(If)

File systems typically composed of collection of file folders,

each tagged and kept in cabinet
Data processing (DP) specialist converted computer file
structure from manual system
Data processing (DP) manager supervised the DP
department
Problems with File System
Data Management
Problems with File System
Data Management
File system an improvement over manual system
Even simple file system retrieval task required
etensive programming
!ecurity features difficult to program
!ummary of file system limitations"
#equires etensive programming
$annot perform ad hoc queries
!ystem administration comple and difficult
Difficult to make changes to eisting structures
!ecurity features likely to be inadequate
Database system consists of logically related
data stored in a single logical data repository
D%&! eliminates most of file system's
problems
$urrent generation stores data structures,
relationships bet(een structures, access
paths
Database Systems Environment
Database Systems Environment
)ard(are
!oft(are
People
Procedures
Data
Data redundancy
Data redundancy
Data redundancy" same data stored
unnecessarily in different places
Data inconsistency" different and
conflicting versions of same data occur at
different places
Data anomalies" abnormalities (hen all
changes in redundant data not made
correctly
Comparison of
Traditional fles
& Database
System
Comparison of
Traditional fles
& Database
System
Database Systems
Database Systems
Files and File Systems
Files and File Systems
Structural dependence: access to a file
dependent on its o(n structure
Data dependence: data access changes
(hen data storage characteristics
change
Structural and Data Dependence
Structural and Data Dependence
&anage structure and
control access to data
D%&! is the intermediary bet(een the user and the
database
Database structure stored as file collection
*ccess database through the D%&!
D%&! enables data to be shared
D%&! integrates many users' vie(s of the data
Roles
Roles
dvantage
s
dvantage
s
Single!user database (Desktop database)
Multiuser database (+roup database ,-./ 0ser1 2
Enterprise database,3./ 0ser1)
"entrali#ed database
Distributed database
$perational database (4ransaction or production
database)
Data warehouse (data used for tactical or strategic
decisions)
%nstructured data (eist in the original state)
Structured data (result from formatting)
!emi structured data (been processed)
E&tensible Mar'up (anguage ()M() database
(support !emi structured data)
Focuses on design of
database structure used for
end5user data
6ell5designed database"
Facilitates data management
+enerates accurate and valuable
information
Poorly designed database"
$auses difficult5to5trace
errors
(Definition)
*+, Database
Design is important-
*+, Database
Design is important-
!hared, integrated
computer structure that
stores a collection of
data
(Definition)
WHAT is
DATABASE?
WHAT is
DATABASE?
.ypes o/ Databases
.ypes o/ Databases
Database management
system (D0MS)
Database management
system (D0MS)
Improved data sharing
Improved data security
%etter data integration
&inimi7ed data inconsistency
Improved data access
Improved decision making
Increased end5user productivity
&ost functions transparent to end users
Data dictionary management
Data storage management
Data transformation and presentation
!ecurity management
&ultiuser access control
%ackup and recovery management
Data integrity management
Database access languages and application programming
interfaces
Database communication interfaces
Functions
Functions
Increased costs
&anagement compleity
&aintaining currency
8endor dependence
Frequent upgrade9replacement cycles
Disadvantages
Disadvantages