MITIGATION OF VOLTAGE SAG AND SWELL IN

DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM USING D-STATCOM

Thesis submitted for partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of

Master of Electrical Engineering


By
KALYAN SRINIVAS ADAPA
(EXAM Roll No. M4ELE12-13)
(Reg. No. 113463 of 2010-12)


Under the Guidance and Supervision of
Dr. Sunita Halder nee Dey

Department of Electrical Engineering
Faculty of Engineering and Technology
JADAVPUR UNIVERSITY
Kolkata-700032, India.
2010 2012
JADAVPUR UNIVERSITY
Kolkata-700032, India.

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Department of Electrical Engineering


Certificate of Recommendation

This is to certify that Kalyan Srinivas Adapa has completed his project work
entitled Mitigation of Voltage Sag and Swell in Distribution system using
D-STATCOM under my direct supervision and guidance. This thesis is
submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of degree of
Master of Electrical Engineering during the academic year 2011-2012.

...
Dr. Sunita Halder nee Dey
Supervisor of Thesis
Department of Electrical Engineering,
Jadavpur University,
Kolkata 700032.

Forwarded by:

..
Prof. NIRMAL KUMAR DEB
Head,
Department of Electrical Engineering,
Jadavpur University,
Kolkata 700032.

JADAVPUR UNIVERSITY
Kolkata-700032, India

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

Certificate of Approval

*
The foregoing THESIS is hereby approved as a creditable study of an
Engineering Subject carried out and presented in a manner satisfactory to
warrant its acceptance as a pre-requisite to the DEGREE for which it has been
submitted. It is notified to be understood that by this approval, the undersigned
do not necessarily endorse or approve any statement made, opinion expressed
and conclusion drawn therein but approve the THESIS only for the purpose for
which it has been submitted.



FINAL EXAMINATION FOR
EVALUATION OF THE THESIS BOARD OF EXAMINERS

.
.
.
.
.
* Only in case the thesis is approved (Signature of Examiners)

Declaration of Originality and Compliance of Academic Ethics

I hereby declare that this thesis contains literature survey and original
research work by the undersigned candidate, as part of her Master of
Engineering in Electrical Engineering studies.
All information in this document have been obtained and presented in
accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct.
I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully
cited and referenced all materials and results that are not original to
this work.


Name : KALYAN SRINIVAS ADAPA
Examination Roll Number : M4ELE12-13
Thesis Title : Mitigation of Voltage Sag and Swell
In Distribution System using
D-STATCOM
Signature with Date :




ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is a pleasant task to express my gratitude to all those who have assisted me in my
project work.
First of all I take this opportunity to express my sincere thanks and deepest sense of
gratitude to my guide, Dr. Sunita Halder nee Dey of Electrical Engineering Department
for offering her guidance to me in carrying out this project. I would like to thank her for
providing me with her valuable time and helpful suggestions. She also helped me by
providing constructive ideas throughout the tenure of this work.
I am indebted to Prof. Nirmal Kumar Deb, Head, Department of Electrical
Engineering, Jadavpur University, for providing me with all the necessary facilities for
carrying out this work.
I would also like to convey my gratitude to Prof. Subrata Pal, in-Charge, Power
System Laboratory of Department of Electrical Engineering, Jadavpur University for his
valuable suggestions during the Project. I am also thankful to Prof. P. K. Chattopadhyay,
Prof. S. K. Goswami of Department of Electrical Engineering, Jadavpur University for
their guidance, encouragement and valuable suggestions in the course of this work.
I would like to express my heart-felt gratitude to my parents, my roommates and my
colleagues for their love and active support throughout the endeavour.
Last, but not the least, I would like to thank my batch-mates and fellow PhD
researchers, KDV Narasimha Rao, yadaiah CH, subrahmaniam, sudhakar reddy and all
others who have directly or indirectly helped me in this work.

Kalyan Srinivas Adapa
Electrical Engineering Department
Jadavpur University
Kolkata-700032
May 31, 2012.




PREFACE

The THESIS has been submitted towards the partial
fulfillment of the requirement for the AWARD of the
DEGREE of MASTER of ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING of Faculty of
Electrical Engineering and Technology of the Jadavpur
University, Kolkata-700032.
I
CONTENTS
1. Introduction 1-5
2. Concept of Voltage Sag and Swell 6-15
2.1 Voltage Sag 6
2.1.1 Definition 6
2.1.2 Causes .. 7
2.1.2.1 Due to Fault ........................................................................ 7
2.1.2.2 Due to Motor Starting ......................................................... 7
2.1.2.3 Due to Transformer Energizing .......................................... 7
2.1.3 Effects ... 7
2.1.4 Characteristics .. 8
2.1.4.1 Magnitude of Sag ........................................................... . 8
2.1.4.2 Duration of Sag ................................................................ 9
2.1.4.3 Unbalance of Sag ............................................................. 9
2.1.4.4 Phase Angle Jump ........................................................... 9
2.1.5 Standards .. 9
2.1.5.1 IEEE Standards ............................................................. 10
2.1.5.2 Industry Standards .......................................................... 11
2.1.6 Mitigation Techniques .... 11
2.1.7 Simulation Techniques applied for Mitigation ... 12
2.2 Voltage Swell ....... 13
II
2.2.1 Definition .... 13
2.2.2 Categories ... 13
2.2.3 Terminology Used ...... 14
2.2.4 Causes . 14
2.2.5 Effects ..... 15
2.2.6 Mitigation Techniques .... 15
2.2.7 Simulation Techniques applied for Mitigation ..... 15
3. Theory of D-STATCOM 17-20
3.1 Distribution Static Compensator .. 17
3.1.1 Basic Configuration and Operation of D-STATCOM...... 18
3.1.2 Operating modes of D-STATCOM . 20
4. Modeling of Test System and Controllers for System Simulation 21-33
4.1 Test Systems ........ 21
4.1.1 Test System -1 for Simulation . 21
4.1.2 Test System -2 for Simulation . 21
4.2 Sinusoidal PWM based Control Scheme ..... 22
4.2.1 Sinusoidal PWM based Control . 22
4.3 Basic Test Systems Without Controller for Voltage Sag...... 24
4.4 Basic Test Systems Without Controller for Voltage Swell.. 26
4.5 Modeling Of Distribution Static Compensator with Test System-1 28
4.5.1 For Voltage Sag .... 29
III
4.5.2 For Voltage Swell ... 30
4.6 Modeling Of Distribution Static Compensator with Test System-2 31
4.6.1 For Voltage Sag .... 32
4.6.2 For Voltage Swell ... 33
5. System Simulation and Discussion 34-45
5.1 Voltage Sag . 34
5.1.1 Without Controllers .. 34
5.1.1.1 Closing of the RL load in Test System-1 34
5.1.1.2 Single Line to Ground Fault in Test System-2. 37
5.1.2 With Controllers .. . 39
5.1.2.1 Closing of the RL Load in Test System-1 .. 39
5.1.2.2 Single Line to Ground Fault in Test System-2 .. 40
5.2 Voltage Swell ..... 41
5.2.1 Without Controllers . 41
5.2.1.1 Capacitive load in Test System-1 ... 41
5.2.1.2 Capacitive load in Test System-2 . 43
5.2.2 With Controllers .. . 45
5.2.2.1 Capacitive load in Test System-1 .. 45
5.2.2.2 Capacitive load in Test System-2 .. 46
6. Conclusion and Future Scope 47-48
6.1 Conclusion .. 47
IV
6.2 Future Scope 48
Reference 49-51
Appendix 1
Introduction to PSCAD 52-56
1

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Industrial and commercial consumers of electrical power are becoming
increasingly sensitive to power quality problems. Reliability and quality are two
important parameters in the field of power engineering. Electricity delivery is no
exception. Combining todays utility power with the ever increasing quantity of
electrical sensitive load yields one of the major contributors to downtime in business
and industries today. Issues of deregulation, standards and customer awareness
(economics and legal) have brought forth a great deal of focus and motivation in these
areas. Tremendous dedication from engineers as well as huge amounts of revenue has
been spent to enhance the quality and reliability of electricity delivery.
Power quality has become a very important issue recently due to the impact on
electricity suppliers, equipment manufacturers and customers. Power quality is
described as the variation of voltage, current and frequency in a power system. It
refers to a wide variety of electromagnetic phenomena that characterize the voltage
and current at a given time and at a given location in the power system [9].
Nowadays, there are so many industries using high technology for manufacturing and
process unit. This technology requires high quality and high reliability of power
supply. The industries like semiconductor, computer and the equipments of
manufacturing unit are very sensitive to the changes in the quality of power supply.
[10]. This power quality is essential for proper operation of industrial processes which
involves a good protection to the system for being well and progressive for long
usage. Power quality problems such as voltage sag, swell, harmonic distortion,
unbalance, transient and flicker may have impact on customer devices which will
cause malfunctions and loss of production [11].
The last decade has seen a marked increase on the deployment of end-user
equipment that is highly sensitive to poor quality controlled electricity supply. Several
large industrial users are reported to have experienced large financial losses as a result
of even minor lapse in the quality of electricity supply [20]. Efforts have been made to
remedy the situation, where solutions based on the use of the latest power electronic
2

technologies prominently. Indeed, custom power technology, the low- voltage
counterpart of the more widely known flexible ac transmission system (FACTS)
technology, aimed at high-voltage power transmission applications, has emerged as a
credible solution to solve many problems relating to continuity of supply at the end-
user level. Both the FACTS and custom power concepts may be directly credited to
EPRI (Electric Power Research Institute).
Power quality problems in industrial applications concern a wide range of
disturbances, such as voltage sags and swells, flicker, interruptions, harmonic
distortions etc. Prevention of such phenomena is important particularly because of the
increasing heavy automation in almost all the industrial processes. High quality in the
power supply is needed, since failures due to such disturbances usually have a high
impact on production costs. Table 1(a) describes the demarcation of the various power
quality issues defined by IEEE Standard 1159-1995 [4]

