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Red tide

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Further information: Harmful algal bloom


A red tide off the coast of La Jolla, San Diego, California.

Red tide is a common name for a phenomenon known as an algal bloom
(large concentrations of aquatic microorganisms) when it is caused by a few species
of dinoflagellates and the bloom takes on a red or brown color. Red tides are events in
which estuarine, marine, or fresh water algae accumulate rapidly in the water column,
resulting in discoloration of the surface water. It is usually found in coastal areas.
These algae, known as phytoplankton, are single-celled protists, plant-like organisms
that can form dense, visible patches near the water's surface. Certain species of
phytoplankton, dinoflagellates, contain photosynthetic pigments that vary in color
from green to brown to red.
When the algae are present in high concentrations, the water appears to be
discolored or murky, varying in color from purple to almost pink, normally being red
or green. Not all algal blooms are dense enough to cause water discoloration, and not
all discolored waters associated with algal blooms are red. Additionally, red tides are
not typically associated with tidal movement of water, hence the preference among
scientists to use the term algal bloom.
Some red tides are associated with the production of natural toxins, depletion
of dissolved oxygen or other harmful effects, and are generally described as harmful
algal blooms. The most conspicuous effects of these kind of red tides are the
associated wildlife mortalities of marine and coastal species of fish, birds, marine
mammals, and other organisms.

Overview


Red tide (NOAA)

Red tides in the Gulf of Mexico are a result of high concentrations of Karenia
brevis, a microscopic marine algae that occurs naturally but normally in lower
concentrations. In high concentrations, its toxin paralyzes the central nervous system
of fish so they cannot breathe. Dead fish wash up on Mexican gulf beaches. Dense
concentrations appear as discolored water, often reddish in color. It is a natural
phenomenon, but the exact cause or combination of factors that result in a red tide
outbreak are unknown. Red tide causes economic harm and for this reason red tide
outbreaks are carefully monitored. For example, the Florida Fish and Wildlife
Conservation Commission provides an up-to-date status report on the red tide in
Florida. Texas also provides a current status report.
Red tide is also potentially harmful to human health. Humans can become
seriously ill from eating oysters and other shellfish contaminated with red tide toxin.
Karenia brevis blooms can potentially cause eye and respiratory irritation (coughing,
sneezing, tearing, and itching) to beachgoers, boaters and coastal residents. People
with severe or persistent respiratory conditions (such as chronic lung disease or
asthma) may experience stronger adverse reactions. The National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration's National Ocean Service provides a public conditions
report identifying possible respiratory irritation impacts in areas affected by red tides.
The debate over the cause of red tides is controversial. Red tides occur naturally off
coasts all over the world. Not all red tides have toxins or are harmful.


Definition

Red tide is a colloquial term used to refer to one of a variety of natural
phenomena known as a harmful algal blooms or HABs. The term red tide specifically
refers to blooms of a species of dinoflagellate known as Karenia brevis. It is
sometimes used to refer more broadly to other types of algal blooms as well.
The term red tide is being phased out among researchers for the following reasons:
1. Red tides are not necessarily red and many have no discoloration at all.
2. They are unrelated to movements of the tides.
3. The term is imprecisely used to refer to a wide variety of algal species that are known
as bloom-formers.
As a technical term it is being replaced in favour of more precise terminology
including the generic term harmful algal bloom for harmful species, and algal bloom
for non-harmful species.
The term red tide is most often used in the United States of America to refer to
Karenia brevis blooms in the eastern Gulf of Mexico, also called the Florida red tide.
These blooms occur almost annually along Florida waters. The density of these
organisms during a bloom can exceed tens of millions of cells per litre of seawater,
and often discolor the water a deep reddish-brown hue.
The term red tide is also sometimes used to describe harmful algal blooms on
the northern east coast of the United States, particularly in the Gulf of Maine. This
type of bloom is caused by another species of dinoflagellate known as Alexandrium
fundyense. These blooms of organisms cause severe disruptions in fisheries of these
waters as the toxins in these organism cause filter-feeding shellfish in affected waters
to become poisonous for human consumption due to saxitoxin. The related
Alexandrium monilatum is found in subtropical or tropical shallow seas and estuaries
in the western Atlantic Ocean, the Caribbean Sea, the Gulf of Mexico and the eastern
Pacific Ocean.


