Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand

(EGAT)
01
st
J uly 2014 31
th
October 2014

Mr. Ratana KEM
M.Eng. in Electrical Power and Energy Engineering

Industry Internship Report
Power System Transient Simulation
using PowerFactory v15.1 and ATPDraw v5.7
i
Internship information
Student name Mr. Ratana KEM
Student ID 56-091-0186-0025
Program Electrical Power and Energy Engineering
Title Power System Transient Simulation using PowerFactory v15.1
and ATPDraw v5.7
Internship period 01
st
J uly 2014 31
th
October 2014
Company Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT)
Company
address:
Bang Kruai, Nonthaburi 11130, Bangkok
Tel. +66 (0) 2436-1416 Fax. +66 (0) 2436-4832
Company
Supervisors
1. Mr. Somchai Chareonsrikasem
2. Mr. Weerasak Chartwan
TGGS Advisors 1. Asst. Prof. Dr. Thanapong Suwanasri
2. Asst. Prof. Dr. Cattareeya Suwanasri


ii
Approval report
The internship report has been submitted to The Sirindhorn International Thai-
German Graduate School of Engineering (TGGS), King Mongkuts University of
Technology North Bangkok (KMUTNB) for the degree of Master of Engineering in
Electrical Power and Energy Engineering.
Supervisors
signature

..........
(Mr. Somchai Chareonsrikasem)
Date:
TGGS Advisors
signature

.
(Asst. Prof. Dr. Thanapong Suwanasri)
Date:


iii
Acknowledgement
Firstly, I would like to show my deepest gratitude for Dr. Thanapong Sovanasri, my
lecturer in The Sirindhorn International Thai-German Graduate School of Engineering
(TGGS), who always shares his valuable advices and experiences to write this report and
provides all possibilities to complete internship in EGAT. And also, I would like to express
my respect and thankful to Mr. Somchai Chareonsrikasem, Chief of Substation Electrical
Equipment Engineering Department, who provided me the data for research this useful report
and as well as shared his knowledge and experiences to me during my internship in EGAT.
Here in, I
Asdfjasdfjlasdkfasldfjas asdfjlas fasd f

Ratana Kem

iv
Table of content
Internship information ................................................................................................................ i
Approval report .......................................................................................................................... ii
Acknowledgement ................................................................................................................... iii
Table of content ........................................................................................................................ iv
List of figure ............................................................................................................................. vi
List of table ............................................................................................................................... ix
Chapter 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 1
Chapter 2 Electrical Transient in Power System ....................................................................... 2
Chapter 3 EMT Modeling for Simulation .................................................................................. 3
3.1. Simple Circuit ................................................................................................ 3
3.2. Transmission line ........................................................................................... 3
3.3. Power Transformer ........................................................................................ 3
Chapter 4 PowerFactory v15.1 .................................................................................................. 4
4.1. Introduction to DIgSILENT PowerFactory v15.1 ......................................... 4
4.2. Operating Window and Data Structure ......................................................... 6
4.3. Basic Data of Components and EMT Simulation ......................................... 9
4.3.1. Voltage Source .................................................................................. 9
4.3.2. Substations and Nodes ...................................................................... 9
4.3.3. Transmission Lines Model .............................................................. 10
4.3.4. Power Transformer ......................................................................... 25
4.3.5. Shunt/Filter ..................................................................................... 31
4.3.6. Surge Arrester ................................................................................. 33
4.4. EMT Handling Simulation .......................................................................... 34
4.5. Creating Plot ................................................................................................ 34
v
Chapter 5 ATPDraw v5.7 ........................................................................................................ 36
5.1. Main Window .............................................................................................. 37
5.2. Standard Components for Transient Simulation ......................................... 38
5.3. ATP Setting Input File ................................................................................. 38
5.4. Run ATP ...................................................................................................... 38
Chapter 6 Study Cases ............................................................................................................. 39
6.1. Energization of 500kV Transmission Line .................................................. 39
6.2. Inrush Current of Power Transformer Energization .................................... 54
6.3. Capacitor Switching .................................................................................... 54
Chapter 7 Result ....................................................................................................................... 55
7.1. From both programs .................................................................................... 55
7.2. Advantages and Disadvantages ................................................................... 55
Chapter 8 Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 56
Bibliography ............................................................................................................................ 57
Biography ................................................................................................................................. 58
Appendix .................................................................................................................................. 59


