v
s
i
sR
o
+
A

v
i
R

Problems

+
R

v
o
R

i
s
v
i
R

+
A

v
i
R
o
+
v
s
Z
o
Z

+
=

()=
(

()=
=()

()=
=

v
s
(t)
R
2
100k
+
V
m
sin(vt)
R
1
10k
+
v
o
R
L

()=()

()

()

()

()

20k
+
10k
+
v
2
(t)
+
v
s
R
L
10k
+
10k
+
v
1
(t)+
v
o

Problems
+
100k
C
100k
+
v
s

=
=

()=()+()

()=()+()

()

+
R
10k
v
p
(t)
C
v
o
2mF
+
t=0
+
v
p
(t)(V)
t(ms)
5
0257101215172022

+
v
in
(t)
v
o
(t)
+
+
v
in
(t)(V)
t(ms)
5
R
10k
C
0.1mF
5
1234

(t)

(t)

+
+
R
V

R
C
+
V
o

+
+
R
V

R
C
+
V
o

+
+
R
V

R
+
V
o

T14.1.

a.
b.c.

T14.2.

+
2R
3R
v
in
R
R
v
o
+
R
L
+

T14.3.

=a.

b.

()=(

T14.4.
+

a.
b.

c.

d.

T14.5.

T14.6.

T14.7.

T14.8.

15.1MAGNETICFIELDS

NS
N

S
NS
Snorth

I
I
I

S N
NS
B
B

B
B

a.
Bb.B
a.b.*

B
*

quB
f
f=quB

I
B
I
I
B
NS

fquB
B
q
u
u
z
x
y

uB

f
uB

Bu

f=quB()
uB
f
u
B

(q=

xy

f=

z*

df=idlB
dl
l
f=ilB()

l=
B=
f=*

A
=
*
A
BdA
dA

dA

=BA
links
N
=N

+
e

I
B

e=
d
dt

A=lx

=BA=Blx

e=
d
dt
=Bl
dx
dt
u=dx/dt

e=Blu

*
eu
B

l
x

==e=*

(/)
B

(/

)
H

(/)

r
=

*
d=
+
i

H
dl
H,dlI

u
*
+
dl

Hdl=Hdl()
Hdl

dl
Hl=
*
i
l

H
H
H
H
r

BH

Hr

Hl=Hr=I

H=
I
r

B=H=
I
r

B
NI

R>>r

Hl=HR=NI
HB
H=
NI
R

B=
NI
R

Rr

=BA=
NI
R
r

=
NIr

H
r
N

I
R

==

===
=
()=()

()(

=(

)()

=
=(

)()
=()

Path3
Path2
Path1
10A
10A

=()
=()
(

=)

*
Hl

15.2MAGNETICCIRCUITS

N
F=Ni

R=
l
A

lA

F=R
(V=Ri)

lA

A
f
mA
R=
l
l

I
N
r
R

Ff
f
R

l=+R
r

A=+r

R=
l
,A
=
+R
,+r

=
R
,r

F=NI

*=
F
R
FR
*=
,Nr

I
R

F
f
R

==

==

fringing

=(+)(+)=

R=R

+R

*=B

F=*R=

F=Ni

i=
F
N
=

i=

R
c
=
l
c
,
r
,

i
R
a
F=Ni
R
b
R
c

f
c
f
a
f
b
ab

730

aA
a
==

R
a
=R

+R

=
l

A
a
+
l

r
A

R
b
=R

+R

=
l

A
b
+
l

r
A

R
a
R
b

R
c

=R
c
+

/R
a
+/R
b
=

/(

)+/(

)
=

c
=
Ni
R

a
=
c
R
b
R
a
+R
b
=

i
N

b
*
b
=*
c
R
a
R
a
+R
b
=

=+
*
c
=*
a
+*
b

B
a
=
*
a
A
a
=
+

=
B
b
=
*
b
A
b
=
+

i=*

*
a
=+B
a
=*
b
=+
B
b
=*
15.3INDUCTANCEANDMUTUALINDUCTANCE

=
=

=/R

=
()

R=

R
=

=
*

=
*

M=
*

=
*

=*

=*

+*

=L

Mi

=Mi

+L

=
d+

dt
=L

di

dt
M
di

dt

=
d+

dt
=M
di

dt
+L

di

dt

=
N

R
=

=
N

R
=

=
i

=
N

R
=
i

=N

e
2
i
1
e
1
i
2
++
N
2
=200 N
1
=100

e
2
i
1
e
1
i
2
++
N
1
=100N
2
=300
R
1
R
2
R
3
a
b

==

=R

=R

a.

b.

c.

a.
b.