Table 1(a): Demarcation of the various power quality issues defined
by IEEE Standard 1159-1995.
3

Voltage sag is the most important power quality problems faced by many
industries and utilities. It contributes more than 80% of power quality (PQ) problems
that exist in power systems [23]. Voltage dips are one of the most happening power
quality problems. Off course, for an industry an outage is worse, than a voltage dip,
but voltage dips occur more often and cause severe problem and economical losses.
Utilities often focus on disturbances from end-user equipment as the main power
quality problems. This is correct for many disturbances, flicker, harmonics, etc., but
voltage dips mainly have their origin in the higher voltage levels. Faults due to
lightning, is one of the most common causes to voltage dips on overhead lines. If the
economical losses due to voltage dips are significant, mitigation actions can be
profitable for the customer and even in some cases for the utility. Since there is no
standard solution which will work for every site, each mitigation action must be
carefully planned and evaluated. There are different ways to mitigate voltage dips,
swells and interruptions in transmission and distribution systems. At present, a new
generation of power electronics based equipment aimed at enhancing the reliability
and quality of power flow in low voltage distribution network, so called custom
power controllers are extensively used in compensating the voltage sag.
PSCAD/EMTDC [21], a highly developed graphical user interface has been used by
the researchers to perform the modelling and analysis of such controllers for a wide
range of operating conditions.
Voltage sag is a short duration RMS voltage reduction in the range of 0.1 - 0.9
per unit which is caused by a fault in the power system or starting of large loads such
as motor. Some of the equipments trip when the RMS voltage drops below 90% for
longer than one or two cycles. A normal duration of sag according to the standard is
10 ms to 1 minute and considered as the most serious problem of power quality [13].
Sag could be balanced or unbalanced depending on the type of fault and could have
unpredictable magnitude depending on the distance from the fault and the transformer
connection. In power distribution system, voltage sag has become the most common
power disturbance which certainly affects the industrial and large commercial
customers such as the damage of the sensitive equipments and lost of daily production
and finances [12]. Every consumer is subjected to a voltage sag occurrence since
faults cannot be totally avoided. In fact, the greatest losses will fall upon customers
having sensitive equipment such as PLCs (programmable logic controllers) and ASDs
4

(adjustable speed drives) [14]. It has been reported that, high intensity discharge
lamps used for industrial illumination get extinguished at voltage sags of 20% and
industrial equipments like PLC and ASD malfunction at a voltage sag of 10%.
Voltage swell is basically opposite of voltage sag or dip. Voltage swell is a
temporary voltage level increase for durations from a half cycle to a few seconds,
typical magnitudes are between 1.1 and 1.8 p.u. These disturbances can also last as
long as several cycles. The common sources for swell are high-impedance neutral
connections, sudden large load reductions, and a single phase fault on a three phase
system. Swells can cause data errors, light flickering, electrical contact degradation,
and semiconductor damage in electronics causing hard server failures.
Various methods have been applied to reduce or mitigate voltage sags and
swell. The conventional methods can be used. However the PQ problems are not
solved completely due to uncontrollable reactive power compensation and high costs
of new feeders and UPS. Among the controllers, the Distribution Static
Compensator(DSTATCOM) and the Dynamic Voltage Restorer(DVR) are most
effective devices, both of them based on the Voltage Source Converter (VSC)
principle. A new PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) based control scheme has been
implemented to control the electronic valves in the two-level VSC used in the D-
STATCOM [28]. The D-STATCOM has emerged as a promising device to provide
not only for mitigation of voltage sag and swell but a host of other power quality
solutions such as voltage stabilization, flicker suppression, power factor correction
and harmonic control.
Thus, many techniques are used to mitigate voltage sag and swells, but the use
of a custom power device is considered to be the most efficient method. Like Flexible
AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) for transmission systems, the term custom power
pertains to the use of power electronics controllers in the distribution system,
especially, to deal with various power quality problems. Just as FACTS improves the
power transfer capabilities and stability margins, custom power makes sure customers
get pre-specified quality and reliability of supply [12]. The custom power devices
which are increasingly being used to reduce voltage sag and swell are mainly
Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR), Distributed Static Compensator (D-STATCOM)
and Solid State Transfer Switch (SSTS) [9]. However, there are many other problems
5

that make the power quality worse, such as voltage harmonics, notch and the
distortion by nonlinear load currents [8].
6

CHAPTER 2
Concept of voltage sag and swell
2.1. Voltage Sag
2.1.1 Definition
Voltage sag is defined as a sudden drop in the root mean square (R.M.S)
voltage and is usually characterized by the remaining (retained) voltage. Voltage sag
is thus, short duration reduction in RMS voltage, caused mainly by short circuits,
overloads and starting of large motors. In the IEEE standard 1159-1995, the term
sag is defined as decrease in RMS voltage or current to values to between 0.1 to 0.9
per unit for duration of 0.5 cycles to one minute [4].
Voltage sag is an important power quality problem as compared to harmonics,
flicker, EMI, noise etc. Loads can suffer detrimental effect from voltage sag resulting
in economic loss. The most severe sag is caused by faults in the power system at
transmission and distribution level. The characteristic of sag will depend on type and
location of fault in the system. Voltage sags are the most common power disturbance
whose effect is quite severe especially in industrial and large commercial customers
such as the damage of the sensitivity equipments and loss of daily productions and
finances. The examples of the sensitive equipments are Programmable Logic
Controller (PLC), Adjustable Speed Drive (ASD) and Chiller control. Voltage sag at
the equipment terminal can be due to a short circuit fault hundreds of kilo meters
away in the transmission system. Most of the current interest in voltage sag is directed
to voltage sag due to short circuit faults. These voltage sags are the ones which causes
majority of equipment tripping [5,6].
Based on the time duration and voltage magnitude, sag is further classified as:
a) Instantaneous Sag: Instantaneous sag is said to occur when the r.m.s voltage
decreases to between 0.1 and 0.9 per unit for time duration of 0.008333 second to
0.5 second.
7

b) Momentary Sag: Momentary sag is said to occur when the r.m.s voltage
decreases to between 0.1 and 0.9 per unit for time duration of 0.5 second to 3
seconds.

c) Temporary Sag: Temporary sag is said to occur when the r.m.s voltage
decreases to between 0.1 and 0.9 per unit for time duration of 3 to 60 seconds.
2.1.2 Causes
2.1.2.1 Due to faults
Voltage sag due to fault can be critical to the operation of a power plant. The
magnitude of voltage sag can be equal in each phase or unequal respectively and it
depends on the nature of the fault whether it is symmetrical or unsymmetrical. For a
fault in the transmission line system, customers do not experience interruption, since
transmission systems are looped or networked.
2.1.2.2 Due to motor starting
Voltage sag due to motor starting are symmetrical since the induction motors
are balanced three phase loads, which will be resulting in each of the phase drawing
approximately the same inrush current. The magnitude of voltage sag depends upon:
i) Characteristic of induction motor.
ii) Strength of the system node where motor is connected.
2.1.2.3 Due to Transformer Energizing
There are mainly two causes of voltage sag due to transformer energizing.
One is normal system operations which include manual energizing of a transformer
and another is the reclosing actions. These voltage sags are unsymmetrical in nature
and often depicted as a sudden drop in system voltage followed by a slow recovery.
The main reason behind voltage sag due to transformer energizing is the over fluxing
of the transformer core which leads to saturation.
2.1.3 Effects
Magnitude, duration and phase jumps are the fundamental properties of
voltage sags. These three parameters affect the performance of the customers
8

equipment. Initially the consequence of voltage sag considered only the momentary
drop in voltage magnitude for a short duration of time. Magnitude simply indicates
the severity of voltage sag, which is subjected to the type of fault occurring in the
system. Duration indicates the measurement of time of the sag. This factor is
dependent on the effectiveness of the protection scheme employed by the utility. This
could range from few cycles to one minute. Consequently equipment and process
disruptions were the main implicated findings of the effect of voltage sag.
Phase jump occur due to the difference of X/R ratio of the source and that of
the faulted feeder. It is found that the effect of phase jump would lead to mal-
operation, tripping of the device or even permanent damage depending upon the type
of equipment. From these findings the perception of voltage sag changed. The damage
that voltage sag could cause is obviously critical. Many studies have been conducted
on voltage sag and the effect of phase jumps were found. The most related industrial
equipment that was investigated upon was the impacts and behaviour of the ASD.
Failures of Adjustable Speed Drives (ASDs) are not due to magnitude level of the
supply but rather the waveform anomalies, phase shifts or jumps. The adjustable
speed drives are the main driving force in a continuous process plant and this
possesses a serious problem. Hence, modern industries that adopt these sensitive loads
are venerable to little changes of supply.
2.1.4 Characteristic
The characteristic of sag depends on type as well as location of fault in the
system. As the fault moves away from the point of interest its magnitude will vary.
Magnitude, duration, unbalance and phase angle jump are the main parameters used to
characterize voltage sag.
2.1.4.1 Magnitude of sag
One common practice is to characterize the sag magnitude through the
remaining voltage during the sag called as retained voltage. The magnitude of voltage
sag can be determined in a number of ways like one cycle or half cycle r.m.s voltage,
magnitude of fundamental component of voltage sag and peak voltage over each cycle
or half cycle. The sag magnitude increases for increasing distance to the fault and for
increasing fault level. It also depends upon cross section of overhead lines or cables as
9