vi
List of figure
Figure 4.1 Main window for PowerFactory v15.1 ..................................................................... 6
Figure 4.2 PowerFactory Data Manager .................................................................................... 7
Figure 4.3 Structure of a PowerFactory project in Data Manager ............................................. 8
Figure 4.4 Change Toolbox Selection ....................................................................................... 9
Figure 4.5 Positive, Negative and Zero sequence voltage source model respectively .............. 9
Figure 4.6 Lumped parameters model for single phase and three-phase circuit ..................... 11
Figure 4.7 New Selection option for Lumped Parameter (PI) model ...................................... 13
Figure 4.8 Basic data input for Line Type ............................................................................... 13
Figure 4.9 EMT-Simulation data input for Line Type ............................................................. 14
Figure 4.10 Basic data input (1) for Tower Type .................................................................... 14
Figure 4.11 Basic data input (2) for Tower Type .................................................................... 15
Figure 4.12 Calculation results (impedance and admittance matrices) ................................... 15
Figure 4.13 Select New Tower Geometry Type from Line Element ...................................... 16
Figure 4.14 Data input for Tower Geometry Type .................................................................. 16
Figure 4.15 Basic Data input for Tower Geometry Type ........................................................ 17
Figure 4.16 Incremental model for a line of elemental length ................................................ 19
Figure 4.17 Equivalent PI-Circuit for distributed line parameters in frequency domain ........ 20
Figure 4.18 Equivalent circuit with controlled current sources for FD model ....................... 22
Figure 4.19 Data input for frequency-dependent for line model ............................................. 23
Figure 4.20 Bode approximations of A and Zc for the zero-sequence .................................... 23
Figure 4.21 Data input for frequency-dependent for line model ............................................. 24
Figure 4.22 General diagram model of the 2-winding transformer ......................................... 25
Figure 4.23 Two slope and polynomial saturation curves ....................................................... 26
Figure 4.24 Equivalent circuit for the zero sequence .............................................................. 27
vii
Figure 4.25 PF Positive-sequence model of the 3-winding transformer, taps modelled ......... 29
Figure 4.26 PF Positive-sequence model of the 3-winding transformer, taps modelled ......... 29
Figure 4.27 Measurement data input page for three-winding transformer .............................. 30
Figure 4.28 Stray Capacitance option for 3-winding transformer ........................................... 31
Figure 4.29 PowerFactory technology and shunt type for RLC circuit ................................... 31
Figure 4.30 Input parameter window for RLC circuit with Layout Parameter Input Mode ... 32
Figure 4.31 Surge arrester element (V-I) ................................................................................ 33
Figure 4.32 Surge arrester element plot ................................................................................... 33
Figure 4.33 Surge arrester model circuit diagram ................................................................... 33
Figure 5.1 Main menu window for ATPDraw v5.7 ................................................................. 37
Figure 6.1 Single line diagram for case study on 500kV line switching ................................. 39
Figure 6.2 Source Impedance for EMT-Simulation ............................................................... 40
Figure 6.3 Shunt Reactor Connection ..................................................................................... 40
Figure 6.4 Basic Data input for Shunt reactor 3ph-YN connection ......................................... 41
Figure 6.5 Basic Data input for Neutral Reactor ..................................................................... 41
Figure 6.6 Tower Configuration mostly used for EGAT project after 2005 .......................... 43
Figure 6.7 Result of impedance matrix of 012 sequences ...................................................... 44
Figure 6.8 Result of admittance matrix of 012 sequences ...................................................... 44
Figure 6.9 Impedance and Admittance matrix printed to output window .............................. 45
Figure 6.10 Basic Data for single circuit data transmission line 500kV ................................ 47
Figure 6.11 EMT-Data for single circuit data transmission line 500kV ................................. 47
Figure 6.12 SLD of overhead transmission line 500kV model in PowerFactory ................... 48
Figure 6.13 SLD of overhead transmission line 500kV model in ATPDraw ......................... 48
Figure 6.14 Source Impedance ............................................................................................... 49
Figure 6.15 AC voltage source 3-phase .................................................................................. 49
Figure 6.16 3phase Switch with time control ......................................................................... 50
Figure 6.17 Surge Arrester characteristics, MOV type ........................................................... 50
Figure 6.18 Shunt Reactor parameter input Y-connection ..................................................... 51
Figure 6.19 Neutral Reactor parameter as RL circuit ............................................................. 51
viii
Figure 6.20 Transmission line PI-Model ................................................................................ 52
Figure 6.21 Transmission Line Data parameters .................................................................... 52
Figure 6.22 Sending and Receiving End voltage from PowerFactory .................................... 53
Figure 6.23 Sending and Receiving End voltage from ATPDraw .......................................... 53


ix
List of table
Table 4.1 Overview of line model as available in PowerFactory ............................................ 10
Table 4.2 Basic data of the two-slope and polynomial saturation characteristics ................... 27
Table 4.3 Positive and Negative sequence in put parameter ................................................... 30
Table 6.1 Voltage-Current (V-I) characteristics of Surge Arrester 500kV, MOSA ................ 42

1
Chapter 1 Introduction
This template is designed to help TGGS students in writing their thesis in the correct
format. The automatic formatting including automatic reference of figures, tables, equations
and references will make editing the thesis fast and simple. The students can save plenty of
time in editing and formatting. The automatic feature of this template ensures the accuracy
and correctness of the table of contents and the references.
The following chapters explain how to use this template in a correct and efficient way. Please
bear in mind that the template will be only helpful and efficient when the users know how to
use it in correct ways, otherwise the template may cause trouble, more work and headache
instead.
Fdsfsdfjsdk aklsdfasd fd asdklfjasdlfj


2
Chapter 2 Electrical Transient in Power System
fdsfasfd

3
Chapter 3 EMT Modeling for Simulation

3.1. Simple Circuit
3.2. Transmission line
3.3. Power Transformer


4
Chapter 4 PowerFactory v15.1
4.1. Introduction to DIgSILENT PowerFactory v15.1
The calculation program PowerFactory, as written by DIgSILENT, is a computer
aided engineering tool for the analysis of industrial, utility, and commercial electrical power
systems. It has been designed as an advanced integrated and interactive software package
dedicated to electrical power system and control analysis in order to achieve the main
objectives of planning and operation optimization [1].
The name DIgSILENT stands for "DIgital SImuLation and Electrical NeTwork
calculation program''. DIgSILENT Version 15.1 was released in late 2013 which included
more advanced functions, standard user interface, network graphics, new elements model,
python Integration and new key features.
1- PowerFactory core functions: definition, modification and organization of cases;
core numerical routines; output and documentation functions.
2. Integrated interactive single line graphic and data case handling.
3. Power system element and base case database.
4. Integrated calculation functions (e.g. line and machine parameter calculation based
on geometrical or nameplate information).
5. Power system network configuration with interactive or on-line SCADA access.
6. Generic interface for computer-based mapping systems.
To address users power system analysis requirements, PowerFactory was designed
as an integrated engineering tool to provide a comprehensive suite of power system analysis
functions within a single executable program.
PowerFactory incorporates an impressive and continuously growing list of
simulation functions including:
5
Load Flow and Fault Analysis, allowing meshed and mixed 1-phase, 2-phase, and
3-phase AC and/or DC networks.
Low Voltage Network Analysis
Short-Circuit Analysis for meshed and mixed 1-phase, 2-phase, and 3-phase AC
Network
Harmonics Analysis
RMS Simulation (time-domain simulation for stability analysis)
EMT Simulation (time-domain simulation of electromagnetic transient)
Eigenvalue Analysis
Model Parameter Identification
Contingency Analysis
Reliability Analysis
General Adequacy Analysis
Optimal Power Flow
Distribution Network Optimization
Protection Analysis
Network Reduction
State Estimation
The Electromagnetics transient will be focused on this report in the following chapter.