==c.*
15.4MAGNETICMATERIALS

i
B
v

H
B
H

BH
BH
H

BHBH
H

BH
+

B
H
B
H
B

BH

W=
*
t

vidt=
*
t

N
d*
dt
idt=
*
*

Nid*
Ni=Hld*=AdBlA

BHB

B
H
W
r
=area

W=
*
B

AlHdB
B
H

Al

W
v
=
W
Al
=
*
B

HdB
W
v

BHBH

P=v

/R

B
H
B
H
(a)(b)

=/

=
*

==*
15.5IDEALTRANSFORMERS

()
()

()

()=

()

()=

()=

()=

()

()=

()

()=

[()]

()=

()

()=

()

/N

=
V

F=N

(t)N

(t)

F=R

F=N

(t)N

(t)=

(t)=
N

(t)

=
N

/N

>

(t)=v

(t)i

(t)
v

(t)i

(t)
p

(t)=
N

(t)
N

(t)=v

(t)i

(t)

()=

()

()

()=

()

1.

()=

()
2.

()=

()
3.

R
L
=

a.b.

=
N

=
N

a.
I

b.
I

=
V

R
L
=

=
N

I
1
I
2
V
1
V
2
+
N
1
:N
2
+
Z
L
Z'
L

=(

)V

)I

=
V

=
*

=
*

=()

(+)=+

=++=+

=
*

V
s
+

V
s
+
R

*
R

*
j
j
Z
L
Z'
L
V

V
s
+
R'

*
j
Z
L

Z
L
V
s
R

'

=
V
s
Z
s
=
*

*
=
*

=I

Z
L
=
*
(+j)
=
*
(
*
)=
*

=
N

*
=
*

=
N

*
=
*

P
L
=I

R
L
=
*

()=

V
s
R

V
s
=
N

V
s
=

*
=
*

I
1
I
2
R
L
V
2
+
1:4
+
R
L
=400* 1000+
R
s
=40*
'

=
*
N

=
*

()=

s
R

=
*
P
L
=*

R
L
R
L

=
*

=
*

=
*
P
L
=R
L
=
*

R
s
R
L
R
s

/N

=/*
15.6REALTRANSFORMERS

L
mR
c
L

Table15.1.

=*

=*

=*

a=N

L
mR
c
L

a=N

L
mR
c
L

+a

=
V

=
P

=
*

X
m
R
c

10:1
+jX
m
R
c
R
1
R
2
+jX
1
+jX
2
+
V
s
I
1
I
2
V
1
+
V
2
+
V
load
=2400*

=
*

=()=

=
*

=
N

*
=
*

=V

+(R

+jX

)I

=+(+j)
*
=+
*
=+j

=
N

=(+j)
=+j
750

V
s
=V

+(R

+jX

)I

=+j+(+j)(
*
)
=
*

=
V

s
R
c
+I

+I

=++
=

=V

==

=P

+P

=+=

=
*

=
*

+
=

=I

=
V

=V
s
=
V

=V

=V

=
V

=
Problems751

=q

d=id

=+
+
+=+

=*

BH

*P15.6.

a
b
SN

P15.7.

BH

P15.8.

P15.9.

P15.10.

10A20A
(a)(b)

*P15.11.

P15.12.

P15.13.

P15.14.

()

=
Coil2
i
2
(t)
i
1
(t)
Coil1
R
(a)

i
2
()

12345
(b)
Cont.

=
()

=
=
()
()

()

()

()=

=
()

()=

==

I
x
I
y

a
b

I
f

N
*
m
r

m
r

l
g

R=
Problems
=

()=(

N
x
l
g
l
g
L

I
I
I

*
m
r

==

==

=()

=
()

==

=()

=()

===
=

()

()
i
1
i
2
v
2
+
+
L
2
L
1
t=0
M
12V

=
==
=

()

()

B
H
1T
15A/m

Problems

l
g

l
g

W=(/)LI

R
L

/N

=N

/N

=
N

/N

+
V

+
I

V
s

R
L
=
R

V
s

R
L

V
s
R
L

R
L
R'
L

C
L
m C'
L

Problems

f
f
Note

+
V

f
f

=
(

P15.76.

