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Competition and Cooperation Competition and Cooperation

Chapter 5
KIN 380 Psychological Analysis
of Physical Activity
After reading chapter After reading chapter 5 5 students will students will
be able to: be able to:
Understand the difference
between competition and
cooperation;
Describe the process of
competition;
Detail the
psychological studies
of competition and
cooperation;
Discuss the social
factors influencing
competition and
cooperation;
Weinberg & Gould (2011, p. 103)
After reading chapter After reading chapter 5 5 students will students will
be able to: be able to:
Explain the reasons
competition can be either a
bad or a good experience;
Understand how to balance
competitive and
cooperative efforts;
Weinberg & Gould (2011, p. 103)
Competition Defined Competition Defined
A social process that occurs when
rewards are given to people for
how their performance compares
with the performances of others
during the same task or when
participating in the same event
(Coakley, 1994)
Cooperation Defined Cooperation Defined
A social process through which
performance is evaluated and rewarded
in terms of the collective achievement of
a group of people working together to
reach a particular goal
Coakley (1994) cited in Weinberg & Gould
(2007, p. 104)
Competition as a Process Competition as a Process
Martens (1975) model
competition is a process that
involves four distinct phases.
Objective Competitive Situation Objective Competitive Situation
Subjective Competitive Situation Subjective Competitive Situation
Response Response
Cosequences Cosequences
Weinberg & Gould (2007, p. 105)
Nadal & Federer, 2009
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Competition as a Process Competition as a Process
Stage 1: Objective Competitive Stage 1: Objective Competitive
Situation Situation
situation in which performance is
compared with some standard of
excellence in the presence of at least
one other person who is aware of the
comparison.
Weinberg & Gould (2007, p. 106)
Competition as a Process Competition as a Process
Stage 2: Subjective competitive Stage 2: Subjective competitive
situation situation
How the person perceives, accepts,
and appraises the objective
competitive situation (influenced by
personality factors such as
competitiveness)
Weinberg & Gould (2007, p. 106)
8port Orientation 8port Orientation
Ouestionnaire Ouestionnaire
To provide a reliable and valid
measure of competitiveness 3
types:
1. Competitiveness
2. Win Orientation
3. Goal Orientation
Weinberg & Gould (2007, p. 107)
Competition as a Process Competition as a Process
Stage 3: Response Stage 3: Response
Whether a person approaches or
avoids an objective competitive
situation (at the behavioral,
physiological, and psychological
levels)
Weinberg & Gould (2007, p. 106)
Competition as a Process Competition as a Process
Stage 4: Consequences Stage 4: Consequences
An evaluation (usually plus or minus)
of ones response to the standards of
the performance comparison
Weinberg & Gould (2007, p. 106)
Psychological 8tudies of Psychological 8tudies of
Competition and Cooperation Competition and Cooperation
Tripletts cyclists Tripletts cyclists
Cyclists were faster in competition
than when alone racing against the
clock.
Weinberg & Gould (2007, p. 110)
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Psychological 8tudies of Psychological 8tudies of
Competition and Cooperation Competition and Cooperation
Deutschs puzzles Deutschs puzzles
Competition Competition--group students were self group students were self--
centered, directed efforts at beating centered, directed efforts at beating
others, had closed communication, and others, had closed communication, and
exhibited group conflict and distrust. exhibited group conflict and distrust.
Cooperation Cooperation--group students group students
communicated communicated openly, shared
information, developed friendships, and
solved more puzzles.
Weinberg & Gould (2007, pp. 110-111)
Psychological 8tudies of Psychological 8tudies of
Competition and Cooperation Competition and Cooperation
Competition and aggression Competition and aggression
Competition is not good or bad; it is
neutral. Whether it leads to
aggression or cooperation depends
on the social environment and the
way the performers view competition.
Weinberg & Gould (2007, p. 110)
Psychological 8tudies of Psychological 8tudies of
Competition and Cooperation Competition and Cooperation
Competition versus cooperation Competition versus cooperation
and performance and performance
Cooperation as opposed to competition
produces superior performance, although
results may depend on the nature of the
task.
Competition can serve as a positive
source of motivation to improve and refine
skills.
