DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS (BASIC)

Order and Linearity

State the order and determine
whether the following ordinary
diferential equations linear or
nonlinear.
(a)
2 x
dy
x y xe
dx
+ =
(b)
3
2
2
1
dr d r
ds ds

= +


(c)
2 2
0 x dy y dx + =
Formation
One arbitrary constant
Form a diferential equation from
the function
(a)
2
y Ax x = +
(b)
A
y x
x
= +
1
To arbitrary constants
Form a diferential equation from
the function
(a)
2 5
y Ax Bx = +
(b)
2 x x
y Ae Be

= +
(c)
sin cos y A x B x = +
!enera" and #artic$"ar so"$tion
Show that
2
3
4
A
y
x
= + is the general
solution of
2 4 3 xy y

+ =
. Then, if
(1) 4 y =
, fnd a particular solution of
the diferential equation.
FIRST ORDER ORDINAR%
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
2
Se#arab"e e&$ation
(a)etermine either the diferential
equation below is separable or
not
(i)
dy
xy x
dx
= (ii)
2 y x
dy
xe
dx

=
(iii)
2 xy x y

=
!ence, sol"e the separable
diferential equation.
(b)Find the general solution for
2
dy y
dx x
= .
(c) Sol"e the following initial "alue
problems
(i)
2
1
6 , (1)
25
dy
y x y
dx
= =
(ii)
2
3 4 4
, (1) 3
2 4
x x
y y
y
+

= =

(d)#y using substitution

z xy =
,
change the diferential equation
3
2 2
2 1
dy
x y x x y
dx
+ =
to separable equation. !ence,
fnd the general solution of the
equation.
'omo(eneo$s e&$ation
(a)etermine either the diferential
equation below is homogeneous
or
not
(i)
dy y x
dx y x

=
+
(ii)
dy
x y
dx
=
(iii)
2 2
dy xy
dx x y
=

!ence, sol"e the homogeneous

diferential equation.
(b)Find the general solution for
2 2
( ) 0 x dy y xy dx = .
(c) Sol"e the following initial "alue
problems
4
(i)
2 2
, (1) 1
dy x y
y
dx xy
+
= =
(ii)
2 , (1) 4
dr r r
r
d
= + =
(d)#y using substitution x X = and
2 y Y = +
, change the diferential
equation
2
2
dy x y
dx x y
+
=
+
to homogeneous equation.
!ence, fnd the general solution
of the equation.
Linear e&$ation
(a)etermine either the diferential
equation below is linear or not
(i) ( 1)
dy
x y
dx
+ =
(ii)
2 2
dy
x xy y x
dx
+ = +
(iii) 3 2 6
dy
y x xy
dx
= +
5
!ence, sol"e the linear
diferential equation.
(b)Find the general solution for
9.8 0.196
dy
x
dx
= .
(c) Sol"e the following initial "alue
problems
2
1
2 1, (1)
2
xy y x x y

+ = + =
(d)#y using substitution
2
z y

= ,
change the diferential equation
3
dy
y xy
dx
+ =
to linear equation. !ence, fnd
the general solution of the
equation.
E)act e&$ation
(a)etermine either the diferential
equation below is e$act or not
(i)
3 2
( 2 ) 3
y y
dy
x xe y e x y
dx
+ =
6
(ii)
(iii)
( 2) ( 2) 0 yy x x y

+ + + =
(b)Find the general solution for
3
2
1
0
y
y dy dx
x x

+ =


.
(c) Sol"e the following initial "alue
problems
2 2
( ) (2 1) 0, (1) 1 x y dx xy x dy y + + + = =
(d)Show that
2 2
(2 6 ) (3 4 ) 0 y xy dx xy x dy + =
is not an e$act equation. Then,
by using integrating factor
( , ) x y xy =
, sol"e the equation.
7
(2 cos ) (4 sin ) 0 x y y dx y x x dy + + + + =
A##"ication
!rot* o+ #o#$"ations
The rate at which radioacti"e nuclei
decay is proportional to the
number of such nuclei that are
present in a gi"en sample. !alf of
the original number of radioacti"e
nuclei ha"e undergone
disintegration in a period of %&''
years.
(hat percentage of the original
radioacti"e nuclei will remain after
)&'' years*
Neton,s "a o+ coo"in(
+ewton,s law of cooling state that the rate
of change of the temperature,
dT
dt
is
( )
s
dT
k T T
dt
=
8
where
s
T is ambient temperature and
k
is
positi"e constant. -onsider the problem
below.
/s part of his summer 0ob at a resturant,
1im learned to coo2 up a big pot of soup
late at night, 0ust before closing time, so
that there would be plenty of soup to feed
customers the ne$t day. !e also found out
that, while refrigeration was essential to
preser"e the soup o"ernight, the soup was
too hot to be put directly into the fridge
when it was ready. (The soup had 0ust
boiled at 100
C
, and the fridge was not
powerful enough to accomodate a big pot
of soup if it was any warmer than 20 C ).
1im disco"ered that by cooling the pot in a
sin2 full of cold water, (2ept running, so
that its temperature was roughly constant
at 5
C
) and stirring occasionally, he could
bring tht temperature of the soup to 60 C
in ten minutes. !ow long before closing
time should the soup be ready so that 1im
could put it in the fridge and lea"e on time
*
Linear motions
9
/ particle is tra"elling along a
linear
cur"e at time t, with "elocity v and
4
3
(8 )
dv
k v
dt
=
( k is constant). Find the
general solution of v.
10