1

The diagram shows part of the Periodic Table.

Only some of the elements are shown.
Li
Na Mg
K Ca

Ti

Zr Nb
(a) Answer the following questions by choosing only from the elements shown in the
diagram.
You can use each element once, more than once or not at all.
(i)

State the names of two transition elements shown in the diagram.

.......................................................... and ..............................................................................

(ii)

State the name of an element which is in Period 3 of the Periodic Table.

.................................................................................................................................................

(iii)

(1)

Which element has the fastest reaction with water?

..............................................................................................................................................

(v)

(1)

Which element has the electronic structure 2,8,1?

................................................................................................................................................

(iv)

(2)

(1)

Which element has 23 protons in its nucleus?

.............................................................................................................................................

(b) Sodium reacts with oxygen to form sodium peroxide, Na O .

Complete the symbol equation for this reaction.

(1)

2
2

Na + O2 Na2O2

(2)
[Total: 8]
2 Ethanol, CH3CH2OH, is a liquid fuel. Ethanol can be manufactured either from glucose,
C6H12O6, or from ethene.
(a) Briefly describe the manufacture of ethanol from glucose.
Include the balanced equation in your answer.
.......................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................

(4)

(b) (i)

Draw the displayed formula for ethene.

(ii) Name the substance that reacts with ethene to make ethanol.
.............................................................................................................................................
(iii) Give the conditions needed for this reaction.
..............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................

(4)
Total / 8

3 Diamond
and graphite
macromolecules.

are

allotropes

of carbon.

Diamond

They

are

both

composed

of

Graphite

(a) Explain the meaning of the following terms.

(i) allotropes
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(ii) macromolecule
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(b) Graphite is used to make lubricants for engines.
Explain, in terms of its structure, why graphite can act as a lubricant.

(2)

....................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................

(2)

(c) Give one use of diamond which depends on its hardness.

.................................................................................................................................................

(1)

Total / 5

4 The exhaust fumes from the internal combustion engines of motor vehicles contribute to the poor quality of air in
many cities. The exhaust fumes contain atmospheric pollutants such as nitric oxide, NO, and carbon monoxide,
CO.
(a) Nitric oxide, NO, is formed when oxygen and nitrogen from the air react in an internal combustion
engine.
(i) Construct a balanced equation for this reaction.
..............................................................................................................................................
(ii) Explain why, in terms of collisions between particles, the rate of this reaction
increases as the concentration of oxygen increases.
............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
(iii) Explain why the rate of this reaction increases as the engine temperature increases.
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................

(4)

(b) Explain how carbon monoxide is formed in an internal combustion engine.

.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................

(1)

(c) Nitric oxide and carbon monoxide in the exhaust gases react together in the catalytic converter of
a motor vehicle.
(i) Write a balanced equation for this reaction.
.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) Explain why the catalyst should be in the form of a powder supported on a mesh.
..........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................

5 Marble statues are being damaged by acid rain. The chemical name for marble is calcium carbonate.
A student investigated the reaction between marble chips and nitric acid.
CaCO3(s) + 2HNO3(aq)

Ca(NO3)2(aq)

+ H2O(l) + CO2(g)

(3)
Total / 8

The Diagram shows the apparatus the student used.

50 cm3 of 2.0 mol/dm3

nitric acid

2.0 g marble chips

93.30 g

The student recorded the balance reading every

minute. The table shows the results.
time / minutes

balance reading / g

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14

93.30
93.28
93.26
93.24
93.22
93.21
93.20
93.19
93.18
93.17
93.16
93.15
93.15
93.14
93.14

(a) Explain why the balance reading decreases during the experiment.
..........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................

(1)

(b) How can the student tell when the reaction has finished?
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
(c)

(i) Calculate the number of moles of nitric acid in 50 cm3 of 2.0 mol / dm3 solution.

(1)

(ii) Calculate the number of moles of calcium carbonate in 2.0 g.

(iii) Which reagent, calcium carbonate or nitric acid, is in excess?

Explain your answer.

(5)
(d) The student repeats the experiment using the same quantities of calcium carbonate and nitric acid. This
time the acid is at a higher temperature. Describe and explain, in terms of collisions between reacting
particles, the effect of increasing the temperature on the rate of reaction.
..........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................

(2)
Total / 9

6 A student adds aqueous sodium hydroxide from a burette into 25.0 cm3 of dilute sulphuric acid.
The student measures the pH value of the mixture during the addition of the sodium hydroxide.
(a) Describe how the pH value changes.
.......................................................................................................................................................

(1)

(b) Give an ionic equation to represent the neutralisation reaction between sodium
hydroxide and sulphuric acid.
......................................................................................................................................................
(c) Sulphuric acid is a strong acid.