6
4.2. Operating Window and Data Structure
Graphic user interface consists of the main part as the following:
Menu bar entry has drop list for menu options
Main tool bar provides command buttons and icons to perform a task
Project overview Window helps to keep overview of the project
Graphic Window shows network diagram
Drawing toolbox allows user to pick up the element needs
Output Window generates output results and reports

User can access data in Data Manager which provides all the features required to
manage and maintain all the data from the projects. The data manager uses a tree
representation of the whole database, in combination with a versatile data browser. To
initially open a data manager window press the icon from the main toolbar.
PowerFactorys Project data is organized in form of set of folder (workbook
structure). This means that all information and operation scenarios of the network contains
and grouped into Element Data and Operational Data. In data base term, these data
has been set in to four folders, in PowerFactory, as followings:
2
3
5
4
1
6
Figure 4.1 Main window for PowerFactory v15.1
7
1- Network Data folder: Holds all the element data.
2- Operation Scenario folder: Holds the operational data defining a certain
operational point.
3- Equipment Type folder: Holds all the type data
4- Study Case folder: Holds all the study management data.

The PowerFactory database supports multiple users and each user can manage
multiple projects. User Account" folders with access privileges only for their owners (and
other users with shared rights) must then be used. User accounts are of course in a higher
level than projects. Figure 4.3 shows a snapshot from a database as seen by the user in a Data
Manager window, where there is a User Account for User", and one project titled
Project". The main folders used to arrange data in PowerFactory are summarized below:
1- Global Library 2- Project Library
3- Network Data 4- Diagram
Figure 4.2 PowerFactory Data Manager
8
5- Variations 6- Operation Scenarios
7- Study Cases 8- Settings

Figure 4.3 Structure of a PowerFactory project in Data Manager
9
Different Simulation tasks can be performed by selecting the Change toolbox and the
icons appear for user to command the simulation procedures and create the plots.

4.3. Basic Data of Components and EMT Simulation
4.3.1. Voltage Source
The AC voltage source model is represented as the equivalent network contains the
ideal source, treats as having zero current, with internal impedance of positive, negative and
zero sequence as shown in figure below.

4.3.2. Substations and Nodes
PowerFactory defines busbar as two options, Nodes and Substations. Nodes are
represented as Terminal which is connecting lines, generators, loads, etc. to the network.
Figure 4.4 Change Toolbox Selection
X1 R1
U1 U1
set
I1 X2 R2
U2 U2
set
I2 X0 R0
U0 U0
set
I0
Figure 4.5 Positive, Negative and Zero sequence voltage source model respectively
10
Depending on their usage within the power system, Terminals can be used to represent
Busbars, J unctions, or Internal Nodes.
4.3.3. Transmission Lines Model
This subsection describes the models of transmission lines available in PowerFactory
for both the steady-state and the transient simulations. Cable type is not mentioned here.
System Phase Technology Element Type
DC Unipolar Elmlne Typlne
AC
1-phase Elmlne Typlne
2-phase Elmlne Typlne
3-phase Elmlne Typlne, TypTow. TypGeo
1-phase with Neutral Elmlne Typlne
2-phase with Neutral Elmlne Typlne
3-phase with Neutral Elmlne Typlne
AC, mutually
coupled circuits
Any combination of
phase technologies
ElmTow Typlne, TypGeo
- Elmlne : Line Element; - TypTow : Tower Type
- ElmTow : Tower Element; - TypGeo : Tower Geometry Type
- Typlne : Type Line
In the steady state condition, Transmission Lines have been modeled as PI normal
circuit (lumped parameters, or short and medium line) and PI equivalent circuit (Distributed
parameters, or long line). These two models, Lumped and Distributed, are still used to model
in time domain simulations, but Constant and Frequency Dependent parameters are used to
model the long Transmission Lines.

Table 4.1 Overview of line model as available in PowerFactory
11
The tower type (TypTow) does also support the definition of the transmission system
in terms of its electrical parameters, so that the user has the option to enter the impedance and
admittance matrices either in natural or in sequence components. This is especially useful
when the user has to define an unbalanced system (eg. untransposed line) with multiple
circuits not supported by the line type (TypLne).
4.3.3.1. Lumped Parameters (PI) Model
Figure below shows the equivalent PI-circuit that PowerFactory uses to represent
short and medium AC transmission lines with lumped parameters.