Causes

The occurrence of red tides in some locations appears to be entirely natural
(algal blooms are a seasonal occurrence resulting from coastal upwelling, a natural
result of the movement of certain ocean currents) while in others they appear to be a
result of increased nutrient loading from human activities. The growth of marine
phytoplankton is generally limited by the availability of nitrates and phosphates,
which can be abundant in agricultural run-off as well as coastal upwelling zones.
Coastal water pollution produced by humans and systematic increase in sea water
temperature have also been implicated as contributing factors in red tides. Other
factors such as iron-rich dust influx from large desert areas such as the Saharan desert
are thought to play a major role in causing red tides. Some algal blooms on the Pacific
coast have also been linked to occurrences of large-scale climatic oscillations such as
El Nio events. While red tides in the Gulf of Mexico have been occurring since the
time of early explorers such as Cabeza de Vaca, it is unclear what initiates these
blooms and how large a role anthropogenic and natural factors play in their
development. It is also debated whether the apparent increase in frequency and
severity of algal blooms in various parts of the world is in fact a real increase or is due
to increased observation effort and advances in species identification methods.


Where Are Red Tides Found?

Red tide is a global phenomenon. However, since the 1980s harmful red tide
events have become more frequent and widespread. Detection of a spread is thought
to be influenced by higher awareness of red tide, better equipment for detecting and
analyzing red tide, and nutrient loading from farming and industrial runoff. Countries
affected by red tide events include: Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, Chile,
Denmark, England, France, Guatemala, Hong Kong, India, Ireland, Italy, Japan, the
Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, New Guinea, Peru, the Philippines, Romania,
Russia, Scotland, Spain, Sweden, Thailand, the United States, and Venezuela.


How Are Red Tides Harmful?

Red tide algae make potent natural toxins. It is unknown why these toxins are
created, but some can be hazardous to larger organisms throught the processes of
biomagnification and bioaccumulation. Grazers such as fish and krill are unaffected
by the toxins, so as they eat the algae the toxins are concentrated and accumulate to a
level that is poisonous eat to organisms that feed on them. Large fish kills and several
mammalian diseases and deaths have been attributed to consumption of shellfish
during red tide algal blooms. Diseases that may affect humans include:



Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) - This disease is caused by the production of
saxitoxin by the Alexandrium species. It is common along the Atlantic and Pacific
coasts in the US and Canada. Poisoning occurs when one ingests shellfish
contaminated with PSP toxins causing disruption of nerve function and paralysis.
Extreme cases may result in death by asphyxiation by respiratory paralysis.



Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning (DSP) - This disease is caused by the Dinophysis
species. It generally occurs in Japan and Europe, but it has also been found in other
countries such as Canada, the US, Chile, New Zealand, and Thailand. Symptoms of
DSP include diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and cramps. DSP is
generally not lethal.

Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning (ASP) - This disease, which has been found along the
eastern Canadian coast, is caused by domoic acid producing planktonic and benthic
algae, including Pseudo-nitzschia pungens forma. Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries and
Amphora coffaeformis. It can also be found in soft shell clams and blue mussels
infected by Pseudo-nitzschia delicatissima. Gastric and neurological symptoms
include dizziness, disorientation and memory loss.


What is Being Done About Red Tide?

Technological advancements such as satellite imagery have allowed scientists to
better track and monitor harmful algal blooms. Tracking and monitoring red tide algae
helps reduce harmful effects of the algae by providing warnings against eating
infected shellfish and against swimming in infected waters. For example, the Sarasota
Operations Coastal Oceans Observation Lab has developed instruments that can test
for red tide algae in coastal waters. Finally, researchers are attempting to develop an
antidote to the red tide toxins. Interestingly, while developing such anti-toxins,
researchers have found a possible cystic fibrosis treatment.


Red Tide Collections



General Collection Resources such as news articles, web sites, and reference pages
provide a comprehensive array of information about red tide and other harmful algal
blooms.

Algae That Cause Red Tide Found Off Maine Coast. This Bangor Daily News
article provides general information about red tide in Maine and efforts being done to
track the harmful algal bloom (HAB) events. There are four major red tide causing
algae in Maine: Alexandrium, Dinophysis, Prorocentrum and Pseudonitzschia. These
algae can cause serious health problems in humans and other marine animals. The
"first alert system" now in place now monitors for sunlight and nutrient
concentrations that may lead to red tide events.

Algal Bloom. This Wikipedia online encyclopedia article provides general
information about algal blooms, red tide, black sea, and water treatment. It features
hyperlinks for definitions of scientific terminology within the article as well as color
photographs of red tide and other harmful algal blooms (HABs). The site also
provides hyperlinks to other related websites.
Florida Red Tide Current Status. This Fish and Wildlife Research Institute website
provides links to several Florida-based red tide sites. These sites include the current
status of Florida's red tide, a photo gallery of red tide distribution maps, and regional
Florida red tide statuses.