*P15.77.

P15.78.

T15.1.

x
x

za.

b.
x
T15.2.
x-y

z
(t)
xyz

T15.3.

T15.4.

a.
b.

T15.5.

T15.6.
R
s
=R
L
=

/N

=a.

b.
I
1
I
2
V
2
+
V
1
+
N
1
:N
2
+
R
L
120Vrms
R
s

T15.7.

AB

A
B

16.1OVERVIEWOFMOTORS

statorrotor

Table16.1.

eldwinding
765

ACMotors

DCMotors

=V

()

()

=T
m

n
m

m
=n
m

=T

=
P

=
P

T
n
m

=
n

T
n
m
n

T
n
m

T
n
m

T
n
m

T
n
m
n
s

s
=

n
s
=
f
P

f
P

(f)

(P=)

(f)

()=

==

=V

()
=()()()=

=P

==

=
P

=()()()=
P

=
P

=P

=
n

===*

*
16.2PRINCIPLESOFDCMACHINES

V
T
R
A

t=

t=
i
A
(+)=V
T
/R
A

=i
A

f=i
A
lB
i
A
V
T
R
A

B
l
t

+
=0
+

(=

+
=0
+

==

==a.=

b.

c.

a.=

(+)=

(+)=

(+)=()=

==

()
=/
b.

()
=

=()=

()
=/
775

=()=

=()=

=()

=
c.

()
=

=+()=

()
=/

=()=

=()=

=()

a.

(+)=(+)==b.

=
=

==c.

==

==
*

B
FigurePA16.1
16.3ROTATINGDCMACHINES

N S

=i

N N
S
S

t
t
v
T
=v
ad
v
T
=v
ad
v
T
v
ad
B
cb
d
a
SN
v
T
B
bc
a
d
SN
v
T
B
b
c
a
SN
d

t
v
T
220V

v
ad

v
T

R
F
R
A
L
F
V
T
E
A
+
+
V
F
+
v
m
,T
out
I
A
I
F

=+*

+*

=+

=*

0
40
80
120
160
200
012345
E
A
(V)
I
F
(A)
145V
n=1200rpm

E
A
I
F

E
A
I
F

E
A

E
A
,
,I
F

E
A

E
A
n

E
A

E
A
E
A
=
n

=
*

I
A
=I
F
=
+R
F
=+V
F

V
T

V
F
=R
F
I
F
==
E
A
=
I
F
=n

E
A
n

=
E
A
=
n

E
A
=

m
=n

K=
E
A
m
=

=KI
A
==

=
m
T

=I
A
E
A
==

V
T
=R
A
I
A
+E
A
=()+=
E
A

I
F
=
E
A
=*

I
F
=R
F
=
I
A
V
T

=I
A
=V
T
=*

16.4SHUNT-CONNECTEDANDSEPARATELYEXCITEDDC
MOTORS

V
T

R
A
E
A

m
T

L
F
R
F
R

E
A
R
A

V
T

v
m
T

I
L
I
A
I
F

I
A
R
A

R
F
R

V
T
I
L
V
T
P

v
m
P

I
A
E
A
T

v
m

I
L

=V
T
I
L

=
V

T
R
F
+R

=V
T
I
F

=I

A
R
A

=I
A
E
A
=*
m
T

v
m
T

V
T
Kf

R
A
Kf
V
T
P

V
T
=R
A
I
A
+E
A

I
A
=
T

E
A

I
A

V
T
=
R
A
T

K
+K
m

=
K
R
A
(V
T
K
m
)

=)

