Microwave Lab Peri

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com

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
Microwave Experiments
1. Reflex Klystron Mode characteristics
2. Gunn Diode Characteristics
3. VSWR, Frequency and Wave Length Measurement
4. Directional Coupler Directivity and Coupling Coefficient S
parameter measurement
5. Isolator and Circulator S - parameter measurement
6. Attenuation and Power measurement
7. S - matrix Characterization of E-Plane T, H-Plane T and Magic T.
8. Radiation Pattern of Antennas.
9. Antenna Gain Measurement
STUDY OF MICROWAVE COMPONENTS
AIM:
To study the microwave components.
RECTANGULAR WAVEGUIDE:
Waveguides are manufactured to the highest mechanical and electrical standards and
mechanical tolerance to meet internal specifications, L and S band waveguides are
fabricated by precision brazing of brast plate and all other waveguides are in
extrusion quality. Waveguide sections of specified length can be supplied with
flinges, painted outside and silver or gold plated inside.
VARIABLE ATTENUATOR:
Model 5020 is a simple and conveniently variable type set level attenuators to
provide at least 20db of continuously variable attenuation. These consist of a
movable lossy vane inside the section of a waveguide by means of a micrometer. The
configuration of lossy vane is so designed to obtain the low VSWR characteristics
over the entire frequency band. These are meant for adjusting power levels and
isolating a source and load.
FREQUENCY METER MICROMETER TYPE:
Model 4055 are absorption type cavity wavemeter called frequency meter. These are
made of tunable resonant cavity of particular size. The cavity is connected to the
source of energy through a section of waveguide. The cavity absorbs some power at
resonance, which is indicated as a sip in the output power. The tuning of the cavity is
achieved by means of a plunger connected to a Microcontroller. The readings of the
micrometer at resonance gives frequency from the calibration chart, provided
calibration is normally provided at 200 Mhz internals.
TUNABLE PROBE
www.vidyarthiplus.com

Model 6055 tunable probes are designed for use with model 6051 slotted sections.
These are meant for exploring the energy of the electric field in a suitable fabricated
section of the waveguide. The depth of penetration into a waveguide section is
adjustable by knob of the probe. The tip picks up the RF power from the line and this
power is rectified by crystal detector, which is then fed to the VSWR meter or
indicating instrument.
WAVEGUIDE DETECTOR MOUNT:
Model 4051 tunable detector mounts are simple and easy to use instruments for
detecting microwave power through a suitable detector. It consists of a detector
crystal mounted in a section of waveguide and a shorting plunging for matching
purpose. The output of the crystal may be fed to and indicating instrument. In K and
R band detector mounts, the plunger is driven by a micrometer.
THREE PORT FERRITE CIRCULATOR:
Model 6021 and 6022 are T and Y type of the three port ferrite circulators
respectively. These are precisely machined and matched three port devices and these
are meant for allowing microwave energy to flow in clockwise direction with
negligible loss but almost no transmission in anticlockwise direction. Purpose and
for measuring reflections and impedance. These consist of a section of waveguide
thus making it a four-part network. However, the fourth port is terminated with a
matched load. These two parallel sections are coupled to each other through many
holes almost to give uniform coupling minimum frequency sensitivity and high
directivity. These are available in 3,6,10,20 and 40 db couplings.
E-PLANE BEND:
Model 7071 E-plane bends are fabricated from a section of waveguide to provide one
90 1 bend in E-plane. The cross section of bent waveguide is kept throughout
uniform to give VSWR less than 1.05 or 1.08 or 1.02 over the entire frequency band.
Bends other than 90 can also be fabricated.
KLYSTRON POWER SUPPLY:
Model KP-1010 power supply has been designed to operate low power klystrons
such as 2K25, 756A, RK5976 etc. Beam voltage may be continuously varied and is
indicated on the front panel meter which can be read the beam supply current and
repeller supply volts also by changing the switch. Internal modulation square waves
with continuous variable frequency and amplitude are provided. An external
modulation may be used through the UHF(F) connector provided on front panel.
GUNN POWER SUPPLY:
Model X-110 Gunn power supply comprises of a regulated DC power supply and a
square wave generator, designed to operate Gunn oscillator model 2151 or 2152 and
pin modulate model 451 respectively. The DC voltage is variable from 0 to 10v. The
front panel meter monitors the gunn voltage and the current drawn by the Gunn

diode. The square waves of the generator are variable from 0 to 10v in amplitude and
900 to 1100Hz in frequency. The power supply has been so designed to protect Gunn
diode from reverse voltage application, over transit and low frequency oscillators by
negative resistance of Gunn diode.
RESULT: Thus the various microwave components were studied.