The impedance and admittance of the equivalent circuit are calculated from the input
parameters defined in the line type (TypLne) according to the following equations:

( ) Z Z l R j L l

= = +

1 1
( )
2 2
Y Y l G j C l

= = + (1)
G B tg =
Where l is the length of the line in [ ], , , , and km R L G C are the line parameters
per length unit. Note that the conductance G can be defined in terms of the insulation factor
tg . See Appendix A.
The input parameters in the line type (TypLne) are defined in terms of Positive,
Negative, and Zero Sequence impedances and admittances
1 2 0 1 2 0
, , , , , Y and Y Z Z Z Y . The
Negative Sequence is assumed equal to the positive sequence. The self and mutual
impedances and admittances matrices are given by:
Figure 4.6 Lumped parameters model for single phase and three-phase circuit
12

| | | | ;
s m m s m m
abc m s m abc m s m
m m s m m s
Z Z Z Y Y Y
Z Z Z Z Y Y Y Y
Z Z Z Y Y Y
( (
( (
= =
( (
( (



| |
0
012 1
2
0 0 2 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
s m
s m
s m
Z Z Z
Z Z Z Z
Z Z Z
+ ( (
( (
= =
( (
( (



| |
0
012 1
2
0 0 2 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
s m
s m
s m
Y Y Y
Y Y Y Y
Y Y Y
+ ( (
( (
= =
( (
( (


The models based on line types (TypLne) are by default non frequency-dependent
which the electrical parameters per unit-length of the line at power frequency are defined.
These parameters remain unchanged; if the frequency of the simulation changes i.e. differs
from the power frequency, then the program will adjust the reactance and susceptance of the
line according to the new frequency. The inductances and capacitances remain however
unchanged. For certain functions (harmonic load flow, frequency sweeps) the user still has
the option to assign a frequency characteristic to the parameters in the line type.
PowerFactory further distinguishes between constant and frequency-dependent
parameters models. Models based on tower geometry types (TypTow or TypGeo) use
frequency dependent parameters; it means that the electrical parameters of the line per unit-
length are calculated from the mechanical characteristics of the tower and the conductors
accounting for skin effect, the frequency-dependent earth-return path of the line, etc. These
types should be preferred in simulations where a wide range of frequencies is involved or
frequencies other than the power frequency of the system.
The following figures will show the input data for Transmission Line model in
PowerFactory v15.1 and some note points according to Basic Data and EMT Simulation
Data.

13



Figure 4.7 New Selection option for Lumped Parameter (PI) model
Figure 4.8 Basic data input for Line Type
14





Figure 4.9 EMT-Simulation data input for Line Type
Figure 4.10 Basic data input (1) for Tower Type
15



Figure 4.11 Basic data input (2) for Tower Type
Figure 4.12 Calculation results (impedance and admittance matrices)
16


Figure 4.13 Select New Tower Geometry Type from Line Element
Figure 4.14 Data input for Tower Geometry Type
17



Figure 4.15 Basic Data input for Tower Geometry Type
18
This figures above describes the Data input of the electrical parameters of an
overhead line system from its configuration characteristics like tower geometry, conductor
types, number, phasing and grounding condition of its circuits, etc. The calculation function
is available for lines having a tower type (TypTow) or a tower geometry type (TypGeo).
The line parameters calculation function, or so-called line constants, supports
overhead lines systems with any number of parallel circuits of the same or different nominal
voltage, 3-ph, 2-ph and single phase, with or without earth wires and neutral conductors and
different types of transpositions. The calculation accounts for the skin effect in the conductors
and for the frequency dependency of the earth return path.
The calculation function can be used in a stand-alone mode, in which case
PowerFactory prints the calculation results (impedance and admittance matrices) to the
output window, or it can be automatically called by the line (ElmLne) or line coupling
(ElmTow) elements when associated to a tower type (TypTow) or a tower geometry type
(TypGeo). In the last case, the parameters calculation function will automatically return
the resulting impedance and admittance matrices of the overhead line system to the
simulation model.
Finally, the tower type (TypTow) does also support the definition of the transmission
system in terms of its electrical parameters, so that the user has the option to enter the
impedance and admittance matrices either in natural or in sequence components. This is
especially useful when the user has to define an unbalanced system (eg. untransposed line)
with multiple circuits not supported by the line type (TypLne).
4.3.3.2. Distributed Parameters Model
Besides the lumped parameter models described in the previous sections,
PowerFactory also supports distributed parameters models for three-phase line circuits. This
model accounts for the distributed nature of the line parameters and should be therefore the
preferred option for long lines. For short lines the lumped parameters models discussed in the
previous sections provide enough accurate solutions.
19
To make the model usable for EMT simulations, further assumptions have to be
made. These assumptions give rise to the different models available for the EMT-models of
distributed parameter lines are based on Bergerons method for the solution in time domain.
Following options are supported:
Constant parameters model
Frequency-dependent parameters model



2 2
2 2
( ) ' ; ( ) '
' ' ( ) ; ' ' ( )
V I
I x Z V x Y
x x
V I
Z Y V x Z Y I x
x x

= =


= =

(2)
General Solution of this form:

1 2
1 2
( )
( )
'
' '
'
x x
x x
C
C
U x K e K e
Z I x K e K e
Z
with Z and Z Y
Y

= +
= +
= =
(3)
Both the surge (or characteristic) impedance Z
C
and the propagation factor are
frequency dependent and uniquely characterize the behavior of the transmission line,
therefore the impedance and admittance of the equivalent circuit are:
Figure 4.16 Incremental model for a line of elemental length
20

sinh
sinh '
tanh
cosh 1 1 2
'
sinh 2
2
C
C
l
Z Z l Z l
l
l
l
Y Y l
l
Z l

= =

| |
|

\ .
= =


(4)

Considering up to the second order terms, equations (4) of the distributed parameter
model go into equations (1) of the lumped parameter model:

' ( ' ')
1 1
' ( ' ')
2 2
Y Z Z l R j L l
Y Y Y l G j C l

= = = +
= = = +
(5)
The accuracy of the lumped model depends then on the weight of truncated terms in
the series expansion of the hyperbolic functions, which in turns depends on the factor f l
(frequency x length). For overhead lines less than 250 km and power frequency, this
approximation is very satisfactory and the error can be neglected. For longer lines or higher
frequencies, a distributed parameter model will give then a more accurate solution.
Longer lines can be alternatively modelled connecting line sections in cascade. In
general, the longer the line or the higher the frequency, the more line sections are required for
the same accuracy. Increasing the number of line sections to infinity will turn the lumped
parameter model into the distributed parameters model discussed before.
To make the model usable for EMT simulations, further assumptions have to be
made. These assumptions give rise to the different models available for the EMT-models of
Figure 4.17 Equivalent PI-Circuit for distributed line parameters in frequency domain
21
distributed parameter lines are based on Bergerons method for the solution in time domain.
Following options are supported:
Constant parameters model
Frequency-dependent parameters model
For the distributed constant parameters model the settings are adjusted on the EMT
page of the line element (ElmLne) or line coupling element (ElmTow) as following:
- Line Model: Constant parameter
- Frequency for travel time estimation: enter a representative frequency for the
transient under analysis. This frequency is used in matrix model to calculate the propagation
constant. In case of a non-transposed line, the frequency-dependent modal transformation
matrix is calculated at this frequency as well. A travel time (frequency independent) as,
' '
l
l L C

= =
To handle frequency dependent parameters PowerFactory supports the approach
proposed by J. Marti. The characteristic impedance and the propagation factor are developed
in rational functions and then the poles and zeros of the rational expressions calculated using
a Bodes approximation.
For the propagation factor
( )
( ) :
l
A e

=

min 1 2 1 2
1 2 1 2
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ...
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
s n n
app
n n
s z s z s z k k k
A s e k
s p s p s p s p s p s p

+ + +
= = + + +
+ + + + + +


1 2 1 2
0
1 2 1 2
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ...
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
n n
C app
n n
s z s z s z k k k
Z s k k
s p s p s p s p s p s p

+ + +
= = + + + +
+ + + + + +

The accuracy of the model depends on the quality of the rational function
approximations for A and Zc. To verify the approximation PowerFactory plots the exact and
approximated solutions of A and Zc in the EMT-Simulation tab page of the line (ElmLne)
and line coupling (ElmTow) elements as shown in Figure below.




22



For the distributed frequency-dependent parameter model the settings are adjusted
on the EMT page of the line element (ElmLne) or line coupling element (ElmTow) as
following:
- Line Model: frequency-dependent parameter
- Frequency for travel time estimation: Frequency for travel time estimation: enter
a representative frequency for the transient under analysis. The frequency-dependent modal
transformation matrix is calculated at this frequency.
- Min and Max. Frequency of parameter fitting: enter the minimum and maximum
frequency for the approximation by rational functions of the propagation factor and the
characteristic impedance.
- Tolerance for Bode approximation: defined the maximum error in % that is
desired for the Bode approximation of the propagation factor and the characteristic
impedance. The lower the tolerance, the higher the number poles and zeros of the
approximated rational expressions.


Figure 4.18 Equivalent circuit with controlled current sources for FD model
23




Figure 4.19 Data input for frequency-dependent for line model
Figure 4.20 Bode approximations of A and Zc for the zero-sequence
24


Figure 4.21 Data input for frequency-dependent for line model
25
4.3.4. Power Transformer
Power Transformer is the most importance device in the power system, used to
transfer the power from high voltage level to lower voltage level and vice versa. The model
makes special consideration for auto-transformers. In this section, two-winding transformer
(3-phase) and three-winding transformer (3-phase) have been taken to descript the EMT
Simulation modelling in PowerFactory v15.1 for this report.
4.3.4.1. Two-winding Transformer (3-phase)
The two-winding transformer model is a very detailed model for various kinds of
three-phase, two-winding transformers in power systems. This section describes the general
model and is valid for all PowerFactory calculation functions. Particularly, saturation or
capacitive effects, which are only relevant for some calculation functions such as high
frequency EMT-applications, Harmonics Simulation and so on.

For simulating nonlinear, electromagnetic transient such as transformer inrush
currents or ferroresonance, core saturation needs to be included into the transformer model.
Furthermore, depending on the frequencies involved in the transient simulation, the
transformer model has to account for the stray capacitances between windings and winding to
ground.
The non-linear magnetizing reactance X
m
represents the saturation characteristic of
the transformer and it is defined in the transformer type (TypTr2n/EMT simulation page).
The model supports the following options:
- Linear: no saturation considered
- Two slopes: the saturation curve is approximated by a two linear slopes
Figure 4.22 General diagram model of the 2-winding transformer
26
- Polynomial: the saturation curve is approximated by a polynomial of user-defined
order. The polynomial fits asymptotically into the piecewise linear definition.



-
, M sat
i Magnetizing Current pu
-
M
Magnetizing Flux pu
-
M
L Linear Reactance pu
-
0
This parameter is automatically calculated to
that the polynomial characteristic fits the
saturated reactance in full saturation and
transits steadily in to the piece-wise linear
characteristic at the knee point. Pu
- ksat Saturation exponent, i.e. polynomial degree pu

Figure 4.23 Two slope and polynomial saturation curves
27
Parameter Description Unit
Knee Flux
Knee-point of asymptotic piece-wise linear characteristic.
Typical value around 1.1 to 1.2 times the rated flux.
p.u.
Linear (unsaturated)
Reactance
Magnetizing reactance for unsaturated conditions L
unsa
.
In p.u. values, the linear reactance is equal to the
reciprocal of the magnetizing current (reactance part of
the exciting current)
p.u.
Saturated Reactance Magnetizing reactance for saturated condition L
sat
. p.u.
Saturation Exponent
Exponent of polynomial representation (k
sat
). Typical
values are 9, 13, and 15. The higher the exponent the
sharper, the saturation curves.
-
- Current/Flux values: The user can also define the saturation curve in terms of
measured current-flux values and select between a piecewise linear or spline interpolation.
The base quantities of the p.u. values in the current-flux table are also referred to the peak
values of the corresponding nominal variables:

3
[ ]
[ ] 2 10
3 [ ]
base
base
base
S MVA
I A
U kV
=

3
[ ]/ 3
[ ] 2 10
2 [ ]
base
base
base
U kV
V s
f kHz
=
The zero sequence magnetizing reactance strongly depends on the construction
characteristic of the transformer core (three-legged, five-legged, shell-type, etc.) and its
vector group. Figure below shows the equivalent circuit for the zero sequence.