V
T
=
R
A
=R
F
=

E
A
I
F

n
m

=P

=
T

I
F
=
V
T
R
F
+R

+
=
K

E
A
=I
F
=n
m
=

K=
E
A
m
=

(/)
=
L
F
R
F
*
R
A
*
R

*
E
A

V
T

v
m
T

I
L
I
A
I
F

=
P

m
=

(/)
=

=T

+T

=+=

I
A
=
T

K
=

E
A
=V
T
R
A
I
A
=()=

m
=
E
A
K
=

n
m
=
m
*

+
=

=T
m
=()=
P

=V
T
I
L
=V
T
(I
F
+I
A
)=(+)=
=
P

=
m
=n
m
=*
R

V
T

I
F
=E
A
=I
A
=
m
==
n
m
=R

L
F
R
F
V
F

I
A
I
F
R
A
V
T

E
A

V
F
V
T

16.5SERIES-CONNECTEDDCMOTORS

I
A
=I
F
R
F
L
F
V
T

E
A

R
A

789

*
v
m
T

R
A
R
F

KK
F
V
T

I
F
=I
A

n
m
=

m
=n
m

=P

=
m
T

=
R
A
=R
F
=
T

=
KK
F
V

T
(R
A
+R
F
+KK
Fm
)

=
V

T
KK
F

m
V
T

m
=
m
*
T

=
+

n
m
=

=T

*
m
=

=
P

=*
m
=n
m
=*

R
A
=V
T

n
m
=n
m
=P

=P

=
*

16.6SPEEDCONTROLOFDCMOTORS

V
T

E
A

E
A
=V
T

E
A
=K+*
m

*
m
=
V
T
K+

v
L

v
L
R
L

v
B
v
C

v
A

t
t
v
L
v
A
v
B
v
C

v
o
t
V
S
t
TT
T

v
o
t

V
S

E
A
R
A
L
A

I
A
I
A

TT

L
A

I
A
v
o
(t)

V
s

V
T
=V
s
T

E
A
=K
m
I
A
=
V
T
E
A
R
A
T

=KI
A
I
F
R

)I
F
E
A

I
A
I
A

V
T
E
A
I
A
=
(V
T
E
A
)/R
A
E
A

=KI
A
I
A

I
A
I
F

I
A

T
V
T

E
A
R
A
R
F
L
F

R
A
v
m

R
A

=
K
R
A
(V
T
K
m
)

=
KK
F
V

T
(R
A
+R
F
+KK
Fm
)

R
A

V
T

V
T

V
T

R
A

V
T

V
T

V
T
V
T
v
m
T

R
A
Kf
V
T
Kf
I
F

I
F
f
v
m
T

R
A
Kv
V
T
V
T
Kf

**

V
T
I
F

*
*
16.7DCGENERATORS
primemover

R
A
v
m
V
L

I
A
=I
L
I
F
V
F
R
F
+

E
A

I
A v
m
V
L

I
L

E
A

R
A

I
A
R
A

v
m

I
L
V
L

R
F
R

I
F

*
m

V
F
I
F

V
L
I
L

V
L
I
L

I
A
R
A

V
L
I

I
L

=
V
NL
V
FL
V
FL

V
NL
I
L
=V
FL

V
F
R

E
A
=K
m

=K
m

E
A
=R
A
I
A
+V
L

V
F
=(R
F
+R

)I
F

=
P

E
A
I
F

V
F
=R
F
=R

=
R
A
=

V
L

I
L

v
m
P

=T

v
m
P

=T

v
m
=E
A
I
A
P

=V
L
I
L

I
A

R
A

I
F
=
V
F
R

+R
F
=

+
=
E
A
=
E
A

E
A
=

V
FL
=E
A
R
A
I
A
==

=
V
NL
V
FL
V
FL
=

=I
L
V
FL
==

=P

+R
A
I

A
=+()