Harmful Algal Bloom Photo Gallery. This Woods Hole
Oceanographic/NSF/NOAA web site features a collection of photographs of
phytoplanktic (algal) blooms, photomicrographs of algae, and satellite imagery of
algal blooms.

Hunting Dangerous Algae from Space. This NASA Earth Observatory article
presents information about programs that are monitoring red tide and other harmful
algal bloom (HAB) outbreaks from satellite imagery and remote sensing. This
program uses SeaWiFS (Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor) and MODIS
(Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) instruments to detect harmful algal
blooms from space. The article features satellite images and color photos of red tide
and HAB occurrences. It also features a glossary on/off function in which readers can
choose to have terms highlighted and linked to a corresponding glossary.

Mass. Declares a Red Tide Disaster. This CBS news article provides very general
information about the massive red tide outbreak in New England in 2005. The article
states that the outbreak is costing the shellfish industry $3 million per week, forcing
Massachusetts to declare a state of emergency. The article features related external
links.

NOAA New England Red Tide Information Center . This NOAA website offers a
brief explanation of red tide and a large bloom that spread from the Gulf of Maine to
the Massachusetts Bay in 2005. The site explains NOAA's efforts to remediate red
tide in New England as well as prevent new occurrences. The site features hyperlinks
to research funding, legislation, and other NOAA sites that feature red tide.

New England Red Tide Outbreak 2005. This Woods Hole Oceanographic
Institution website provides general information about the 2005 outbreak of toxic alga
Alexandrium fundyense, a type of algae that causes red tide. This bloom outbreak is
the worst in New England since 1972 and occurred off of the Gulf of Maine. The site
also addresses possible causes for the bloom, why the bloom was so intense and
widespread, and its economic cost. The web page features color diagrams of infected
sites, pictures, and links to related sites.

Plankton in the Bay. This University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute website
provides background information about plankton, especially as they relate to the
Chesapeake Bay. It includes a discussion of key nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorous)
used by plankton for growth purposes. It also features an explanation of how plankton
is sampled.

Red Tide. This Environmental Literacy Council article provides a brief summary of
red tide, a problem associated with toxins produced by red phytoplankton. It also
features several links to other red tide sites.
Red Tide. This Earth 911 site offers a brief summary of red tide, a phenomenon
caused by algae blooms of red phytoplankton. The article describes how and where
red tides form and problems associated with red tide. It also features links to related
red tide web sites.

Red Tide . This CDC web page includes links to PDF or html formatted files
containing information about Karenia brevis, a phytoplankton responsible for toxic
red tide events. Links include information about red tide, what the CDC is doing
about red tide, links to other red tide related sites, and publications about red tide.

Red Tide in the Northeast. This Rhode Island Sea Grant fact sheet provides
information about red tide algal blooms in New England. It addresses where and
when red tides occur, how to know if shellfish are safe to consume, and other
important facts about red tide. The site features a black and white picture of the
dinoflagellate responsible for red tide in New England and a regional map of where
infected shell fish have been found. It also features links to other red tide related sites
and a list of pertinent reading material.

Red Tides . This comprehensive website answers questions such as: what is red tide,
where are they found, why do they occur, how do they affect marine organisms, how
do they affect humans, how are shellfish tested for the toxin, and what is being done
to remediate the red tide problem. The site features color pictures and black and white
maps.

Solutions to Avoid Red Tide, Inc. . This "Solutions to Avoid Red Tide"
(START) webpage offers basic information and videos about red tide, effects of red
tide, and research being done regarding red tide. START is a grassroots, non-profit
organization based in Florida. Their mission is to keep federal, state, and local
officials aware of red tide and to get these officials to fund projects to remediate
and/or prevent the problem. Information on how to join or help START is also
provided.

The Harmful Algae Page. This NOAA sponsored website offers a collection of
hyperlinks to red tide related articles, distribution maps, photographs, news, and
meetings. Links include basic information about red tide, how red tide affects humans
and ecosystems, the latest news about red tide and other harmful algal blooms
(HABs), and information about red tide-based meetings and conferences.

Tide pushing shellfishers into red . This USA Today article provides very general
information about the 2005 red tide outbreak off the Gulf of Maine. It offers possible
explanations for the outbreak, what is being done to protect people from hazards
related to red tide, and how the outbreak has devastated local shellfishers.