it affect the impedance of that line. Also, as the transformer have rather large
impedance, the presence of transformer between the faults and the point of interest
leads to relatively less sag magnitude.
2.1.4.2 Duration of sag
The duration of sag is mainly determined by the fault clearing time. Generally
faults in transmission system are cleared faster than faults in the distribution system,
which affect the duration of fault depending on its location in the system.
2.1.4.3 Unbalance of sag
Faults in power system are classified as symmetrical and unsymmetrical
faults. Voltage sag due to fault in the system can be symmetrical or unsymmetrical
depending on type of fault. Due to three phase fault, the sag will be symmetrical but
due to single phase, double phase or double phase to ground fault the voltage sag in
three phases will not be symmetrical and called as unbalanced sag.
2.1.4.4 Phase-Angle jump
Phase angle jump manifest itself as a shift in zero crossing of the instantaneous
voltage during fault. Phase angle jump during three phase fault are due to the
differences in X/R ratio between source and the feeder. A second cause of phase angle
jump is the transformation of sags through transformer to lower voltage level. Phase
angle jump are not of concern for most equipments except for power electronics
converter using phase angle information for their firing instants.
2.1.5 Standards
Standards associated with voltage sags are intended to be used as reference
documents describing single components and system in a power system. Both the
manufacturers and the buyers use these standards to meet better power quality
requirement. Manufacturers develop products meeting the requirement of a standard
and buyers demand from the manufacturers that the product comply with the standard
[2]. The most common standards dealing with power quality are issued by IEEE, IEC,
CBEMA and SEMI.

10

2.1.5.1 I EEE Standards
The Technical Committees of the IEEE societies and the standard coordinating
committees of IEEE Standards Board develop IEEE Standards. The IEEE standards
associated with voltage sags are given below [4].
(i) IEEE 493-1990 (Recommended Practice for the design of reliable industrial and
commercial power system): This standard proposes different techniques to predict
voltage sag characteristic, magnitude, duration and frequency.
(ii) IEEE 446-1995 (IEEE recommended practice for emergency and standby power
system for industrial and commercial application range of sensibility loads): This
standard discusses the effect of voltage sag on sensitive equipment, motor starting etc.
It also shows principles and examples on how systems shall be designed to avoid
voltage sags and other power quality problems when backup system operates.
(iii) IEEE 1159-1995 (IEEE recommended practice for monitoring electric power
quality): The purpose of this standard is to describe how to interpret and monitor
electromagnetic phenomena properly. It provides unique definitions for each type of
disturbance.
(iv) IEEE 1250-1995 (IEEE guide for service to equipment sensitive to momentary
voltage disturbances): This standard describes the effect of voltage sags on computers
and sensitive equipment using solid state power conversion. It also aims to suggest
methods for voltage sag sensitive devices to operate safely during disturbances. It
tries to categorize the voltage related problems that can be fixed by the utility and
those which have to be addressed by the user or equipment designer. The second goal
is to help designers of equipment to better understand the environment in which their
devices will operate. The standard explains different causes of sags, lists of examples
of sensitive loads and offer solution to the problems.
(v) IEEE 1100-1999 (IEEE recommended practice for powering and grounding of
electronic equipment): This standard presents different monitoring criteria for voltage
sags and has a chapter explaining the basics of voltage sags.


11

2.1.5.2 Industry Standards
SEMI: The SEMI International Standards Program is a service offered by
Semiconductor Equipment and Materials International (SEMI). Its purpose is to
provide the semiconductor and flat panel display industries with standards and
recommendations to improve productivity and business. SEMI standards are written
documents in the form of specifications, guides, test methods, terminology and
practices. The standards are voluntary technical agreement between equipment
manufacturer and end user. The standards ensure compatibility and operability of
goods and services considering voltage sags [6].
(i) SEMI F47-02000 (Specification for semiconductor processing equipment voltage
sag immunity): The standard addresses specifications for semiconductor processing
equipment voltage sag immunity. It only specifies voltage sags with duration from
50ms up to 1s. It is also limited to phase to phase and phase to neutral voltage
incidents.
(ii) SEMI F42-0999 (Test method for semiconductor processing, equipment voltage
sag immunity): This standard defines test methodology used to determine the
susceptibility of semiconductor processing equipment and again how to qualify it
against the specifications. It further describes test apparatus, test setup, test procedure
to determine the susceptibility of semiconductor processing equipment and finally
how to report and interpret the results.

2.1.6 Mitigation Techniques
There are many ways to mitigate voltage sag problem. One of them is minimizing
of short circuits caused by utilities directly which can be done by avoiding feeder or
cable overloading by correct configuration planning. Another alternative is using the
flexible ac technology (FACTS) devices which have been used widely in power
system nowadays because of the reliability to maintain power quality condition
including voltage sag mitigation. There are many devices that have been created with
the purpose to enhance power quality such as Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR),
Distribution Static Compensator (D-STATCOM) and Uninterruptible Power Supply
(UPS). All of these devices are also known as custom power devices.
12

Various solutions were proposed and developed by researchers to overcome the
problem of voltage sag. Three main organizations are responsible for tackling and
resolving voltage sags. These are utilities, customers and equipment manufacturers. It
was identified that fault prevention and faster fault clearing in the utility level was an
important aspect in reducing voltage sags. Utilities should design changes in the
power system that could reduce the number of faults and fault clearing time. However
it was stressed that it is impossible to eliminate voltage sag due to faults completely.
Meanwhile traditional solutions such as the Uninterruptable Power Supply (ups) and
other power conditioning equipment for low power factor loads could reduce the
effect of shutdown.
The Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) is an inverter based solution developed
recently by various engineering corporations. The DVR has a reaction time of within
of a cycle and thus making it an attractive mitigation measure. Basically the DVR
is connected in series with critical load. The DVR is capable of injecting voltages of
controllable amplitude, phase angle and frequency into the distribution feeder
experiencing voltage sag. In addition to Dynamic Voltage Restorer, Distribution
Static Compensator (DSTATCOM) and Solid State Transfer Switch (SSTS) have
been developed as mitigation devices to reduce effect of voltage sag.

2.1.7 Simulation Techniques applied for Mitigation
There are various methodologies adopted and developed by researchers
throughout the study of voltage sags. These methodologies are generally classified
into three areas which are real time monitoring, modeling and simulation packages
and the use of mathematical principles and electrical fundamentals.
Various software packages are available which are extremely effective in
predicting and analyzing voltage sag studies. Almost all voltage sag related studies by
researchers are based on simulation packages. Studies using simulation tool were
mainly related with prediction of voltage sag, mitigation studies and understanding of
the characteristic of the voltage sag. Nowadays PSCAD/EMTDC software is widely
used to simulate and analyze the various mitigation techniques. Power System
Computer Aided Design was first conceptualized in 1988 and began its evolution as a
tool to generate data files for the Electromagnetic Transient Program with DC
13

analysis (EMTDC) simulation program. PSCAD is a powerful and flexible graphical
user interface to the world renowned EMTDC solution engine. PSCAD enables the
user to schematically construct a circuit, run a simulation analyze the result and
manage the data in a completely integrated, graphical environment.
2.2. Voltage Swell
2.2.1. Definition
Voltage Swell is defined by IEEE 1159 as the increase in the RMS voltage level
to 110% - 180% of nominal, at the power frequency for durations of cycle to one
(1) minute. It is classified as a short duration voltage variation phenomena, which is
one of the general categories of power quality problems [31].


Voltage Swell

2.2.2 Categories









Voltage swells are characterized by their RMS magnitude and duration. The gravity
of the PQ problem during a fault condition is a function of the system impedance
(i.e. relation of the zero-sequence impedance to the positive-sequence impedance of
the system), location of the fault and the circuit grounding configuration. As an
example, on an ungrounded system, the line-to-ground voltages on the unfaulted

Voltage Swell Categories
14

phases can go as high as 1.73 p.u. during a Single L-G fault. On the contrary, on a
grounded system close to the substation, there will be no voltage rise on the unfaulted
phases because the substation transformer is usually connected delta-wye, providing a
low impedance zero-sequence path for the fault current [31].
2.2.3 Terminology Used
The term "momentary overvoltage" is used as a synonym for the term swell.
According to IEEE 1159-1995, voltage swell magnitude is to be described by its
remaining voltage, in this case, always greater than 1.0 p.u. For example, a swell to
150% means that the line voltage is amplified to 150% of the normal value [29].
2.2.4 Causes
Voltage swells are usually associated with system fault conditions - just like
voltage sags but are much less common. This is particularly true for ungrounded or
floating delta systems, where the sudden change in ground reference result in a
voltage rise on the ungrounded phases. In the case of a voltage swell due to a single
line-to-ground (SLG) fault on the system, the result is a temporary voltage rise on the
unfaulted phases, which last for the duration of the fault[32,33]. This is shown in the
figure 2.2.4.

Fig. 2.2.4: Voltage Swell due to SLG fault
Voltage swells can also be caused by the de energization of a very large load. The
abrupt interruption of current can generate a large voltage, per the formula: V = L
di/dt, where L is the inductance of the line and di/dt is the change in current flow.