=
Summary

m
=n
m

=/

=
P

=P

==

=
P

m
=

=
T

=
P

m
=

=
R

=
I
F
=V
NL
=V
FL
==P

=
T

=T

=*
Summary
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

802

E
A
=K+*
m
T

=K+I
A
P

=E
A
I
A
=*
m
T

V
T

V
T

Problems

Problems

=K*

m
n=

v
m
T(Nm)
20
200

+*
m

(
m
)
m

V
T

R
A

V
T

R
A

i
A
V
T

R
A

V
T

t
R
A
*

V
T
R
A

Problems

=*

=*

R
A
=E
A
T

V
T
=
I
A
=

V
T

R
A
=
V
T
=

I
A
=

R
A

V
F

V
T

I
F
I
A

I
A
/I
F

R
A
=V
T
=

n
m
=I
A
=

R
A

R
A
=V
T
=

n
m

V
T
=
R
A
=
R
F
+R

200
100
01.02.0
E
A
(V)
I
F
(A)
n
m
=1000rpm

R
F
+R

R
A
=
R
F
+R

=V
T
=

I
L
=

V
T
=
R
A
=
R
F
=
R

=
P

R
A
=R
F
+R

=V
T
=

E
A
=
T

I
A

Problems807

R
A
=
R
F
+R

+
V
T
=P

=
I
A

V
T

R
F
+R

I
L
=R
A
=*
R
F
+R

=*

K+=
R
A
=*V
T
=

I
A

V
T
=I
L
=
n
m
=I
F
=
R
A
=*

R
A
=*V
T
=
n
m
=
I
A
=

R
A

V
T
=

R
A
=
*

R
A
R
F

R
A
=*
R
F
=*
I
A
=
V
T
=

R
F
+R
A
=
*I
A
=
V
T
=
I
A
=
I
A
+
808
R
F
+R
A
=
I
A
=
V
T
=

I
A

R
A
=
R
F
=R

=
R

/T

R
F
=R
A
=

/T

V
T
=
R
A
=
R
F
=
R

=
P

809

I
A

V
T
=

R
A
+R
F
=*

V
F
=R
F
=*R

=*
R
A
=*

810
T16.6.

T16.7.

T16.8.

T16.9.
E
A
=
a.

b.
T16.10.
n
m
=

n
m
=

T16.11.

R
A
=*V
T
=

n
m
=I
A
=

a.
R
A

b.

T16.12.

*
*

17.1THREE-PHASEINDUCTIONMOTORS

i
a
(t)a
B
a
=Ki
a
(t)()
K
aB
a

SN

N
S
N
S

a
x
a'a'
u
i
a
i
a
i
a

a
==
a

bca

bc

B
b
=Ki
b
(t)()
B
c
=Ki
c
(t)()

=B
a
+B
b
+B
c

=Ki
a
(t)()+Ki
b
(t)()+Ki
c
(t)()

i
a
(t)

==

a
a'
u

Stator
Rotor
a
c'
b
b'
a'
c
u

()=

()

()=

()

()=

()

()()+

()()
+

()()
()()=(/)[()+(+)]

()+

[(+)
+(+)+(+)]

[(+)+(+)+(+)]=

()

=(/)

/=

*
u

vtu

vtu*

vtu*
*
*

=
/

()=

()

()=

()

()=

()
*
Table17.1.
f=

N
r
S
s
d
rs
*
N
s
S
r

*
s
n
s

*
m
n
m

*
m

*
s
*
m
n
s
n
m

s
s=
*
s
*
m
*
s
=
n
s
n
m
n
s

=s*

I
c
V
c
R
c
L
c
+

=*

+*

=
V

+*

N
R
S
s
d
rs
<
N
s
S
R

T
n
s

n
s

=/=

==*

TT

n
s
n
m

17.2EQUIVALENT-CIRCUITANDPERFORMANCE
CALCULATIONSFORINDUCTIONMOTORS

E
r
a

s
sE
r
s=
s
L
r
jsL
r
=jsX
r
X
r
=L
r

R
r
I
r

I
r
=
sE
r
R
r
+jsX
r

s
I
r
=
E
r
R
r
/s+jX
r

jX
rR
r
/s
I
r
E
r
+
(b)
jsX
rR
r
I
r
sE
r
+
(a)

P
r
R
r
I
r

P
s
R
s
I
s

V
s
I
s
u
P

R
r
R
r
jX
r
jX
s
jX
m
R
r
/s
R
s
P
ag
V
s
I
r
I
s
s
s
s
s
R
r
I
r

'
'
'
'
'
''
'
'
2

V
s
I
s

E
r

X
r
R
r
/sX
r
R
r
/s

R
s

X
s
X
m

V
s
I
s

V
s

I
s

V
s
=V

=I
s

V
s
=
V

=I
s

R
r
/s

R
r
s
=R
r
+
s
s
R
r

[(s)/s]R
r

=
s
s
R
r
(I
r
)