Table 4.2 Basic data of the two-slope and polynomial saturation characteristics
Figure 4.24 Equivalent circuit for the zero sequence
28
Transformer with delta-connected windings
If the transformer has delta-connected windings, then any zero sequence excitation
approximates a zero-sequence short-circuit, as the delta-connected winding short-circuits the
zero sequence current. In that case there is no need to represent zero sequence saturation.
Transformer without delta-connected windings
If the transformer type does not have delta-connected windings, then the zero-
sequence excitation current results generally higher than the positive-sequence excitation
current and strongly depends on the core type.
To account for the higher zero-sequence linear exciting current when no delta-
connected winding is available, PowerFactory allows for the definition of linear (unsaturated)
zero-sequence magnetizing impedance. This zero-sequence magnetizing impedance and its
R/X ratio is defined in the load flow page (TypTr2nLoad flow); the parameters are made
available depending on the vector group (i.e. hidden in case of delta-connected winding).
To account for the core type dependency of the zero-sequence saturation
characteristic, the transformer model supports the following two options in the EMT-
simulation page:
3 Limbs core: use this option for three-legged core designs. In this core type, the
fluxes are roughly equal in the three legs and must therefore return outside the core through
the air-gap and the tank. Because of the fact that the air-gap and the tanks are no-magnetic,
the zero-sequence magnetizing current is nearly linear and therefore the model uses the linear
zero-sequence magnetizing impedance defined in the load flow page. In other words, it does
not consider zero-sequence saturation effects.
5 Limbs core: use this option for five-legged and shell-type cores. As the zero-
sequence fluxes return inside the core, the model uses the saturation characteristic (of the
positive sequence) in the zero-sequence magnetizing reactance as well.
4.3.4.2. Three-winding Transformer (3-phase)
In PowerFactory each winding of a transformer can have taps, however only one of
the tap changers can be controlled in the load-flow calculation. The adjustment of the taps
29
can be set in the load-flow of the transformer type or can be enabled for automatic control
before run load-flow solution.
For a three-winding transformer, the third winding is referred to the minimum rated
power of the other two windings. For example, for a 60/60/10 MVA, 132/22/11 kV
transformer, a value of 10% is specified both for the HV-MV and LV-HV positive-sequence
short-circuit voltages. The impedance value (referred to HV-side) of the impedance between;
- the HV and MV terminals is;

( )
2
132
0.1 29.04
60
kV
primary
MVA
=
- the HV and LV terminals is

( )
2
132
0.1 174.24
10
kV
primary
MVA
=



Figure 4.25 PF Positive-sequence model of the 3-winding transformer, taps modelled
Figure 4.26 PF Positive-sequence model of the 3-winding transformer, taps modelled
30
The model diagrams Figure 4.10 and Figure 4.11 and input parameters in Positive,
Negative and Zero sequence models will be list in table below:

Parameter Unit Description
U
r,T,HV
U
r,T,HV
U
r,T,HV
kV Rated Voltage on HV/MV/LV side
S
r,T,HV
S
r,T,HV
S
r,T,HV

MVA Rated Power for the windings on HV/MV/LV side
u
sc,HV-MV
u
sc,MV-LV
u
sc,LV-HV
% Relative short-circuit voltage of paths HV-MV, MV-LV, LV-HV
P
Cu,HV-MV
P
Cu,MV-LV
P
Cu,LV-HV

kW Copper losses of path HV-MV, MV-LV, LV-HV
u
r.sc,HV-MV
u
r,sc,MV-LV
u
r,sc,LV-HV
%
Relative short-circuit voltage, resistive part of paths HV-MV, MV-
LV, LV-HV
X/R
HV-MV
X/R
MV-LV
X/R
LV-HV


Relative short-circuit voltage ratio, X/R ratio of path HV-MV, MV-
LV, LV-HV
i0 % No-Load current, related to rate current at HV side
P
Fe
kW No-Load losses
It is possible to use manufacturers or any other available measurement data for load-
flow calculation.

Table 4.3 Positive and Negative sequence in put parameter
Figure 4.27 Measurement data input page for three-winding transformer
31
On the EMT-Simulation page of the element (ElmTr2nEMT-Simulation) the user can
enable the stray capacitances in the model by ticking the Consider Capacitances option.

4.3.5. Shunt/Filter
PowerFactory categorized the Shunt Capacitance and Reactance as Shunt/Filter block
diagram. Shunt type and Configuration Technology have been mentioned in as the design
configuration for input parameter. Different type and configuration are shown in the
following figures.


DIgSILENT PowerFactory provides Technical Reference Documentation for Shunt
and Filter element, which descripts detail of each configuration and model for simulation.


Figure 4.28 Stray Capacitance option for 3-winding transformer
Figure 4.29 PowerFactory technology and shunt type for RLC circuit
32
To define the reactance/inductivity and the resistance there are two input modes:
a) Design Parameter: the parameters are defined with the rated reactive power or the
rated current and a quality factor.
b) Layout Parameter: the parameters are defined with the reactance or inductivity and
the resistance in Ohm.




Figure 4.30 Input parameter window for RLC circuit with Layout Parameter Input Mode
33
4.3.6. Surge Arrester
The surge arrester model in PowerFactory defines a highly nonlinear voltage-current
(V-I) characteristic using peak values. This nonlinear characteristic represents the
requirement that the surge arrester should have a very high resistance during normal system
operation and a low resistance during transient disturbances. The peak voltage-current values
are input using the surge arrester element via the Characteristic table on the Basic Data tab
of the dialog, as illustrated in Figure 4.16.