Instantaneous Voltage Swell Due to SLG fault
15

Moreover, the energization of a large capacitor bank can also cause a voltage swell,
though it more often causes a oscillatory transient.
2.2.5 Effects
Although the effects of a sag are more noticeable, the effects of a voltage swell
are often more destructive. It may cause breakdown of components on the power
supplies of the equipment, though the effect may be a gradual, accumulative effect. It
can cause control problems and hardware failure in the equipment, due to
overheating that could eventually result to shutdown. Also, electronics and other
sensitive equipment are prone to damage due to voltage swell [32,33].
2.2.6 Mitigation Techniques
There are many ways to mitigate voltage swell problem. One of them is using
the flexible ac technology (FACTS) devices which have been used widely in power
system nowadays because of the reliability to maintain power quality condition
including voltage swell mitigation. There are many devices that have been created
with the purpose to enhance power quality such as Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR),
Distribution Static Compensator (D-STATCOM), Voltage Regulators and
Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS). All of these devices are also known as custom
power devices.
2.2.7 Simulation Techniques applied for Mitigation
There are various methodologies adopted and developed by researchers
throughout the study of voltage swells. These methodologies are generally classified
into three areas which are real time monitoring, modeling and simulation packages
and the use of mathematical principles and electrical fundamentals [30].
Various software packages are available which are extremely effective in
predicting and analyzing voltage swell studies. Almost all voltage swell related
studies by researchers are based on simulation packages. Studies using simulation tool
were mainly related with prediction of voltage swell, mitigation studies and
understanding of the characteristic of the voltage swell. Nowadays PSCAD/EMTDC
software is widely used to simulate and analyze the various mitigation techniques.
Power System Computer Aided Design was first conceptualized in 1988 and began its
16

evolution as a tool to generate data files for the Electromagnetic Transient Program
with DC analysis (EMTDC) simulation program. PSCAD is a powerful and flexible
graphical user interface to the world renowned EMTDC solution engine. PSCAD
enables the user to schematically construct a circuit, run a simulation analyze the
result and manage the data in a completely integrated, graphical environment.























17

CHAPTER 3
THEORY of D-statcom
3.1 Distribution static compensator
Distribution Static Compensator (D-STATCOM) also known as shunt voltage
controller consists of a two level voltage source converter (VSC), a dc energy storage
device, a coupling transformer connected in shunt to the distribution network and
associated control circuit [9,10] as shown in the fig below. The VSC converts the dc
voltage across the storage device into a set of three phase ac output voltages. These
voltages are in phase and coupled with the ac system through the reactance of the
coupling transformer. Suitable adjustment of the phase and magnitude of the D-
STATCOM output voltages allow effective control of active and reactive power
exchanges between the D-STATCOM and ac system. Such configuration allows the
device to absorb or generate controllable active and reactive power.

Fig. 3.1(a): Schematic diagram of D-STATCOM
The VSC connected in shunt with the ac system provides a multifunctional
topology which can be used for up to three quite distinct purposes.
a) Correction of power factor.
b) Voltage regulation and compensation of reactive power.
c) Elimination of current harmonics.
18

The DC voltage across the storage device will be converted by VSC into a set of
three phase AC output voltages. Several adjustments have to be made to the phase and
magnitude of the D-STATCOM output voltage in order for the active and reactive
power exchanges between the AC system and the device controlled effectively.
3.1.1 Basic Configuration and Operation of D-STATCOM
The DSTATCOM is a three phases, shunt connected power electronic based
device. It is connected near the load at the distribution system. The major components
of D-STATCOM is shown in the fig. 3.1.1(a) below

Fig. 3.1.1(a): Basic building blocks of D-STATCOM.
It consists of a dc capacitor, three phase inverter usually a GTO or an IGBT, ac
filter (coupling transformer) and a control strategy. The basic electronic block of the
D-STATCOM is the voltage sourced inverter that converts input dc voltage into a
three phase output voltage at fundamental frequency.
The D-STATCOM employs an inverter to convert the dc link voltage V
dc
on the
capacitor to a voltage source of adjustable magnitude and phase. Therefore the
D-STATCOM can be treated as a voltage controlled source. The D-STATCOM can
also be seen as a current controlled source.
Fig. 3.1.1(a) above shows the inductance L and resistance R which represents the
equivalent circuit elements of the step down transformer and the inverter are the main
components of D-STATCOM. The reactive power output of D-STATCOM can be
either inductive or capacitive depending on the operation mode of D-STATCOM.
19

Referring to the Fig. 3.1.1(a) above the controller of D-STATCOM is used to
operate the inverter in such a way that the phase angle between the inverter voltage
and the line voltage is dynamically adjusted so that the D-STATCOM generates or
absorb the desired VAR at the point of connection. The phase of the output voltage of
the thyristor based inverter V
i
is controlled in the same way as the distribution system
voltage V
s
.
Here, as we can see from the figure 3.1.1(b) below, the shunt injected current I
sh

corrects the voltage sag by adjusting the voltage drop across the system impedance
X
th.

Figure 3.1.1(b) Working principle of D-STATCOM
The value of the shunt current I
sh
can be controlled by adjusting the output
voltage of the converter. The shunt injected current I
sh
can be written as:
I
sh
= I
L
I
i (3.1)
I
sh

th
L
th
th
L
Z
V
Z
V
I ) (
(3.2)
The complex power injection of the D-STATCOM can be expressed as
S
sh =
V
L
I
sh
* (3.3)

20

Here, the effectiveness of the D-STATCOM in correcting voltage sag depends
upon the value of Z
th
or fault level of the load bus. When the shunt injected current I
sh

is kept in quadrature with V
L
, the desired voltage correction is achieved without
injecting any active power into the system. On the other hand when the value of I
sh
is
minimized the same voltage correction can be achieved with minimum apparent
power into the system.
3.1.2 Operating modes of D-STATCOM
Figure below shows the three basic operation modes of the D-STATCOM
output current I, which varies depending upon V
i
. If V
i
is equal to V
s
, the reactive
power is zero and the D-STATCOM does not generate or absorb reactive power.
When V
i
is greater than V
s
, the D-STATCOM shows an inductive reactance
connected at its terminal. The current I flows through the transformer reactance from
the D-STATCOM to the ac system and the device generate capacitive reactive power.
If V
s
is greater V
i
, the D-STATCOM shows the system as a capacitive reactance, then
the current flows from ac system to the D-STATCOM resulting in the device
absorbing inductive reactive power.

Fig. 3.1.2(a): Operating modes of D-STATCOM
21

CHAPTER 4
MODELING OF TEST SYSTEM AND
CONTROLLERS FOR SYSTEM SIMULATION
4.1 Test Systems
4.1.1 Test System-1 for Simulation
A
B
C
R=0
0.1 [ohm]
0.1 [ohm]
0.1[ohm]
0.758 [H]
0.758 [H]
12.1 [ohm]
12.1 [ohm]
12.1 [ohm]
0.1926 [H]
0.1926 [H]
0.1926 [H]
A
B
C
A
B
C
11.0 [kV]
#2 #1
230.0 [kV]
100.0 [MVA]
0.758 [H]
MAIN FEEDER LOAD

Fig. 4.1.1: The test system implemented in PSCAD/EMTDC
Fig. 4.1.1 above depicts the Test System-1 implemented in PSCAD/EMTDC to
carry out the simulations for the aforementioned mitigation technique. The test system
comprises of a 230 KV, 50 Hertz transmission system, represented in Thevenins
equivalent, feeding into the primary side of a two winding transformer. The load is
connected to the 11 KV of secondary side of the transformer. Considering this system
to be unchanged and for the accommodation of control technique additional isolation
transformer is used at the secondary side between two winding transformer and the
load.
4.1.2 Test System-2 for Simulation
A
B
C
R=0
0.1 [ohm]
0.1 [ohm]
0.1[ohm]
0.758 [H]
0.758 [H]
0.758 [H]
A
B
C
A
B
C
A B C
100.0 [MVA]
230.0 [kV] 11 [kV] 11 [kV]
#1 #3
12.1 [ohm]
12.1 [ohm]
12.1 [ohm]
0.1926 [H]
0.1926 [H]
0.1926 [H]
MAIN FEEDER LOAD

Fig. 4.1.2: The test system implemented in PSCAD/EMTDC
22

Fig. 4.1.2 above depicts the Test System-2 implemented in PSCAD/EMTDC to
carry out the simulations for the aforementioned mitigation technique. A three
winding transformer is used to replace the two winding transformer to accommodate
the implantation of the two-level VSC based D-STATCOM and it will be connected
in the tertiary winding of the transformer to provide instantaneous voltage support at
the load point. The transformer employs a leakage reactance of 10% or 0.1 per unit
with a unity turn ratio and no booster capabilities exist.
4.2 Sinusoidal PWM based Control Scheme
A sinusoidal PWM based control scheme is implemented, with reference to the D-
STATCOM in order to mitigate the voltage sags and swells in power system. The aim
of the control scheme is to maintain a constant voltage magnitude at the point where
sensitive load is connected under the system disturbance.
The control system only measures the r.m.s voltage at the load point, no reactive
power measurement is required. The VSC switching strategy associated with
D-STATCOM is based on a sinusoidal PWM technique which offers simplicity and
good response. Since custom power is a relatively low power application, PWM
methods offer a more flexible option than the fundamental frequency switching (FFS)
methods favoured in FACTS applications. Besides, high switching frequencies can be
used to improve the efficiency of the converter, without incurring significant
switching losses.
4.2.1 Sinusoidal PWM based Control
As seen from Fig.4.2 below the controller input is an error signal obtained from
the reference voltage and r.m.s value of the terminal voltage measured. Such error is
processed by PI controller (proportional-integral-controller) and the output is angle
delta, which is then provided to the PWM (pulse width modulated) signal generator.
Thus, briefly we can say that an error signal is obtained by comparing reference
voltage with the r.m.s voltage measured, the PI controller process the error signal,
generates the required angle to drive the error to zero that is load r.m.s voltage is
brought back to reference voltage.
23

The sinusoidal signal voltage is phase modulated by means of angle delta and this
modulated signal is compared against a triangular signal in order to generate
switching signals for VSC valves. The main parameters of sinusoidal PWM scheme
are amplitude modulation index and frequency modulation index of the triangular
signal. The amplitude modulation index is kept fixed at 1 p.u. in order to obtain the
highest fundamental voltage component at the controller output. The modulating
angle is applied to PWM generator in phase A. The angle for phase B and phase C are
shifted by 240 degree and 120 degree respectively. The control implementation is
kept very simple in Fig. 4.2 by using only voltage measurements as feedback variable
in the control scheme.