R
r

P
r
=R
r
(I
r
)

P
s
=R
s
I

=I
s
V
s
()
()

jX
m

=P

=
P

=
P

=P
r
+P

=R
r
(I
r
)

+
s
s
R
r
(I
r
)

s
R
r
(I
r
)

=(s)P

=
(s)P

m
=(s)
s

=
P

m
=

s=P

=R
r
(I
r
)

R
s
=R
r
=
X
s
=X
r
=
X
m
=

+2+0.8
+50
V

=440
I

1
0*
+
+
1.20.6
19.4

n
s
=
s=
n
s
n
m
n
s
=

Z
s
=+j+
j(++j)
j+++j
=+j++j
=+j
= *

=()=

I
s
=
V
s
Z
s
=
*

*
=
*

=I
s
==

=I
s
V
s

=()()
=
825
V

=I

(++)
+++
=
*

*
=
*

=
V

++
=

*
=
*

=()()

=()()

=()()

=
=

(/)
=

=
P

s=

=R

+jX

=
j(+j)
j++j
=+j

Z
s
=+j+Z

=+j++j
=+j
=
*

2
+0.8
50

=440
I

eq
0*
+
1.20.6

eq

+
eq

2
0.7943

=440
I

eq
0*
+
1.2
(a)
(b)
0.5812

I
s
=
V
s
Z
s
=
*

*
=
*

=I
s
=

=R

(I
s
)

=
P

s
=

()/
=

V
s
=V

/=

=V
s
I
s
()
=()()()
=

=P

P
s
=
=

==

=P

=
=

*=
P

s==P

=P

=
P
s
=P
r
=T

=*=*
+

s
=
*
T

=*

T
n
s
n
m

X
s

17.3SYNCHRONOUSMACHINES

s
=
P/
P

N
r
S
s
u
m
N
sv
s
v
s
S
r

S
s
N
s
S
s
N
s
N
r
N
r
S
r
S
r

()

s
=jX
s

X
s

s
=(R
a
+jX
s
)
a
R
a

a
=
r
+
s

a
a

a
=
r
+jX
s

a
=k

a
a

r
V
f
I
f

a
a

a
a

a
a
a

I
a
I
f
V
a

E
r

jX
s

a
V
f

R
f
R

L
f

v
m
,T

u
jX
s
I
a
=E
s
E
r
V
a
I
a
(a)
B
s
B
total
B
r
(b)
d
d

()

()

()
I

>

()

jX
s
I
a
V
a
I
a
I
a
V
a
E
r
E
r
jX
s
I
a
B

B
r
B
s
B

B
r
B
s
E
r
<V
a
E
r
>V
a

E
r
>V
a

a
=

V
a
<E
r
()

B
r
()

B
r
()

u
jX
s
I
a
E
r
I
a
I
a
I
a
E
r
E
r
E
r
V
a
V
a
I
a
P

B
r
d
P

I
a
uE
r
d
B

B
r
P

*E
r
d
P

*B
r
d
*P

*P

*P

*
I
a
u

d
d

E
r
B
r

E
r
()
P

=P

=V
a
I
a
()V
a

I
a
()

E
r

E
r

E
r

E
r

jX
s
I
a
I
a

X
s
=a.
b.I
a
E
r
c.

I
a
E
r

836
Solution
a.

=
()

==

==

=
b.

)
=

()()
=
(

)=

=
I

= *

=V

=(
*
)
=
=
*

=
c.

()

)
(

)
=

)
(

)=

)=

()

V
a
I
a
I
a
I
a
E
r
E
r
E
r
*P

*P

E
r

r
=
*

a
=
*

a
=

r
jX
s
=
*

)=()=

a
=
*

r
=
*

==
*

I
a
()E
r
()
E
r

a
=
I
a

X
s
=I
f
=

B
r
I
f

I
a
I
f

E
r

)=

I
a
=
P

V
a
(

)
=
()
()
=

I
a
=
*

E
r
=V
a
jX
s
I
a
=j(
*
)
=j
=
*

E
r
I
a
V
a

I
a
=
P

V
a
(

)
=
()
()
=

jX
s
I
a
E
r
I
a
V
a

jX
s
I
a
E
r
V
a

I
a
*

r
=
a
jX
s

a
=j()
=j
=
*

I
f
=I
f
E
r
E
r
=

I
f
=*

=KB
r
B

()
T

=
T

=KB
r
B

I
f
B
r
E
r

B
r

n
m
n
s

jX
s
I
a
I
a
E
r
V
a
u
u
*u
d*

=
(

=(

)
*
17.4SINGLE-PHASEMOTORS

mainwinding

=()()