PowerFactory, the surge arrester element is only considered by the EMT simulation.
Figure 4.33 Surge arrester model circuit diagram
Figure 4.31 Surge arrester element (V-I) Figure 4.32 Surge arrester element plot
34
4.4. EMT Handling Simulation
The transient simulation function is available in PowerFactory which can be enabled
from the drop list as shown in Figure 4.1. Time-domain simulations in PowerFactory are
initialized by a valid load flow, and PowerFactory functions determine the initial conditions
for all power system elements including all controller units and mechanical components.
These initial conditions represent the steady-state operating point at the beginning of the
simulation, fulfilling the requirements that the derivatives of all state variables of loads,
machines, controllers, etc., are zero.
Before the start of the simulation process, it is also determined what type of network
representation must be used for further analysis, what step sizes to use, which events to
handle and where to store the results. The process of performing a transient simulation
typically involves the following steps:
1. Run a load flow calculation to define steady-state operating point
2. Calculation of initial value, click for Initial icon
3. Definition of result variables and/or simulation events
4. Optional definition of result graphs and/or other virtual instruments;
5. Execution of simulation
6. Creating Simulation Plot , or virtual instruments, or editing existing ones
7. Changing settings, repeating calculations (2)
8. Printing results, use tools below to point and edit the result value.

4.5. Creating Plot

35

36
Chapter 5 ATPDraw v5.7
The Alternative Transient Program (ATP) is considered to be one of the most widely
used universal program system for digital simulation of transient phenomena of electro-
magnetic as well as electromechanical nature in electric power systems [2].
ATPDraw for Windows is a graphical, mouse-driven preprocessor to the ATP
version of the Electromagnetic Transients Program (EMTP). In ATPDraw has possibility of
construction the digital circuit of both single and 3-phase, tools for editing facilities, and in
addition the user can create new objects base on standard components are provided.
ATPDraw has a standard Windows layout and offers a large Window help file systems which
user be able to run simulation with multiple circuit modeling and copy information between
the circuits.
The model-library of ATP consists of the following components:
Uncoupled and coupled linear, lumped R, L, C elements.
Transmission lines and cables with distributed and frequency-dependent parameters.
Nonlinear resistances and inductances, hysteretic inductor, time-varying resistance,
TACS/MODELS controlled resistance.
Components with nonlinearities: transformers including saturation and hysteresis,
surge arresters (gapless and with gap), arcs.
Ordinary switches, time-dependent and voltage-dependent switches, statistical
switching (Monte-Carlo studies).
Valves (diodes, thyristors, triacs), TACS/MODELS controlled switches.
Analytical sources: step, ramp, sinusoidal, exponential surge functions,
TACS/MODELS defined sources.
37
Rotating machines: 3-phase synchronous machine, universal machine model.
User-defined electrical components that include MODELS interaction
There are some of these components will be discussed for transient simulation in
study cases following chapter.
5.1. Main Window
ATPDraw has standard Window user interface which contain Main menu, Tool bar
icons, Component selection menu, Circuit Window and etc.


Users can learn from Users Manual to create the circuit or advance drawing with the
example showed. Window help file system installed by ATPDraw program for user can find
more functions.

Main menu Tool bar icons Circuit Window Component selection menu
Figure 5.1 Main menu window for ATPDraw v5.7
38
5.2. Standard Components for Transient Simulation

5.3. ATP Setting Input File
5.4. Run ATP







39
Chapter 6 Study Cases
6.1. Energization of 500kV Transmission Line
The purpose of this case study is to introduce PowerFactorys function for the analysis
of electromagnetic transient in power system. This case study includes single line diagram
network model, using transmission line tower configuration 500kV double circuit of EGAT,
running time-domain simulation plotting and interpreting the results compare to the
ATPDraw simulation.

Create new project in PowerFactory and set up the network configuration as in figure
above. The parameters will be discussed in the following, and some data referred to the
typical values for simulation only.
- Source: represent the Thevenins equivalent of network consist of some
transformers and other overhead line connected to the sending bus. Furthermore, this
equivalent circuit of external grid defined as Positive and Zero sequence with ideal source.
Typical valued here have been used for simulation.
Source impedance Positive sequence
1 2 1 1
1.2283 23.4 Z Z R jX j = = + = +
Source impedance Zero sequence
0 0 0
5.3405 40.35 Z R jX j = + = +
Source Voltage 500 Vs kV line line voltage =

Xs Rs
500kV
325.6km
Double Circuit
Sending Bus Receiving Bus
Figure 6.1 Single line diagram for case study on 500kV line switching
40

- Circuit Breaker: Assume to be ideal switching with time controlled and 3-ph
switching at peak voltage of Phase A (time switching t = 10ms).
- Shunt Reactor: the 110MVAR, rated voltage 525kV reactive power Reactor will
be used to compensate this 500kV transmission line at both end of the line. The 3-phase
Shunt Reactor connected with 0.55MVAR, rated voltage 110kV neutral reactor single phase.
2
2
(525 )
2505.682
110
Qrated
Rated
V
kV
Xa
Q MVAr
= = =
2505.682
7.9758
2 2 50
X
La H
f
= = =

@80
2.463
C
Ra

=
2
2
(110 )
22,000
0.55
Qrated
Cal
Rated
V
kV
Xn
Q MVAr
= = =
Measured Neutral Inductance 6.297 Ln H = ;
2 50 6.297 1978.26
mea
Xn = =
@80
13.162
C
Rn

=
PowerFactory has option for Shunt reactor data such as Design Parameter or Layout
Parameter input. Quality Factor at nominal frequency is calculated by q.
2505.682
1017.329
2.463
rec
rec
reac
X
qf
R
= = =
Figure 6.2 Source Impedance for EMT-Simulation
Xn
Xa Xb Xc
A B C
Figure 6.3 Shunt Reactor Connection
41