Fig. 4.2: Control scheme for the Test Systems implemented in PSCAD/EMTDC to
carry out the D-STATCOM simulations.

24

4.3 Test Systems without Controller for Voltage Sag
A
B
C
R=0
0.1 [ohm]
0.1 [ohm]
0.1[ohm]
0.758 [H]
0.758 [H]
0.758 [H]
A
B
C
3

P
h
a
s
e
R
M
S
Vrms
Vrms
12.1 [ohm]
12.1 [ohm]
12.1 [ohm]
0.1926 [H]
0.1926 [H]
0.1926 [H]
Timed
Breaker
Logic
Open@t0
BRK
C B A
B
R
K
A
B
C
A
B
C
11.0 [kV]
#2 #1
230.0 [kV]
100.0 [MVA]
0
.
0
0
5
[
o
h
m
]
0
.
8
9

[
H
]
0
.
0
0
5
[
o
h
m
]
0
.
8
9

[
H
]
0
.
0
0
5
[
o
h
m
]
0
.
8
9

[
H
]
MAIN FEEDER LOAD

Fig. 4.3(a): The test system without controller implemented in PSCAD/EMTDC.

Fig. 4.3(a) above depicts the Test System without controller implemented in
PSCAD/EMTDC to carry out the simulations for the aforementioned mitigation
techniques. The test system comprises of a 230 KV, 50 Hertz transmission system,
represented in Thevenins equivalent, feeding into the primary side of a two winding
transformer. The load comprising of resistance 12.1[ohm] and 0.1926[H] is connected
to the 11 KV of the secondary side of the transformer. R-L load having 0.005[ohm]
and 0.89[H] is connected through a 3 phase breaker to the 230 kv of the primary side
of the transformer. The breaker is operated for 0.2 sec i.e., it is initially opened and
closed from 0.3 to 0.5 sec. The transformer employs a leakage reactance of 10% or
0.1 per unit with a unity turn ratio and no booster capabilities exist.


25

A
B
C
R=0
0.1 [ohm]
0.1 [ohm]
0.1[ohm]
0.758 [H]
0.758 [H]
0.758 [H]
12.1 [ohm]
12.1 [ohm]
12.1 [ohm]
0.1926 [H]
0.1926 [H]
0.1926 [H]
A
B
C
A
B
C
A B C
100.0 [MVA]
230.0 [kV] 11 [kV] 11 [kV]
#1 #3
FAULTS
C
B
A
Timed
Fault
Logic
Vrms
A
B
C
3

P
h
a
s
e
R
M
S
Vrms
Main : Contr...
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
fault condition
1
MAIN FEEDER LOAD

Fig. 4.3(b): The test system without controller using three winding transformer
implemented in PSCAD/EMTDC.
Fig. 4.3(b) above depicts the Test System without controller using three winding
transformer implemented in PSCAD/EMTDC to carry out the simulations for the
aforementioned mitigation techniques. The test system comprises of a 230 KV, 50
Hertz transmission system, represented in Thevenins equivalent, feeding into the
primary side of a two winding transformer. The load comprising of resistance
12.1[ohm] and 0.1926[H] is connected to the 11 KV of the secondary side of the
transformer. A three winding transformer is used to replace the two winding
transformer to accommodate the implantation of the two-level VSC based D-
STATCOM and it will be connected in the tertiary winding of the transformer to
provide instantaneous voltage support at the load point. Fault is applicable to the
secondary side of the transformer. Fault consideration is from 0.3 sec and for a
duration of 0.1 sec. A typical single line to ground fault is simulated. The transformer
employs a leakage reactance of 10% or 0.1 per unit with a unity turn ratio and no
booster capabilities exist.



26

4.4 Test Systems without Controller for Voltage Swell

A
B
C
R=0
0.1 [ohm]
0.1 [ohm]
0.1[ohm]
0.758 [H]
0.758 [H]
0.758 [H]
A
B
C
3

P
h
a
s
e
R
M
S
Vrms
Vrms
12.1 [ohm]
12.1 [ohm]
12.1 [ohm]
0.1926 [H]
0.1926 [H]
0.1926 [H]
Timed
Breaker
Logic
Open@t0
BRK
3
[
u
F
]
3
[
u
F
]
3

[
u
F
]
C B A
B
R
K
A
B
C
A
B
C
11.0 [kV]
#2 #1
230.0 [kV]
100.0 [MVA]
MAIN FEEDER LOAD

Fig. 4.4(a): The test system without controller implemented in PSCAD/EMTDC.

Fig. 4.4(a) above depicts the Test System without controller implemented in
PSCAD/EMTDC to carry out the simulations for the aforementioned mitigation
techniques. The test system comprises of a 230 KV, 50 Hertz transmission system,
represented in Thevenins equivalent, feeding into the primary side of a two winding
transformer. The load comprising of resistance 12.1[ohm] and 0.1926[H] is connected
to the 11 KV of the secondary side of the transformer. A capacitive load of 3[F] is
connected through a 3 phase breaker to the 230 kv of the primary side of the
transformer. The 3 phase breaker is initially opened and then closed for duration of
0.1 sec ie., breaker remains closed from 0.3 to 0.4 sec. The transformer employs a
leakage reactance of 10% or 0.1 per unit with a unity turn ratio and no booster
capabilities exist.




27

A
B
C
R=0
0.1 [ohm]
0.1 [ohm]
0.1[ohm]
0.758 [H]
0.758 [H]
0.758 [H]
12.1 [ohm]
12.1 [ohm]
12.1 [ohm]
0.1926 [H]
0.1926 [H]
0.1926 [H]
A
B
C
A
B
C
A B C
100.0 [MVA]
230.0 [kV] 11 [kV] 11 [kV]
#1 #3
Vrms
A
B
C
3

P
h
a
s
e
R
M
S
Vrms
Timed
Breaker
Logic
Open@t0
BRK
3
[
u
F
]
3
[
u
F
]
3

[
u
F
]
C B A
B
R
K
MAIN FEEDER LOAD

Fig. 4.4(b): The test system without controller using three winding transformer in
PSCAD/EMTDC.
Fig. 4.4(b) above depicts the Test System without controller using three winding
transformer implemented in PSCAD/EMTDC to carry out the simulations for the
aforementioned mitigation techniques. The test system comprises of a 230 KV, 50
Hertz transmission system, represented in Thevenins equivalent, feeding into the
primary side of a two winding transformer. The load comprising of resistance
12.1[ohm] and 0.1926[H] is connected to the 11 KV of the secondary side of the
transformer. A three winding transformer is used to replace the two winding
transformer to accommodate the implantation of the two-level VSC based D-
STATCOM and it will be connected in the tertiary winding of the transformer to
provide instantaneous voltage support at the load point. A capacitive load of 3[F] is
connected through a 3 phase breaker to the 230 kv of the primary side of the
transformer. The 3 phase breaker is initially opened and then closed for duration of
0.1 sec ie., breaker remains closed from 0.3 to 0.4 sec. The transformer employs a
leakage reactance of 10% or 0.1 per unit with a unity turn ratio and no booster
capabilities exist.



28

4.5 Modeling Of Distribution Static Compensator with the
Test System-1
The schematic diagram of D-STATCOM employed along with the Test System-
1 is shown in Chapter-3 (Fig. 3.1(a)). A two-level VSC based D-STATCOM is
connected to the 11KV secondary winding to provide instantenous voltage support at
the load point. A 750 microfarad capacitor on the dc side provides the D-STATCOM
energy storage capabilities.

The transformer of the test system has been modelled as two winding transformer
to accommodate D-STATCOM an additional isolation transformer is accomodated.
Fig.4.5(a) shows the modelling of the D-STATCOM in PSCAD/EMTDC which has
the two level voltage source converter.
Fig.4.5(b) and Fig.4.5(c) below shows the realization of the test system with D-
STATCOM in PSCAD. The test system comprises a 230 kV transmission system,
represented by a Thevenins equivalent, feeding into the primary side of a two
winding transformer. A varying load is connected to 11 KV, secondary side of the
transformer. Here, the simulation of the test system with D-STATCOM acting as a
mitagation device and observing the extent of compensation provided in terms of
recovery of the rms voltage in case of the fault for voltage sag and capacitor bank for
voltage swell.