()=

()

()()

*
N
s
S
s

v
s
v
m
T
v
s

B=

KI
m
(t)+

KI
m
(t+)

V
R
m
R
a
L
a
L
m

I
a
I
m
T
n
s
n
m

V
I
a
I
m

R
m
R
a
C

L
a
L
m

17.5STEPPERMOTORSANDBRUSHLESSDCMOTORS

*
A
*
B
*
D

AAA
+

AA
+

AA
+

A
C'
D'
B' D
A'
C
B

DCBA
B
C
D

AB

*
B
BC
*

ABCDABC...

ADCBADCB...

846

Summary
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

Problems847
Problems

B=B
m
(t)

B=B
m
(t+)

B
a
=
Ki
a
(t)()B
b
=Ki
b
(t)()

i
a
(t)=I
m
(t)i
b
(t)=
I
m
(t)

K
I
m

a
b
a'
b'
u
Rotor

B=B
m
(t)
B
m

R
s
=R
r
=
X
s
=X
r
=
X
m
=
Problems

=*

=*

=*

=*

=*

T
n

850

B
r

X
s
=*

X
s
=
*I
f
=

B
r
I
f

Problems

R
s
+jX
s
=+j
R
s

=K

sK

+j8
+j9
j
I
a
I
m
Z
a
0*
+
120
60Hz
6
12
1
vC

+j*

852

T17.1.a.

b.

T17.2.

T17.3.

R
s
=*
X
s
=*
X
m
=*
R
r
=*
X
r
=*

T17.4.

T17.5.

T17.6.

B
r

j=
jii

+j+j
Z=x+jyxy

x+jy

=j
Z

=+j

y
x
Z

=+jZ

=jZ

+Z

/Z

+Z

=(+j)+(j)=+j

=(+j)(j)=+j
Z

=(+j)(j)
=j+jj

=j+j+
=j

=
+j
j

=
+j
j

=
+j
j

+j
+j
=
+j+j+j

+jjj

=
+j+j
+jj+
=
+j

=+j
Z

=jZ

=+jZ

+Z

/Z

+Z

=+jZ

=jZ

=jZ

/Z

=
j*

=
*
Z

=
*

Z|Z|

x
*
Z
+
y
u

|Z|xy

|Z|

=x

+y

()=
y
x

x=|Z|()
y=|Z|()

=
*

x=|Z|()=()=

y=|Z|()=()=

=
*
=x+jy=+j

Z
5
Z
6
10
55
11.18
153.43*
26.57*
10

=+

=+

|=
*

=
+

|=
*

=
+
()

)=

=()=

=+=
*

)=

=+

(/)

=+
,

-
==

=+=
*

=
+

=
*

=
*

=
*

=+

=*

=+

=
*

=
*

=
*
*

()=

()=

=()+()

=()()

()
()
|

|=
*

()+

()

()+

()=
|

|=

e
ju

u
u

e
j

e
j
=
*
=()+j()

e
j
=
*
=()j()
e
j
e
j

A
*

A
*
=A(
*
)=Ae
j

Ae
j

e
j

A
*
=Ae
j
=A()+jA()

Z=
*

Z=
*
=e
j

Z=(e
j
)
=[()+j()]
=+j
Z
Z

=+jZ

=+j

=
*
=e
j
Z

=
*
=e
j
*

=|

=|

=|

|
*

=|

|
*

=|

=|

||

|
(

=|

*
|

*
=|

||

=
|

=
|

|
|

=
|

*
|

|
*
=
|

|
|

=
*

=
*

=
*

*
=
*

=
*

*
=
*

=
*
=()+()
=+

=
*
=()+()
=+

Z
s

Z
s
=Z

+Z

=+j++j
=+j

|Z
s
|=
*
()

+()

s
=

s
=()=
Z
s

Z
s
=Z

+Z

=
*
Z

=
*
Z

=
*
Z

/Z

+Z

= *Z

/Z

=
*
Z

=
*
Z

+
Z

=
*
*

1.

