PNEUMOCOCCUS

Introduction
Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) is a leading cause of illness
in young children and causes illness and deaths among the elderly and
persons who have certain underlying medical conditions. Pneumococcal
diseases include pneumonia, bacteremia, meningitis, otitis media and
sinusitis There are more than 90 serotypes identified, based on the
antigenicity and chemical composition of pneumococcal capsular
polysaccharide. The capsular polysaccharide also acts as the virulence
factor, inhibiting phagocytosis and interfering with intracellular killing of
phagocytosed bacteria.
Vaccines available

Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine
The 14-valent pneumococcal vaccine was first licensed in 1977 which was
later replaced by thTMNet.lnk e 23-valent vaccine in 1983. The composition of the
pneumococcal vaccine was determined by the observed frequency of
individual serotypes that caused invasive diseases. The 23-valent vaccine
represents at least 85-90% of the serotypes that cause invasive
pneumococcal infections. Drug-resistant pneumococcal serotypes causing
invasive infection are also represented in the 23-valent vaccine. One dose
(0.5 ml) of the 23-valent vaccine contains 25 g of each capsular
polysaccharide antigen (serotypes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6B, 7F, 8, 9N, 9V, 10A,
11A, 12F,14, 15B, 17F, 18C, 19A, 19F,20, 22F, 23F and 33F)

Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine
Pneumococcal polysaccharide antigens are covalently coupled to carrier
proteins to induce immunological response in children under 2 years of
age. Current conjugate vaccine development has focused on the
serotypes most commonly causing infections in childhood. The 7-
component conjugate pneumococcal vaccine efficacy study is ongoing.
Mode of administration and dosing regimen
One dose of 0.5 ml 23-valent vaccine is administered by intramuscular or
subcutaneous route. Routine revaccination of immunocompetent persons
previously vaccinated is not recommended. However, a single
revaccination is recommended for persons aged _2 years who are at
highest risk for serious pneumococcal infection and those who are likely to
have a rapid decline in pneumococcal antibody levels, provided 5 years
have elapsed since receipt of the first dose of pneumococcal vaccine.
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Contraindications and adverse reactions
Children under 2 years of age do not respond satisfactorily to the 23-
valent polysaccharide vaccine. In these children the pneumococcal
conjugate vaccine is a promising vaccine candidate. Immunization should
be deferred during pregnancy.
Local reactions include pain, redness and induration which usually last
less than 48 hours. Systemic reactions such as fever, rash, myalgia,
headache are uncommon. Severe reactions such as serum sickness and
anaphylaxis are extremely rare.
Vaccination is not recommended for subjects who have been vaccinated
within the previous 3 years unless indicated otherwise.

Vaccines available in Malaysia
1. Pneumovax 23
2. Pneumo 23

At present, the conjugate pneumococcal vaccine is not yet available.
Target groups
Pneumococcal vaccine is recommended for the following 1 :

1. Persons aged _65 years. A second dose of vaccine is recommended if
patient received vaccine _5 years previously and were aged <65 years
at the time of primary vaccination.

2. Persons aged 2-64 years with chronic cardiovascular disease, chronic
pulmonary disease(COPD or emphysema, but not asthma), or
diabetes mellitus, alcoholism, chronic liver disease, or cerebrospinal
fluid leaks.

3. Persons aged 2-64 years with functional or anatomical splenia.
Revaccination is recommended if _5 years have elapsed after previous
dose in patients aged >10 years. If patient is aged _10 years, consider
revaccination 3 years after previous dose.

4. Persons aged 2-64 years living in special environment or social
settings

5. Immunocompromised persons aged _2 years, including those with HIV
infection, leukemia, lymphoma, Hodgkins disease, multiple myeloma,
generalized malignancy, chronic renal failure or nephrotic syndrome;
those receiving immunosuppressive chemotherapy (including
corticosteroids); and those who have received an organ or bone
marrow transplant. Single revaccination is indicated if _5 years have
elapsed since receipt of first dose. If patient is aged _10 years,
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consider revaccination 3 years after previous dose.

Evidence of effectiveness
A meta-analysis by Cornus et al 2 based on 14 randomised trials confirms
unambiguously the high efficacy of pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine
in reducing definite (bacteremic) pneumococcal pneumonia by 71% and
presumptive pneumococcal pneumonia by 40% with a possible 32%
reduction in mortality due to pneumonia. (Level 1)

References
1. Prevention of pneumococcal disease. Recommendation of ACIP.
MMRW.1997;46:RR-8.
2. Cornu C,Yzebe D, Leophonte P, Gaillat J, Boissel JP, Cucherat M.
Efficacy of pneumococcal polysacharride vaccine in
immunocompetent adults: a meta-