Fig. 4.5(a): Switching diagram of D-STATCOM
29

4.5.1 Simulation for Voltage Sag
ABC
R
=
0
0
.
1

[
o
h
m
]
0
.
1

[
o
h
m
]
0
.
1
[
o
h
m
]
0
.
7
5
8

[
H
]
0
.
7
5
8

[
H
]
0
.
7
5
8

[
H
]
ABC
3 P h a s e
R M S
Vrms
V
r
m
s
1
2
.
1

[
o
h
m
]
1
2
.
1

[
o
h
m
]
1
2
.
1

[
o
h
m
]
0
.
1
9
2
6

[
H
]
0
.
1
9
2
6

[
H
]
0
.
1
9
2
6

[
H
]
T
i
m
e
d
B
r
e
a
k
e
r
L
o
g
i
c
O
p
e
n
@
t
0
B
R
K
2
C
B
A
B R K 2
1
D
+
F
-
*
c
o
m
p
I
P
*
-
1
d
e
l
t
a
T
I
M
E
0
.
1
AB
C
o
m
p
a
r
-
a
t
o
r
C
o
m
p
1
.
0
m
a
5
0
f
r
e
q
d
e
l
t
a
AB
C
o
m
p
a
r
-
a
t
o
r
AB
C
o
m
p
a
r
-
a
t
o
r
C
T
R
B
G
a
p
G
a
n
G
b
n
G
b
p
P
h
a
s
e
F
r
e
q
M
a
g
S
i
n
m
a
D
+
F
+
d
e
l
t
a
-
1
2
0
f
r
e
q
P
h
a
s
e
F
r
e
q
M
a
g
S
i
n
m
a
C
T
R
A
f
r
e
q
G
c
p
G
c
n
-
2
4
0
AB
C
o
m
p
a
r
-
a
t
o
r
P
h
a
s
e
F
r
e
q
M
a
g
S
i
n
m
a
D
+
F
+
f
r
e
q
C
T
R
C
d
e
l
t
a
A
B
C
A
B
C
11.0 [kV]
#2 #1
11.0 [kV]
100.0 [MVA]
R=0
7 5 0 . 0 [ u F ]
G
a
n
G
a
p
G
b
n
G
b
p
G
c
p
G
c
n
E
c
ABC
ABC
1
1
.
0

[
k
V
]
#
2
#
1
2
3
0
.
0

[
k
V
]
1
0
0
.
0

[
M
V
A
]
0.005[ohm] 0.89 [H]
0.005[ohm] 0.89 [H]
0.005[ohm] 0.89 [H]
A
C

N
E
T
W
O
R
K
L
O
A
D
D
S
T
A
T
C
O
M
C
O
N
T
R
O
L
S
Y
S
T
E
M
S
I
N

P
W
M
G
E
N
E
R
A
T
O
R


Fig. 4.5(b): Modeling Test System-1 for voltage sag with D-STATCOM connected to
the system.



30

4.5.2 Simulation for Voltage Swell
ABC
R
=
0
0
.
1

[
o
h
m
]
0
.
1

[
o
h
m
]
0
.
1
[
o
h
m
]
0
.
7
5
8

[
H
]
0
.
7
5
8

[
H
]
0
.
7
5
8

[
H
]
ABC
3 P h a s e
R M S V r m s
V
r
m
s
1
2
.
1

[
o
h
m
]
1
2
.
1

[
o
h
m
]
1
2
.
1

[
o
h
m
]
0
.
1
9
2
6

[
H
]
0
.
1
9
2
6

[
H
]
0
.
1
9
2
6

[
H
]
T
i
m
e
d
B
r
e
a
k
e
r
L
o
g
i
c
O
p
e
n
@
t
0
B
R
K
2
3[uF]
3[uF]
3 [uF]
C
B
A
B R K 2
1
D
+
F
-
*
c
o
m
p
I
P
*
-
1
d
e
l
t
a
T
I
M
E
0
.
1
AB
C
o
m
p
a
r
-
a
t
o
r
C
o
m
p
1
.
0
m
a
5
0
f
r
e
q
d
e
l
t
a
AB
C
o
m
p
a
r
-
a
t
o
r
AB
C
o
m
p
a
r
-
a
t
o
r
C
T
R
B
G
a
p
G
a
nG
b
n
G
b
p
P
h
a
s
e
F
r
e
q
M
a
g
S
i
n
m
a
D
+
F
+
d
e
l
t
a
-
1
2
0
f
r
e
q
P
h
a
s
e
F
r
e
q
M
a
g
S
i
n
m
a
C
T
R
A
f
r
e
q
G
c
p
G
c
n
-
2
4
0
AB
C
o
m
p
a
r
-
a
t
o
r
P
h
a
s
e
F
r
e
q
M
a
g
S
i
n
m
a
D
+
F
+
f
r
e
q
C
T
R
C
d
e
l
t
a
A
B
C
A
B
C
11.0 [kV]
#2 #1
11.0 [kV]
100.0 [MVA]
R=0
7 5 0 . 0 [ u F ]
G
a
n
G
a
p
G
b
n
G
b
p
G
c
p
G
c
n
E
c
ABC
ABC
1
1
.
0

[
k
V
]
#
2
#
1
2
3
0
.
0

[
k
V
]
1
0
0
.
0

[
M
V
A
]
A
C

N
E
T
W
O
R
K
C
O
N
T
R
O
L
S
Y
S
T
E
M
S
I
N

P
W
M
G
E
N
E
R
A
T
O
R
D
S
T
A
T
C
O
M


Fig. 4.5(c): Modeling Test System-1 for voltage swell with D-STATCOM connected
to the system.


31

4.6 Modeling Of Distribution Static Compensator with the
Test System-2
The schematic diagram of D-STATCOM employed along with the Test System-2
is shown in Chapter-3 (Fig. 3.3(b)). A two-level VSC based D-STATCOM is
connected to the 11KV tertiary winding to provide instantenous voltage support at the
load point. A 750 microfarad capacitor on the dc side provides the D-STATCOM
energy storage capabilities.







Fig. 4.6(a): Switching diagram of D-STATCOM

The transformer of the test system has been modelled as three winding
transformer to accommodate D-STATCOM. The purpose of including the transformer
is to protect and provide isolation between the IGBT legs. This prevent the dc storage
capacitor from being shorted through switches in different IGBT. Fig.3.4(a) shows the
modelling of the D-STATCOM in PSCAD/EMTDC which has the two level voltage
source converter.
Fig. 4.6(b) and Fig. 4.6(c) below shows the realization of the test system with D-
STATCOM in PSCAD. The test system comprises a 230 kV transmission system,
represented by a Thevenins equivalent, feeding into the primary side of a three
winding transformer. A varying load is connected to 11 KV, secondary side of the
transformer. In voltage sag condition, sudden drop in the rms voltage at the load
terminal can be observed. In voltage swell condition, sudden rise in the rms voltage at
the load terminal can be observed. A single line to ground fault is applied for
analyzing voltage sag and a capacitor bank is applied to analyze voltage swell.

32

4.6.1 Simulation for Voltage Sag

ABC
R
=
0
0
.
1

[
o
h
m
]
0
.
1

[
o
h
m
]
0
.
1
[
o
h
m
]
0
.
7
5
8

[
H
]
0
.
7
5
8

[
H
]
0
.
7
5
8

[
H
]
ABC
ABC
A
B
C
1
0
0
.
0

[
M
V
A
]
2
3
0
.
0

[
k
V
]
1
1

[
k
V
]
1
1

[
k
V
]
#
1
#
3
3 P h a s e
R M S
D
+
F
-
1
V r e f
*
c
o
m
p
I
P
*
1
d
e
l
t
a
1
m
a
AB
C
o
m
p
a
r
-
a
t
o
r
P
h
a
s
e
F
r
e
q
M
a
g
S
i
n
AB
C
o
m
p
a
r
-
a
t
o
r
AB
C
o
m
p
a
r
-
a
t
o
r
P
h
a
s
e
F
r
e
q
M
a
g
S
i
n
m
a
m
a
d
e
l
t
a
O
m
A
D
+
F
+
d
e
l
t
a
-
1
2
0
P
h
a
s
e
F
r
e
q
M
a
g
S
i
n
m
a
D
+
F
+
d
e
l
t
a
1
2
0
5
0
5
0
5
0
G
A
G
B
G
C
G
A
N
G
B
N
G
C
N
R = 0
750.0 [uF]
DD
DD
DD
G
A
N
G
A
G
B
N
G
B
G
C
G
C
N
V
r
m
s
V
r
m
s
1
2
.
1

[
o
h
m
]
1
2
.
1

[
o
h
m
]
1
2
.
1

[
o
h
m
]
T
I
M
E
0
.
1
AB
C
o
m
p
a
r
-
a
t
o
r
C
o
m
p
0
.
1
9
2
6

[
H
]
0
.
1
9
2
6

[
H
]
0
.
1
9
2
6

[
H
]
ABC
D
S
T
A
T
C
O
M
C
O
N
T
R
O
L
S
Y
S
T
E
M
S
I
N

P
W
M
G
E
N
E
R
A
T
O
R
S
F
A
U
L
T
S
CBA
T
i
m
e
d
F
a
u
l
t
L
o
g
i
c
A
C

N
E
T
W
O
R
K
M
a
in

:

C
o
n
t
r
.
.
.
1
0
987654321
f
a
u
lt

c
o
n
d
it
io
n
1
L
O
A
D


Fig. 4.6(b): Modeling Test System-2 for voltage sag with D-STATCOM connected to
the system.
33

4.6.2 Simulation for Voltage Swell

ABC
R
=
0
0
.
1

[
o
h
m
]
0
.
1

[
o
h
m
]
0
.
1
[
o
h
m
]
0
.
7
5
8

[
H
]
0
.
7
5
8

[
H
]
0
.
7
5
8

[
H
]
ABC
ABC
A
B
C
1
0
0
.
0

[
M
V
A
]
2
3
0
.
0

[
k
V
]
1
1

[
k
V
]
1
1

[
k
V
]
#
1
#
3
3 P h a s e
R M S
D
+
F
-
1
V
r
e
f
*
c
o
m
p
I
P
*
1
d
e
l
t
a
1
m
a
AB
C
o
m
p
a
r
-
a
t
o
r
P
h
a
s
e
F
r
e
q
M
a
g
S
i
n
AB
C
o
m
p
a
r
-
a
t
o
r
AB
C
o
m
p
a
r
-
a
t
o
r
P
h
a
s
e
F
r
e
q
M
a
g
S
i
n
m
a
m
a
d
e
l
t
a
O
m
A
D
+
F
+
d
e
l
t
a
-
1
2
0
P
h
a
s
e
F
r
e
q
M
a
g
S
i
n
m
a
D
+
F
+
d
e
l
t
a
1
2
0
5
0
5
0
5
0
G
A
G
B
G
C
G
A
NG
B
N
G
C
N
R = 0
750.0 [uF]
DD
DD
DD
G
A
N
G
A
G
B
N
G
B
G
C
G
C
N
V
r
m
s
V
r
m
s
1
2
.
1