REFLEX KLYSTRON OSCILLATOR

AIM:
To study the characteristics of reflex klystron oscillator.

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:

1. Klystron Power Supply
2. Klystron Mount
3. Isolator
4. Variable Attenuator
5. Frequency meter
6. Power Detector
PROCEDURE:

1. Arrange the bench setup as shown in figure.
2. Keep the beam voltage around the value of 300 volts.
3. Vary the repeller voltage in steps of 5 volts and measure
the corresponding beam current by switching into current mode
using in built ammeter.
4. For various values of repeller voltage find the repeller current.
5. To measure the frequency adjust the frequency meter (rolling in either
up or down direction) until minimum dip is obtained in the detector.
6. At this value of dip measure the frequency of incoming signal.

RESULT:

Thus the characteristics of reflex klystron was found and verified
and the graph is plotted for Repeller Voltage versus Output Power.


TABULAR COLUMN:

MODEL GRAPH:

S.No.
REPELLER VOLTAGE
in Volts
OUTPUT POWER
in m Watts



BENCH SETUP DIAGRAM OF REFLEX KLYSTRON OSCILLATOR:

KLYSTRON
POWER
SUPPLY

KLYSTRON
MOUNT

ISOLATOR

VARIABLE
ATTENUATOR

FREQUENCY
METER

POWER
DETECTOR

ATTENUATION MEASUREMENT

AIM:
To measure the attenuation introduced by the given wave guide.


1. Microwave source (klystron power supply)
2. Klystron Mount
3. Isolator
5. Frequency meter
6. DUT (Fixed Attenuator)
7. Power Detector
FORMULA:

Attenuation = 20 log (V1 / V2) db

PROCEDURE:

1. Arrange the bench setup as shown in figure 1 and measure the input
power entering into the wave guide (P1).
2. Reconnect the circuit as shown in the figure 2 and find the power
(P2) at the output of the given wave guide.
3. Using formula find the attenuation introduced by the wave guide.
RESULT:
Thus the attenuation introduced by the given wave guide was found
and verified.

BENCH SETUP DIAGRAM OF ATTENUATION MEASUREMENT:

V1

FIGURE 1 (Without DUT)

V1 V2

FIGURE 2 (With DUT)

MICRO WAVE
SOURCE

ISOLATOR

VARIABLE
ATTENUATOR

FREQUENCY
METER

DETECTOR

MICRO
WAVE
SOURCE

ISOLATOR

VARIABLE
ATTENUATOR

DUT
(FIXED
ATTENUATOR)

DETECTOR

FREQUENCY
METER

VSWR MEASUREMENT

AIM:

To measure VSWR introduced by the wave guide in dominant mode
of propagation.


2. Klystron Mount
3. Isolator
5. Slotted section
6. Matched Termination
7. VSWR meter (or) CRO
FORMULA:
VSWR = V max / V min

PROCEDURE:

2. Adjust the probe carriage to measure V max and note the readings.
3. Adjust the probe carriage to measure V min and note the readings.
4. Use the formula to find VSWR.

RESULT:
Thus the VSWR introduced by the wave guide in dominant mode of
propagation was determined and verified.

BENCH SETUP DIAGRAM OF VSWR MEASUREMENT:

MICRO
WAVE
SOURCE

ISOLATOR

VARIABLE
ATTENUATOR

FREQUENCY
METER

VSWR
METER

SLOTTED
SECTION

MATCHED
TERMINATION


WAVELENGTH & FREQUENCY MEASUREMENT

AIM:
To determine the guide wavelength of rectangular wave guide in a
dominant mode propagation.