Weather sends red tide packing. This Mobile Register newspaper article provides
general information about the impact of a cold front on red tide in Alabama. Red tide
in the area had been rising until the front passed through, killing most of the
phytoplankton bloom.
Whats SO COOL about Red Tide?. This Mote Marine Laboratory magazine article
details a new study by Sarasota Operations Coastal Oceans Observation Lab (SO
COOL) that is using technology to track harmful algal blooms (HABs). Autonomous
underwater vehicles (AUVs) are equipped with temperature and salinity meters as
well as a "Breve-buster," which is an instrument that collects water samples and
determines levels of red-tide causing algae by shining a light through the sample and
noting the light absorbing characteristics within the sample (indicative of these algae).




Advanced Collection: Compiled for professionals and advanced learners, this red tide
collection includes resources such as journal articles, academic reviews, and surveys.

High affinity binding of red tide neurotoxins to marine mammal brain. This
scholarly paper from Aquatic Toxicology documents a study of the binding of
dinoflagellate-produced red tide neurotoxins to mammalian brains. The researchers
studied the brain tissue of manatees, sea lions, and whales found off the west Florida
coast infected with Gymnodinium breve, a Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP)
causing dinoflagellate.

Literature Review of Florida Red Tide: Implications for Human Health Effects.
This 25-page Mote Marine Laboratory pdf reviews the literature on the known and
possible human health effects of exposure to the Florida red tides and their toxins.
The review includes discussion of the red tide organisms and their toxins, as well as
the effects of these toxins on both wild and laboratory animals as they relate to
possible human health effects and exposures.

Research with Red Tide Toxin Yields Potential Therapies for Cystic Fibrosis .
This National Institutes of Health News article documents a study being done to use
two compounds associated with Florida red tide to treat mucus build-up related to
cystic fibrosis. Researchers began looking at the toxins associated with red tide to
create "anti-toxins," which led them to question the anti-toxin's usefulness in fighting
cystic fibrosis.

The Red Tide Toxin, Brevetoxin, Induces Embryo Toxicity and Developmental
Abnormalities. This Environmental Health Perspectives journal article documents a
study on the relationship between brevetoxin, a toxin produced by red tide-related
dinoflagellates, and abnormalities in fish embryos. The article features color
photographs, charts, and tables.





For Educators: This red tide collection includes activities, assignments, and reading
materials created specifically for educators.

Investigating the Ocean Algal Blooms. This NOAA computer-based activity is
designed to teach students in grades 9-12 how satellite imagery and remote sensing
can be used to monitor harmful algal blooms (HABs). This lesson teaches students
how to read and interpret satellite images and how to use GIS maps and satellite
images to interpret the relationship of HABs and manatee deaths. The activity features
a lesson plan and a step-by-step activity containing hyperlinks that connect the
student to the relevant images and maps.

Red Tide Activities. This University of South Florida web site contains links to the
article "Tiny Toxic Terrors: Harmful Algal Blooms" and four computer-based
activities that teach students about various aspects of red tide. Activities include:
"Where could they be?," "Is it a plant or animal cell?," "What is bioluminescence?,"
and "How does plankton shape affect plankton movement?" Each activity contains
hyperlinks to pertinent materials, maps, and information to complete the activity.

Red Tide and Harmful Algal Blooms. This Project Oceanography pdf document
contains information and activities related to red tide and harmful algal blooms
(HABs). The activities and lesson plans are designed for elementary school, middle
school, and may be adapted for high school students. Articles include: harmful algal
blooms, Florida red tide, implications of harmful algal blooms, and student
information about harmful algal blooms. Activities are introduced with background
information and include: "Growing Algae" and "Algal Explosion." The document also
features activity extension projects and a glossary of terms.



Notable occurrences

1972: A red tide was caused in New England by a toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium
(Gonyaulax) tamarense. The red tides caused by the dinoflagellate Gonyaulax are
serious because this organism produces saxitonin & gonyautoxins which accumulate
in shellfish and if ingested may lead to paralytic shellfish poisoning and can lead to
death
.

2005: The Canadian red tide was discovered to have come further south than it has in
years prior by the ship (R/V) Oceanus, closing shellfish beds in Maine and
Massachusetts and alerting authorities as far south as Montauk (Long Island, NY) to
check their beds. Experts who discovered the reproductive cysts in the seabed warn of
a possible spread to Long Island in the future, halting the area's fishing and shellfish
industry and threatening the tourist trade, which constitutes a significant portion of the
island's economy.
No deaths of humans have been attributed to Florida red tide, but people may
experience respiratory irritation (coughing, sneezing, and tearing) when the red tide
organism (Karenia brevis) is present along a coast and winds blow its toxic aerosol
onshore. Swimming is usually safe, but skin irritation and burning is possible in areas
of high concentration of red tide.
2011: Gulf of Mexico
2012: North Avoca NSW Australia