[
o
h
m
]
1
2
.
1

[
o
h
m
]
1
2
.
1

[
o
h
m
]
T
I
M
E
0
.
1
AB
C
o
m
p
a
r
-
a
t
o
r
C
o
m
p
0
.
1
9
2
6

[
H
]
0
.
1
9
2
6

[
H
]
0
.
1
9
2
6

[
H
]
ABC
T
i
m
e
d
B
r
e
a
k
e
r
L
o
g
i
c
O
p
e
n
@
t
0
B
R
K
3 [ u F ]
3 [ u F ]
3 [ u F ] C
B
A
B R K


Fig. 4.6(c): Modeling Test System-2 for voltage swell with D-STATCOM connected
to the system.
34

CHAPTER 5
SYSTEM SIMULATION AND DISCUSSION
This chapter describes different types of simulation in the two test systems
described in Chapter-4. Different mitigation techniques for voltage sag and swell have
also been realized and the observations have been discussed. The simulations are
carried out considering two types of test systems and different types of fault causing
voltage sag and swell. The simulations are individually shown for both voltage sag
and swell.
Here, the simulation consist of two parts for voltage sag and swell individually
which have been run separately. The first part involves simulating the two test
systems on different types of faults due to different type of considerations as
mentioned above without using controller. The second part involves simulating the
mitigation techniques with the two test systems (using controllers) so that the
technique can be assessed on their performance in mitigating voltage sag and swell
individually for the all cases considered.
5.1 Voltage Sag
5.1.1 Without Controllers
5.1.1.1 Closing of the RL load in Test System-1

Using a 3 phase breaker, an RL load having resistance 0.005[ohm] and inductance
0.89[H] is connected to the 230 kv primary side of transformer and has been closed
for a particular duration . Fig. 5.1.1.1(a) shows that the phase voltages of the system is
in fault condition after RL load has been closed for a particular duration in Test
system-1. Fig. 5.1.1.1(b) shows that the rms voltage drops to 0.538p.u. with respect
to the reference voltage.
35


Fig. 5.1.1.1(a): Phase voltages due to closing of the RL load.

Fig. 5.1.1.1(b): R.M.S voltage at the load terminal due to closing of the RL load.
Here we have closed RL load for a duration of 0.1 sec and the simulation is
carried out for a period of 300-400 ms. Fig. 5.1.1.1(c) and Fig. 5.1.1.1(d) show the
profiles of phase voltages and rms voltage at load end for closing of the RL load with
longer time duration. The time duration chosen here is 0.3 sec and the simulation is
carried out for a period of 300-600 ms.

36



Fig. 5.1.1.1(c): Phase voltages due to closing of the RL load
( with longer time duration ).


Fig. 5.1.1.1(d): R.M.S voltage at the load terminal due to closing of the RL load
( with longer time duration ).




37

5.1.1.2 Single Line to Ground Fault in Test System-2
Using the faults generator, a single line to ground fault is applied for phase A of
the Test system-2. Fig. 5.1.1.2(a) clearly shows that phase A of the system is in fault
condition after fault has been applied. Fig. 5.1.1.2(b) clearly shows that the rms
voltage drops in phase A to 0.682 p.u.with respect to the reference voltage.

Fig. 5.1.1.2(a): Phase voltages for line A to ground fault.

Fig. 5.1.1.2(b): R.M.S voltage at the load terminal for phase A to ground fault.
38

Simulations in case of phase B and phase C reveal the same observation which is
obvious. Fig. 5.1.1.2(c) and Fig. 5.1.1.2(d) show the profiles of phase voltages and
rms voltage at load end for phase A to ground fault with higher fault duration. Here,
we have applied the fault for a duration of 0.3 sec. The simulation is carried out for a
period of 300-600 ms.

Fig. 5.1.1.2(c): Phase voltages for line A to ground fault (with higher fault duration).

Fig. 5.1.1.2(d): R.M.S voltage at the load terminal for phase A to ground fault
(with higher fault duration).
39

5.1.2 With Controllers
5.1.2.1 Closing of the RL Load in Test System-1
Compensated voltage sag due to closing of the RL load using DSTATCOM in
Test system-1 is shown accordingly in Fig. 5.1.2.1(a). D-STATCOM manages to
maintain a recovery rate at 94%. Here D-STATCOM operation introduces more ripple
in the system and thus invites more harmonic related problem as compared to other
controllers. Fig. 5.1.2.1(b) exhibit the profile of compensated voltage sag due to
closing of the RL load using DSTATCOM with longer time duration of 0.3 sec.

Fig. 5.1.2.1(a): Compensated r.m.s voltage at the load end using D-STATCOM.

Fig. 5.1.2.1(b): Compensated r.m.s voltage at the load end using D-STATCOM
( with longer time duration )
40

5.1.2.2 Single Line to Ground Fault in Test System-2
Compensated voltage sag for single line to ground fault using D-STATCOM in
Test system-2 for phase A to ground fault is shown accordingly in Fig.5.1.2.2(a). D-
STATCOM manages to maintain a recovery rate at 98%. Here D-STATCOM
operation introduces more ripple in the system as compared to other controllers. Fig.
5.1.2.1(b) exhibit the profile of compensated voltage sag due to closing of the RL load
using DSTATCOM with longer time duration of the fault i.e., 0.3 sec.

Fig. 5.1.2.1(a): Compensated r.m.s voltage at the load end using D-STATCOM for
phase A to ground fault.


Fig. 5.1.2.1(b): Compensated r.m.s voltage at the load end using D-STATCOM
(for phase A to ground fault with longer fault duration).
41

5.2 Voltage Swell
5.2.1 Without Controllers
5.2.1.1 Capacitive load in Test System-1
Fig. 5.2.1.1(a) exhibit the phase voltage swell due to the closing of a capacitive
load, 3[F] through a 3 phase breaker for a duration of 0.1 sec and carried out for a
period of 300-400 ms. Fig. 5.2.1.1(b) shows that the rms voltage rises by 0.582 p.u.
with respect to the reference voltage.

Fig. 5.2.1.1(a): Phase voltages due to closing of the capacitive load.

Fig. 5.2.1.1(b): R.M.S voltage at the load terminal due to closing of capacitive load.
42

Fig. 5.2.1.1(c) and Fig. 5.2.1.1(d) show the profiles of phase voltages and rms
voltage at load end for closing of the capacitive load with longer time duration. The
time duration chosen here is 0.3 sec and the simulation is carried out for a period of
300-600 ms.

Fig. 5.2.1.1(c): Phase voltages due to closing of the capacitive load
( with longer time duration ).



Fig. 5.2.1.1(d): R.M.S voltage at the load terminal due to closing of the capacitive
load ( with longer time duration ).
43


5.2.1.2 Capacitive load in Test System-2
Fig. 5.2.1.2(a) exhibit the phase voltage swell due to the closing of a capacitive
load, 3[F] through a 3 phase breaker for a duration of 0.1 sec and carried out for a
period of 300-400 ms. Fig. 5.2.1.2(b) shows that the rms voltage rises by 0.576 p.u.
with respect to the reference voltage.

Fig. 5.2.1.2(a): Phase voltages due to closing of the capacitive load.

Fig. 5.2.1.2(b): R.M.S voltage at the load terminal due to closing of capacitive load.

44

Fig. 5.2.1.2(c) and Fig. 5.2.1.2(d) show the profiles of phase voltages and rms
voltage at load end for closing of the capacitive load with longer time duration. The
time duration chosen here is 0.3 sec and the simulation is carried out for a period of
300-600 ms.

Fig. 5.2.1.2(c): Phase voltages due to closing of the capacitive load
( with longer time duration ).



Fig. 5.2.1.2(d): R.M.S voltage at the load terminal due to closing of the capacitive
load ( with longer time duration ).
45

5.2.2 With Controllers
5.2.2.1 Capacitive load in Test System-1
Compensated voltage swell due to closing of the capacitive load using
DSTATCOM in Test system-1 is shown accordingly in Fig. 5.2.2.1(a). The voltage
swell got reduced from 1.6 to 1.13 p.u. Fig. 5.2.2.1(b) exhibit the profile of
compensated voltage swell due to closing of the capacitive load using DSTATCOM
with longer time duration of 0.3 sec and operated for a period of 300-600 ms.

Fig. 5.2.2.1(a): Compensated r.m.s voltage at the load end using D-STATCOM.

Fig. 5.2.2.1(b): Compensated r.m.s voltage at the load end using D-STATCOM
( with longer time duration ).
46

5.2.2.2 Capacitive load in Test System-2
Compensated voltage swell due to closing of the capacitive load using
DSTATCOM in Test system-2 is shown accordingly in Fig. 5.2.2.2(a). The voltage
swell got reduced from 1.6 to 1.13 p.u. Fig. 5.2.2.2(b) exhibit the profile of
compensated voltage swell due to closing of the capacitive load using DSTATCOM
with longer time duration of 0.3 sec and operated for a period of 300-600 ms.
Main : Graphs

0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00
...
...
...
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
Vrms(pu)

Fig. 5.2.2.2(a): Compensated r.m.s voltage at the load end using D-STATCOM.
Main : Graphs

0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00
...
...
...
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
Vrms(pu)

Fig. 5.2.2.1(b): Compensated r.m.s voltage at the load end using D-STATCOM
( with longer time duration ).