2. Klystron Mount
3. Isolator
5. Frequency meter
6. Slotted section
6. Matched Termination
7. VSWR meter (or) CRO
FORMULA:

1. Guide wavelength g = 2(d2 d1)
Where (d2 d1) is the difference between two successive minimums
(or) maximum.
_1_ _1_
2. The operating frequency of the wave is f = c g
2
+ c
2

Where c =2a,
a = 22 .86mm for X band.

3. The guide wavelength (g) is related to free space wavelength (o) by
1/ o
2
= 1/ g
2
+1/ c
2


PROCEDURE:

2. Switch on the microwave source and adjust the attenuator, frequency
meter, etc to get maximum power.
3. Move the carriage probe in the slotted section in particular direction
until there is a minimum deflection in the indicating meter is obtained
note this distance as d1.
4. Once again move the carriage probe from its position d1 in particular
direction in order to get minimum deflection on the indication meter.
Note this distance as d2.
5. Calculate the guide wave length using formula 1, also find frequency
of the wave using formula 2 and verify it with frequency meter.

RESULT:
Thus the wavelength & frequency of the wave is determined.

BENCH SETUP DIAGRAM OF WAVELENGTH & FREQUENCY MEASUREMENT:

MICRO
WAVE
SOURCE

ISOLATOR

VARIABLE
ATTENUATOR

FREQUENCY
METER

VSWR
METER

SLOTTED
SECTION

MATCHED
TERMINATION


GUNN DIODE CHARACTERISTICS
AIM:

To study the characteristics of Gunn Diode.


1. Gunn Diode Power Supply
2. Gunn Diode
3. Pin Modulator
4. Isolator
6. Frequency meter
7. Power Detector

PROCEDURE:

2. Switch on the gunn power supply.
3. Initially give some gunn bias voltage, fix the attenuation and adjust the
frequency meter to give maximum output.
4. Now keep the gunn bias in minimum position around 0.5V and increase it
slowly.
5. For difference values of voltage measure the gunn diode current.
6. From the tabulation observed, plot the V-I characteristics.

RESULT:

Thus the characteristics of Gunn diode was found and verified and graph
was plotted.


TABULAR COLUMN:

MODEL GRAPH:

I in mA

S.No.
GUNN BIAS VOLTAGE
(V in Volts)
OUTPUT CURRENT
(I in mA)


O V in Volts


BENCH SETUP DIAGRAM OF GUNN DIODE CHARACTERISTICS:

GUNN
POWER
SUPPLY

GUNN
DIODE

ISOLATOR

VARIABLE
ATTENUATOR

FREQUENCY
METER

POWER
DETECTOR

PIN
MODULATOR

DIRECTIONAL COUPLER-DIRECTIVITY AND COUPLING
COEFFICIENT-SPARAMETER MEASUREMENT
AIM:

To determine the Directional coupler Directivity and coupling coefficient
S - Parameter measurement.

EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:

Klystron power supply
Klystron Tube
Klystron Mount
Isolator
Frequency Meter
Variable Attenuator
Slotted section
Detector Mount
Wave guide Stands
VSWR Meter
BNC Cable
CRO
Directional Coupler

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the components and equipment as shown in fig. 2

2. Keep the control knob of klystron power supply as below:
Modulation selection : AM

Beam voltage knob : Fully anti-clockwise
Reflector voltage knob : Fully clockwise
Selector switch : Beam voltage

3. Keep the AM modulation control knob of amplitude &frequency at mid position.

4. Switch on the klystron power supply.

5. Now vary the Beam voltage knob to 295V. Next change the selector knob to Beam
Current. Observe the BEAM CURRENT. [The beam current should not be more
than 30 m amps].

6. Now change the selector switch to Reflector voltage position.

7. Now decrease the Reflector voltage to minimum position.
8. Now observe the square wave form in CRO by varying either reflector voltage or
adjusting the amplitude knob of AM.

9. Connect the slotted section output to detector mount, now measure the input Power
(P1).

10. Disconnect to setup as shown in fig 2.

11. Now connect the slotted section output to directional coupler input (port1),
connect the detector mount at port2, Terminate the port4 with matched termination.
12. Now measure the Power (P2) at port 2.