Shunt Reactor is connected at both end of the transmission line. The shunt reactor
winding assumed to be linear with 3 limb cores; any available data such as measurement
Figure 6.4 Basic Data input for Shunt reactor 3ph-YN connection
Figure 6.5 Basic Data input for Neutral Reactor
42
capacitance (depend on shunt type model) can be made to be more detail data input for EMT-
simulation.
-Surge Arrester: Voltage-current (V-I) characteristic using peak values data from
ABB have been used. Stray capacitance and series inductance of the surge arrester data is not
available for this simulation.
Current peak (kA) Voltage peak (kV)
1.5 867
3 898
5 922
10 975
20 1,020
40 1,120
- Transmission Line: Overhead transmission line system herein defined in term of
geometrical data, i.e. the physical dimensions of the tower configuration and conductor data.
The model consists in conductor type (TypCon) and the tower type (TypTow).
The following procedure is used to calculate the parameter of the tower and
conductor. As the tower configuration as Double-Circuit, then the identical circuit data is
obtained from Figure 6.6.
-Circuit 1: X1 =11.46 4.429 =7.031 m
X2 =10.67 4.429 =6.241 m
X3 =10.67 4.429 =6.241 m
Y1 =37 4.429 =32.571 m
Y2 =37 +11 4.429 =43.571 m
Y3 =37 +11 +11 4.429 =54.571 m ; Sag_phase =18.06 m
Xg =6.46 m ; Yg =37 +11 +11 +6 =65 m ; Sag_OGW =12.37 m
- Conductor: 41272 MCM, ACSR/GA is used , D
overall-ACSR
=33.91 mm
- Al Strand, D
Strand
=4.42 mm, N =42 , Rdc20 = 0.0449 /km
Table 6.1 Voltage-Current (V-I) characteristics of Surge Arrester 500kV, MOSA
43
- Steel, Dsteel wire =2.46 mm, N =7, D
overall-Steel
=2.463 =7.38
mm
- OGW : 13/8 EHS, D
overall
=9.144 mm
- D
Coated wire
=3.048 mm , N =7 , Rdc20 =4.307 /km
1 1 3
4 4
33.9110
13.2
2
phase phase
GMR r e e mm

= = =
1 1 3
4 4
3.144 10
3.56
2
OGW OGW
GMR r e e mm

= = =



Figure 6.6 Tower Configuration mostly used for EGAT project after 2005
44
The Double-Circuit of the Tower configuration is mad, but in this study case only one
circuit is going to be energized by other is not energized.
According to the calculation function can be used as stand-alone mode, and then the
single circuit will be calculated the impedance and admittance matrix result to the output
window or it can be automatically calculated in the EMT-Simulation page of the Tower type
(TypTow).

Figure 6.7 Result of impedance matrix of 012 sequences
Figure 6.8 Result of admittance matrix of 012 sequences
45





Recall the impedance matrix | |
0
012 1
2
0 0 2 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
s m
s m
s m
Z Z Z
Z Z Z Z
Z Z Z
+ ( (
( (
= =
( (
( (


Figure 6.9 Impedance and Admittance matrix printed to output window
46

47

0
1 2
0.213228 1.02712 /
0.0121045 0.264492 /
Z j km
Z Z j km
= +
= = +


0
1 2
0.00 2.59044 /
0.00 4.3694 /
Y j uS km
Y Y j uS km
= +
= = +

These parameters of transmission line will be used in the line element.




Figure 6.10 Basic Data for single circuit data transmission line 500kV
Figure 6.11 EMT-Data for single circuit data transmission line 500kV
48
After all Data have been calculated to model this simulation study case, the Single
Line Diagram is configured as the Figure 6.12 below.



On the other hand, this model based on line types (TypLne) is by default non
frequency-dependent with the electrical parameters per unit-length of the line at power
frequency. Thus, to be better accurate to this simulation, Distributed model have been created
by 4-cascade connection of PI-Circuit model formed by each connection is 81.4km, among
total length of transmission line long 325.6km.
The EMTP Simulation is made with same data and configuration to compare with
simulation from PowerFactory.



Figure 6.12 SLD of overhead transmission line 500kV model in PowerFactory
Figure 6.13 SLD of overhead transmission line 500kV model in ATPDraw
49



Figure 6.14 Source Impedance
Figure 6.15 AC voltage source 3-phase
50



Figure 6.16 3phase Switch with time control
Figure 6.17 Surge Arrester characteristics, MOV type
51



Figure 6.18 Shunt Reactor parameter input Y-connection
Figure 6.19 Neutral Reactor parameter as RL circuit
52






Figure 6.21 Transmission Line Data parameters
Figure 6.20 Transmission line PI-Model
53

The Sending Bus voltage and Receiving Bus Voltage will be the result of this simulation.



The identical data have been input to both model for simulation, then the

(file 1-Line_Switching_500kV.pl4; x-var t) v:VSENDA v:VENDA
0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 [s]
-800
-600
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
800
[kV]
Figure 6.22 Sending and Receiving End voltage from PowerFactory
Figure 6.23 Sending and Receiving End voltage from ATPDraw
54
6.2. Inrush Current of Power Transformer Energization
gsdgsgs
6.3. Capacitor Switching
sdgsdgfsdg

55
Chapter 7 Result
7.1. From both programs
7.2. Advantages and Disadvantages


56
Chapter 8 Conclusion

57
Bibliography

[1] PowerFactory, User Manual, Online ed., Gomaringen, Germany: DIgSILENT GmbH,
December 2013.
[2] APTDraw, User Manual, France, 2009.




58
Biography


59
Appendix