47

CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE
6.1 Conclusion
In the early era, voltage sag and swell did not pose any major problem prior to the
growth of semiconductor. In the quest for modernization, industries are incorporating
electronic appliances, programmable logic controllers, process control equipment and
robotics as their mainstream operating equipment. The adoption of these sensitive
equipments has identified voltage sag as a major power quality problem and voltage
swell as a moderate power quality problem. Researchers have seen the importance of
understanding and analyzing the phenomenon of voltage sag and swell, its effect on
sensitive equipments. Hence, in this thesis several aspects regarding study of voltage
sag and swell including the different mitigation action developed to reduce their
respective effects.
Present research work intends to investigate the performance of D-STATCOM
technique for mitigation of voltage sag and swell in a power distribution system.
Flexible power electronic based controllers like Distributed Static Compensator has
proven to be quite effective in reducing voltage sag and swell irrespective of system
size. Electromagnetic transient models of this controller has been presented and
applied for the study of power quality. The highly developed graphic facilities
available in PSCAD/ EMTDC have been used to conduct all aspects of model
implementation and to carry out extensive simulation studies.
A new PWM-based control scheme has been implemented to control the
electronic valves in the two-level VSC used in the D-STATCOM. As opposed to
fundamental frequency switching schemes already available in the PSCAD/EMTDC,
this PWM control scheme only requires voltage measurements. This characteristic
makes it ideally suitable for low-voltage custom power applications. The control
scheme is tested under a wide range of operating conditions and it is observed to be
very robust in every case. The distribution static compensator (D-STATCOM) offers
an alternative to conventional series shunt compensation. D-STATCOM is a device
that promises a prominent future in power system in mitigating power quality related
48

problems. D-STATCOM is also found to be useful for mitigation of voltage sag and
swell. With increase in duration of fault D-STATCOM has been found to be better
than other mitigation controllers.
6.2 Future Scope
Voltage sag and swell are an unwanted phenomenon which is almost unavoidable
but can be reduced using suitable techniques, but not limited to the techniques that
have been studied here. There is no one mitigation technique that is suitable with
every application, and whilst the power supply utilities strive to supply improved
power quality, it is up to the application engineer to minimize power quality
problems.
Solid state transfer switch (SSTS) is not the most cost effective but in many
cases, it is a practical mitigating technique to apply especially for sensitive loads.
SSTS solutions are attractive since they do not require additional power conditioning
equipment, but instead involve using another source component. The SSTS simulation
may be performed in addition to present study for different Test Systems which may
help system operator to adopt most suitable controller to mitigate voltage sag and
swell. Other associated problems like assessment of harmonics generation;
transformer saturation mitigation technique may also be explored as an extension of
present research work. The effect of the rating of the dc storage device and the
characteristics of the coupling transformer of DSTATCOM on its performance may
also be explored. Also different modern mitigation controllers like unified power
quality controller (UPQC) can also be employed to mitigate voltage sag and swell.







49

References
1. N. Hingorani, FACTS - Flexible ac transmission systems, in Proc. IEE 5th Int.
Conf. AC / DC Transmission, London, U.K., 1991, Conf. Pub. 345, pp. 17, 1991.
2. Manitoba HVDC Research Centre, PSCAD/EMTDC: Electromagnetic transients
program including dc systems, 1994.
3. Introducing custom power, IEEE Spectrum, vol. 32, pp. 4148, June 1995.
4. IEEE Standard Board, IEEE Std. 1159-1995, IEEE Recommended Practice for
Monitoring Electric Power Quality, IEEE Inc. New York, 1995.
5. M.H.J Bollen, G.Yalcinkaya, J.Pellis, M.R Qader, A voltage sag study in a large
industrial distribution system, Industry Applications Conference, 1996, 31
st
IAS
Annual Meeting.
6. A. M. Gole, O. B. Nayak, T. S. Sidhu, and M. S. Sachdev, A graphical
electromagnetic simulation laboratory for power systems engineering
programs. Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 11, pp. 599-606, May 1996.
7. Roger C. Dugan, Mark F. McGranaghan and H. Wayne Beaty, TK1001.D84
(1996), Electrical power systems quality, Mc Graw-Hill publication, pp. 1-8
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52

AN INTRODUCTION TO PSCAD / EMTDC
SOFTWARE
1.1 I ntroduction
PSCAD/EMTDC is an industry standard simulation tool for studying the
transient behaviour of electrical networks. Its graphical user interface enables all
aspects of the simulation to be conducted within a single integrated environment
including circuit assembly, run-time control, analysis of results, and reporting. Its
comprehensive library of models supports most ac and dc power plant components
and controls, in such a way that FACTS devices, custom power controllers, and
HVDC systems can be modelled with speed and precision. It provides a powerful
resource for assessing the impact of new power technologies in the power network.
Simplicity of use is one of the outstanding features of PSCAD/EMTDC. Its great
many modelling capabilities and highly complex algorithms and methods are
transparent to the user, leaving him free to concentrate his efforts on the analysis of
results rather than on mathematical modeling. For the purpose of system assembling,
the user can either use the large base of built-in components available in
PSCAD/EMTDC or can build its own user-defined models.
In this project, in all the mitigation techniques, PSCAD/EMTDC software has
been used to simulate and analyze the techniques. Power System Computer Aided
Design (PSCAD) was first conceptualized in 1988 and began its evolution as a tool to
generate data files for the Electromagnetic Transient Program with DC Analysis
(EMTDC) simulation program. In its early form, Version was largely experimental.
Nevertheless, it represented a great leap forward in speed and productivity, since users
of EMTDC could now draw their systems, rather than creating text listings. PSCAD
was first introduced as a commercial product as Version 2 targeted for UNIX platform
in 1994. Version 3 comes in 1994 bringing new usability by fully integrating the
drafting and runtime systems of its predecessors. This integration produced an
intuitive environment for both design and simulation. PSCAD Version 4 represents
the latest developments in power system simulation software. Version 4 retains the
strong simulation models of it predecessors, while bringing the table an updated and
fresh new look and feel to its windowing and plotting. PSCAD comes complete with a
53

library of pre-programmed and tested models, ranging from simple passive elements
and control functions, to more complex models, such as electric machines, FACTS
devices, transmission lines and cables. If a particular model does not exist, PSCAD
provides the flexibility of building custom models, either by assembling them
graphically using existing models, or by utilizing an intuitively design editor.
1.2 Characteristic of the Software
The following are some common models found in systems studied using
PSCAD:
i. Resistors, inductors, capacitors
ii. Mutually coupled windings, such as transformers etc
iii. Frequency dependent transmission lines and cables (including the most accurate
time domain line model in the world)
iv. Current and voltage sources
v. Switches and breakers
vi. Protection and relaying
vii. Diodes, thyristors and GTOs
viii. Analog and digital control functions
ix. AC and DC machines, exciters, governors, stabilizers and initial models
x. Meters and measuring functions
xi. Generic DC and AC controls
xii. HVDC, SVC and other FACTS controllers
xiii. Wind source, turbine and governors.
PSCAD Version 4 has some major features that have been included prior to its
predecessors for users convenience in modelling and analysis of custom power
system, such as:
a) Windowing Interface PSCAD V4 boasts a completely new windowing interface,
which includes full MFC (Microsoft Foundation Class) compatibility, docking
window support and a new integrated design editor.
b) Drawing Interface the drawing interface has been enhanced to provide uniform
messaging and core support, as well as a full double-buffered display.
54

c) On-Line Plotting Tools the online plotting facilities in PSCAD V4 have been
completely redesigned and are now more powerful. The new advanced graphs come
complete with full features, including: full zoom and panning support, marker control,
Polymeter and XY plotting capabilities.
d) Off-Line Plotting Facilities with the inclusion of Livewire, the best data
visualization and analysis software package available today, PSCAD output come to
life.
e) Single-Line Diagram Input PSCAD now includes the ability to construct a
circuits in a convenient and space saving single-line format. This new feature includes
fully adaptive three-phase electrical components in the Master Library can be adjusted
easily to display a single-line equivalent view.
f) MATLAB/SIMULINK Interface now interface PSCAD to both MATLAB
and/or SIMULINK files.
1.3 Example of a Circuit
1.3.1 Circuit Construction

Fig.1.3.1 (a): Typical components of a power system
55

The process of circuit construction is similar to that of drawing a schematic
diagram of a circuit. The user has the choice of selecting components found in the
master library or creating a new component of a choice. Components are then dragged
and dropped into the drawing space. A comprehensive choice of components is found
in the master library. Each component has the editing feature to enable the user to
input the appropriate parameters of the component. Fig 1.3.1(a) above illustrates some
basic components of the power system.
1.3.2 Plots, Graphs and Measurements
Plots, Graphs and other Measuring meters are placed where measurements are
to be studied. Channel and node must be placed at the point of measurement before a
plot or graph can be placed on the drawing space. Fig 1.3.2(a) below shows the plot
graphs, channel for a particular node.

Fig .1.3.2 (a): Measuring and monitoring components used in PSCAD
1.3.3 Runtime
Once the circuit is completed, the runtime is initiated (see fig 1.3.3 below).
During the runtime the, the work is compiled for an error free schematic.
Measurements and plots will output for an error free drawing. Once the program is
running the plots and graphs will produce the measurements of the selected node.
56

During this process, the user is able to pause to zoom-in the graph or even control the
component accordingly.

Fig. 1.3.3(a): Using runtime in PSCAD
1.4 Conclusion
PSCAD Version 4 is a powerful tool to simulate and analyse custom power
systems. With all the benefits, designing a systems is as simple as using a drawing
board and a pencil in our hands. Many new models have been added to the PSCAD
Master Library since the last release of PSCAD V3 thus improving capability of
designing. Navigating the software now has been made easy with the multi-window
tab feature and toolbars. Common components were made available and easy to drag-
and-drop it to the drawing board.