(1)

(i) What is meant by the term acid ?

......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
(ii) What is the difference between a strong acid and a weak acid?
......................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................

(3)

(d) Dilute sulphuric acid reacts with magnesium to give hydrogen.

Give the ionic equation for this reaction.
......................................................................................................................................................
7

(1)
Total / 6

Hydrogen chloride can be made by burning hydrogen in chlorine.

(a) Complete the equation for this reaction.
H2

...

......

HCl
(2)

(b) Draw a dot and cross diagram for a molecule of hydrogen chloride.
Show all the electrons.
use o for an electron from a hydrogen atom use x for an electron from a chlorine
atom

(2)
(c) Hydrochloric acid is formed when hydrogen chloride gas dissolves in water.
Suggest the pH of hydrochloric acid.
Put a ring around the correct answer.
pH 1

pH7

pH9

pH 13
(1)

(d) Complete the equation for the reaction of hydrochloric acid with zinc.
zinc

hydrochloric acid

zinc chloride

(1)

(e) Describe how dry crystals of zinc chloride can be obtained from a solution of zinc
chloride.

(2)
(f) A student electrolysed molten zinc chloride.
State the name of the product formed at

(i) the anode,

(1)

(ii) the cathode.

(1)
[Total: 10]

8 Copper is purified by the electrolysis of aqueous copper(II) sulfate using copper electrodes.
(a) Explain how this process is carried out in the laboratory and give relevant equations for
the electrode reactions.
.......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... ...

(4)

(b) Aqueous copper(II) sulfate can also be electrolysed using carbon electrodes.
(i) Write an equation for the reaction which takes place at the anode
in this electrolysis.
..............................................................................................................................................

(1)

(ii) Explain why the colour of the copper(II) sulfate solution fades during this
electrolysis.
..............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................

(1)

(c) Copper is a transition element.

(i) Name two transition elements, or compounds of transition elements, which are
used as catalysts. For each catalyst name an industrial product made using the
catalyst.
..............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii) Other than acting as catalysts state two properties which are specific to transition elements.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................

(2)

[Total: 10]
9

A student half-filled a syringe with water.

She then carefully drew up some blue ink into the syringe so that it formed a separate layer below
the water.
She then left the syringe in a clamp for twenty hours.

clamp
water

water
ink

water
ink

After twenty hours the blue colour of the ink had spread throughout the water.
(a) Use the kinetic particle theory to explain these observations.
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................

(2)

(b) Ink is a mixture of many chemicals.

What do you understand by the term mixture?
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................

(1)

(c) The list shows some of the substances present in ink.

carboxylic acids
cobalt(II) ions
ethanol
iron(II) ions
nickel(II) ions
tannins
water
(i)

Water is a good solvent.

From the list choose one other substance that is a good solvent.
................................................................................................................................................

(1)

(ii)

What is the meaning of the symbol (II) in iron(II)?

Tick one box.
the number of outer shell electrons the
difference between the
neutron and proton number
the oxidation state
the type of isotope
(1)

(iii)

Tannins are polymers.

What do you understand by the term polymer?
.................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................

(2)

(d) One of the carboxylic acids present in ink is gallic acid.

The structure of gallic acid is shown below.

(i)

On the structure above, put a ring around the carboxylic acid functional group.
(1)

(ii)

Gallic acid is a good reducing agent.

What do you understand by the term reduction?
............................................................................................................................................
(1)
[Total: 9]

10 Lithium is in Group I of the Periodic Table.

Lithium reacts with water to form lithium hydroxide and hydrogen.
(a) Describe what you would observe when a small piece of lithium is dropped onto the surface
of cold water.
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
(b) Write the equation for the reaction between lithium and water.

(2)

......................................................................................................................................................

(1)

(c) When lithium reacts with water, lithium ions, Li+, are formed.
Explain why the formation of a lithium ion from a lithium atom is an example of oxidation.
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................

(1)

(d) Rubidium, Rb, is another element in Group I.

Predict what you would observe when a small piece of rubidium is dropped onto cold water.
....
....
.

(3)
Total / 7

11 Aluminium and iron are both metals.

Iron rusts in the presence of oxygen and water. Rusting involves a series of reactions. Initially iron atoms
lose electrons to form iron(II) ions.
Fe(s)
Fe2+(aq) + 2e
At the same time oxygen, O2, and water molecules react to form hydroxide ions.
O2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 4e

4OH(aq)

Aqueous iron(II) ions then react with aqueous hydroxide ions to form solid iron(II)
hydroxide.
Finally the iron(II) hydroxide is oxidised to give hydrated iron(III) oxide (rust).
(a) (i)

Explain why the formation of iron(II) ions from iron atoms is an example of
oxidation.
..............................................................................................................................................