Weinberg & Gould (2007, pp. 111-112)
8ix Attributes that Relate to 8ix Attributes that Relate to
Both Competition and Both Competition and
Cooperation {Garfield, 1986} Cooperation {Garfield, 1986}
A sense of mission
Strong work ethic
Use of resources
A strong preparation ethic
A love of challenge and change
Ability to work with a team
Weinberg & Gould (2007, p. 106)
Psychological 8tudies of Psychological 8tudies of
Competition and Cooperation Competition and Cooperation
Competitive sport and success in life
Athletes in educational programs have Athletes in educational programs have
higher educational aspirations than higher educational aspirations than
nonathletes. nonathletes.
Athletes have no more or less career Athletes have no more or less career
success than nonathletes. success than nonathletes.
Athletes are no more or less deviant than Athletes are no more or less deviant than
nonathletes. nonathletes.
Weinberg & Gould (2007, p. 114)
8port Participation will have a 8port Participation will have a
positive effect if. positive effect if.
Emphasis is placed on the following:
a. Philosophy of non-violence
b. Respect for self and others
c. Importance of fitness and the control
of self
d. Confidence in physical skills
e. A sense of responsibility
Coakley (2007)
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s Competition Good or Bad? s Competition Good or Bad?
Competition is neither
inherently good nor bad. It
is neither productive nor
destructive. It is a neutral
process; the environment
determines its effects to a
great degree.
Weinberg & Gould (2007, pp. 114-
115)
Kids First Soccer
Competitive vs. Cooperative Competitive vs. Cooperative
Environments Environments
Cooperative Cooperative
environment environment
Individual progress
Effort
Progress
Part of Learning
Challenge, personal
best
Personal progress,
learning
Developmental
learning
Dimension Dimension
how success is
defined
What is valued
How a person is
evaluated
How mistakes are
viewed
Why activity is
engaged in
What a person is
focused on
What the leader is
focused on
Competitive Competitive
Environment Environment
doing better
than others
Ability
Scoring, winning
Failure
Extrinsic
rewards,
recognition
Comparison to
others
Normative
comparisons
Enhancing Cooperation Enhancing Cooperation
Component structure of games
Competitive meanscompetitive ends.
For example, King of the Mountain, 100-
yard dash
Cooperative meanscompetitive ends
For example, soccer, basketball
Weinberg & Gould (2007)
Enhancing Cooperation Enhancing Cooperation
Component structure of games
Individual meansindividual ends
For example, calisthenics, cross-country skiing
Cooperative meansindividual ends
For example, helping each other individually
improve
Cooperative meanscooperative ends
For example, keeping a volleyball from hitting
ground
Weinberg & Gould (2007)
Enhancing Cooperation Enhancing Cooperation
Cooperative games
Cooperative games are games that
emphasize both cooperative means
and cooperative ends.
Cooperation can be taught through
cooperative games.
Cooperative games can be devised by
changing the rules of traditional games.
Weinberg & Gould (2007)
Enhancing Cooperation Enhancing Cooperation
General principles of cooperative
games
Maximize participation
Maximize opportunities to learn sport
and movement skills
Do not keep score of game
Weinberg & Gould (2007)
5
Enhancing Cooperation Enhancing Cooperation
General principles of cooperative
games
Maximize opportunities for success
Give positive feedback
Provide opportunities for youngsters to
play different positions
Weinberg & Gould (2007)
Balancing Cooperative Balancing Cooperative
and Competitive Efforts and Competitive Efforts
Guidelines for Competition and
Cooperation
Blend competition and cooperation when
teaching and coaching physical skills.
Individualize instruction to meet each
persons needs.
Structure games for children to include both
competitive and cooperative elements.
Weinberg & Gould (2007)
Balancing Cooperative Balancing Cooperative
and Competitive Efforts and Competitive Efforts
Guidelines for Competition and
Cooperation
When competition leads to a fierce
rivalry, use super ordinate goals to get
the groups together.
Provide positive feedback and
encouragement to students and
athletes regardless of the outcome of
the competition.
Weinberg & Gould (2007)
Balancing Cooperative Balancing Cooperative
and Competitive Efforts and Competitive Efforts
Guidelines for Competition and
Cooperation
Stress cooperation to produce trust
and open communication.
Provide opportunities for both the
learning of sport skills and the practice
of these skills in competition.
Weinberg & Gould (2007)
Ouestions? Ouestions?
Comments? Comments?