2.

PA.1.Z

=+jZ

=j
Z

+Z

/Z

PA.2.Z

=jZ

=+j
Z

+Z

/Z

PA.3.Z

=+jZ

=j
Z

+Z

/Z

PA.4.
a.Z
a
=
jb.Z
b
=+jc.Z
c
=j
d.Z
d
=j

861
PA.5.

a.Z
a
=
*
b.Z
b
=
*
c.Z
c
=

*
d.Z
d
=
*

PA.6.
a.Z
a
=
e
j
b.Z
b
=e
j
c.Z
c
=e
j

d.Z
d
=e
j

PA.7.

a.Z
a
=+j+
*
b.Z
b
=
*
j
c.Z
c
=
*
+j
d.Z
d
=

*
+

*
+

863
TableB.1.

102768
1847
123382
2256
1539

TableB.2.

864

PC1.

a.+
b.+
c.+
d.+
PC2.*

a.
b.
c.
d.
20* 10* 15V
5*
+

PC3.++

a.+
b.+
c.+
d.+
PC4.

a.
b.
c.
d.

PC5.

a.
b.
c.
d.
PC6.

a.
b.
c.
d.
PC7.

a.
b.
c.
d.+
*

PC8.

a.
b.
c.
d.
110Vrms
60Hz
25F
150mH
50*
+

PC9.t

a.*(*t)
b.*(*t/)

(t)
(t/)
+
25V12.5H
25*
t=0

ABCV
AC
=
V
CB
=
BA

SPICE

MULTISIM

869

>>...
...

ORCADCAPTURECIS

==

)+

)=

)+

)+

()=()

()=

=
=

()=()

=
870
871

()=()()

()=()()

()

()()

()

()

()=

()=

()=

()=

()=

(+)=

(+)=

(+)=

(+)=

(+)=

()=+(

()=()

()

+()=()
=/=

()=()

()=()
()=()()

()

()

()=

()=

()=

()()+

()()

()=()()
()()()

===
()=()

====

=
*

=
*

=
*

=
*
=+
===
=
872

aA
=
*

(t)=(t)+(t+)
+

D=AB+(B+C)
ABC=D=AB+BC
D=B(A+C)
B

=
G=B

+B

G=B

(B

+B

)(B

+
B

)
Q

873

T9.1.

T9.2.

T9.3.

T9.4.

T9.5.

T9.6.
T9.7.

T9.8.

T10.1.a.i
D
=b.i
D
=
T10.2.v
x
=i
x
=
T10.3.*
T10.4.

T10.5.

874

T10.6.

>>
T10.7.

T11.1.

=
T11.2.
T11.3.a.b.c.
d.
T11.4.

=
T11.5.

==
T11.6.

T11.7.

T11.8.

T11.9.

T12.1.

=
T12.2.

=
T12.3.

=
T12.4.

=
T12.5.a.b.c.
T12.6.

=
===

+
v
in
(t)
R
B
R
E
R
L
R
C
B
E
C
i
b
bi
b
r
p

=+

()=(

876
T15.1.a.yb.

T15.2.v=(t)
T15.3.
T15.4.a.B

=b.L=
T15.5.

BH

T15.6.a.I

=I

=V

=V

=b.I

=
I

=V

=V

=
T15.7.B

T16.1.

T16.2.

T16.3.
T16.4.=[(n

)/n

]
T16.5.
E
A
I
F

T16.6.

T16.7.

T16.8.

T16.9.a.b.
T16.10.I
A
=T

=
T16.11.a.P

=T

=P
RA
=P

=b.
=
T16.12.
877
T17.1.a.

b.

()

T17.2.
1.2.3.
4.5.
T17.3.=

==
T17.4.=

=
T17.5.

T17.6.

==

SOFTWARE

INSTALLINGTHESOFTWARE

Note:

878
879
ON-LINESTUDENTRESOURCES

Index

881
882Index

Index883
continued

884Index

Index885

RC
RL

886Index

pn
K

Index887

888Index

npn
n

Index889

890Index
R

RC

RL

Index891

n
p

RC

892Index
continued

Index893