...........
...........
...........
...........
...........
...........
...........
...........
...........

(2)

.............................................................................................................................. (1)
(ii) Write the ionic equation, including state symbols, for the reaction between iron(II)
ions and hydroxide ions.
(b) The table shows part of the reactivity series of metals.
metal
relative reactivity
zinc

most reactive

iron
tin

least reactive

An iron object plated with either zinc or tin will not rust.
(i) Suggest how tin stops iron from rusting.
.(1)

(ii)
An
iro
n
ob
jec
t
pla
ted
wi
th
tin

will start to rust if the layer of tin is scratched.

An iron object plated with zinc will not rust if the layer of zinc is scratched. Use
the information in the table to explain these two observations.
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(3)
(c) Explain why aluminium will not corrode in the presence of oxygen and water.
.....................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................... (1)
(d) State a use of aluminium and explain why this metal is particularly suited for the stated
use.
.......................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................

(2)
[Total: 10]

12 Alcohols are an homologous series of organic chemical compounds.

The table shows some information about different alcohols.

alcohol

formula

boiling point / C

methanol

CH3OH

65

ethanol

C2H5OH

78

propanol

C3H7OH

97

pentanol

C5H11OH

138

(a) What is meant by the term homologous series?

....................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
(b) (i)

(3)

Estimate the boiling point of butanol

. .................................................................... ..

(1)

(ii)

A molecule of the alcohol hexanol contains six carbon atoms. Write the formula of
hexanol.
................................................................................................................................................

(1)

(c) Ethanol can be manufactured from ethene.

Ethene reacts with steam in the presence of an acid catalyst to form ethanol.
(i)

Write an equation for the reaction between ethene and steam.

.......................................................................................................................................................

(1)

(ii) Name the type of reaction that takes place.

.........................................................................................................................................................

(1)

(d) Ethanol can also be manufactured from glucose, C6H12O6.

C6H12O6
2CO2 + 2C2H5OH.
A solution containing 18 kg of glucose makes only 0.92 kg of ethanol.
Calculate the percentage yield of ethanol.

(3)
Total / 10
13 The table below shows some information about two copper ores, tenorite and cuprite.
Both contain copper oxide.
formula of copper
oxide in ore

ore
tenorite

oxidation number of
copper

percentage of copper by
mass

+2

80.0%

Cu2O

cuprite
(a) (i)

What is the formula of the copper compound in tenorite?

....................................................................................................................................................
(ii) What is the oxidation number of copper in cuprite, Cu2O?
.....................................................................................................................................................
(iii) Calculate the percentage of copper by mass in Cu2O.

(5)

(b) Another ore of copper contains copper(II) sulphide.

Complete the dot and cross diagram below for copper(II) sulphide showing outer
electrons only.

2+

Cu
copper ion

sulphide ion

(2)
[Total: 7 marks]

14 Ammonia is manufactured by the Haber process. Ammonia is used to manufacture nitrogenous fertilisers
such as ammonium nitrate.
(a) The graphs below give information about the percentage of ammonia present in the
equilibrium mixture at different temperatures and pressures.

100

80

60
percentage of ammonia
at equilibrium
40
400 atm
20

200 atm
100 atm
50 atm

100

200

300

400

500

25 atm
600

temperature in C
(a) The reaction requires the use of a catalyst, which operates most efficiently within the
temperature range 280 450 C.
(i) Name the catalyst used in the Haber process.
..
(ii) Write a balanced equation for the formation of ammonia in the Haber process.
..

(iii) Which conditions of temperature and pressure give the highest percentage of ammonia
at equilibrium within the catalyst operating temperature range?
..
(iv)

Suggest why the normal working temperature used in the Haber process is often over 400
C.

..
..
(5)
(b) Describe and explain the effect of a catalyst on the rate of a reaction.
Explain how the use of a catalyst can reduce the overall energy requirement for the
Haber process.

(3)

(c) A farmer spreads a fertiliser containing ammonium nitrate onto his land. The farmer then
spreads calcium hydroxide on his land to reduce its acidity.
Write an equation for the reaction between ammonium nitrate and calcium hydroxide. Use this
equation to explain why the nitrogen content of the fertiliser will be lowered.
..
..
.

(2)
Total / 10

15 The macromolecule below is an addition polymer X.

(a) Draw the structure of the monomer from which polymer X is formed.
...............................................................................................................................................

(1)

(b) The atoms in polymer X are covalently bonded.

(i) Explain what is meant by a covalent bond
.................................................................................................................................................
(ii) Polymer X is used as an insulating cover for electrical wires.
Explain why polymer X does not conduct electricity.
``
........................................................................................................................................

(1)

(1)

Total / 3