13. Then remove detector mount from port2 and connect to port 4
terminate port 2 with matched termination

14. Now measure the power (P3) at port 3.
15. Now remove the directional coupler from slotted section. And connect the slotted
section output to directional coupler port2, connect the detector mount at Port1,
terminate the port4, with matched termination

16. Now measure the power (P4) at port 1 and tabulate readings.


TABULATION:
Beam Voltage = -- V
Beam current = -- ma
Replier Voltage =

S.No
Power of
(P1)
Power of
(P2)
Power of
(P3)
Power of
(P4)
Coupling
Loss
Transmission
Loss
Directivity

S -PARAMETER MEASUREMENT:
S P P
S
P
P
S
P
P
11 1 1
12
2
1
13
3
1
=
=
=

S
S S S S
S S S S
S S S S
S S S S
=
11 12 13 14
21 22 23 24
31 32 33 34
41 42 43 44
.

FORMULA:
Coupling loss (dB) =
= 10 20
1
4
41
log log
P
P
S

Directivity =
= 10 20
4
3
41
31
log log
P
P
S
S

Transmission loss = = 10 20
1
2
21
log log
P
P
S

RESULT:


ISOLATOR AND CIRCULATOR S - PARAMETER MEASUREMENT

AIM:

To analyse the isolator and circulator using s parameter measurement.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Klystron Tube
Klystron Mount
Isolator
Frequency Meter
Variable Attenuator
Slotted section
Detector Mount

EXPERIMENTAL SET UP FOR ISOLATOR:
KLYSTRON
MOUNT
KLYSTRON
POWER
SUPPLY
ISOLATOR
VARIABLE
ATTENUATOR
FREQUENCY
METER
SLOTTED
SECTION
DETECTOR
MOUNT
CRO

PROCEDURE:



3. Keep the AM modulation control knob of amplitude &frequency at mid position.



5. Now vary the Beam voltage knob to 295V. Next change the selector knob to Beam
Current. Observe the BEAM CURRENT. [The beam current should not be more
than 30 m amps].



8. Now observe the square wave form in CRO by varying either reflector voltage or
adjusting the amplitude knob of AM.

9. Connect the slotted section output to detector mount measure the power (or)
voltage (A1) using CRO (or) power meter.

10. Now remove the detector mount from slotted section and connect the Isolator
Port1n to slotted section output , connect the detector mount in Port 2, now
measure the power (or) voltage (A12) using CRO (or) power meter.

11. Now remove the isolator from slotted section and connect the isolator Port 2 to the
slotted section output, connect the detector power (or) voltage (A21) using CRO
(or) power meter.

TABULATION:

PORT 1 PORT 2 PORT 3

Insertion Loss (dB) = A1-A12 dB
Isolation dB = A1-A21dB


EXPERIMENTAL SETUP FOR CIRCULATOR:
KLYSTRON
MOUNT
KLYSTRON
POWER
SUPPLY
CRO
ISOLATOR
VARIABLE
ATTENUATOR
FREQUENCY
METER
ISOLATOR
CIRCULATOR
SLOTTED
SECTION
DETECTOR
MOUNT
PROCEDURE:

* Connect the slotted section to detector mount and measure the power (or)
voltage (A1) using CRO (or) power.
* Now remove the detector mount from the slotted section, and connect the
slotted section output to circulator port 1, and connect the detector mount to
port 1, terminate to port 3 with matched termination.
* Now measure the power (or) voltage (A2) using CRO (or) power meter.
* Now remove the detector mount from port 2, and connect to port 3,
terminate to port 2 with matched termination.
* Now measure the power (or) voltage (A3) using CRO (or) power meter.
TABULATION:

PORT 1 PORT 2 PORT 3

CIRCULATOR:
Insertion Loss (dB) =A1-A2 dB


RESULT:
S - MATRIX CHARACTERIZATION OF E-PLANE T,
H-PLANE T

AIM:
TO Measure the power division in the E-Plane Tee, H-Plane Tee and Magic Tee.


Klystron Tube
Klystron Mount
Isolator
Frequency Meter
Variable Attenuator
Slotted section
Detector Mount
Wave guide Stands
VSWR Meter
BNC Cable
CRO
H-Plane Tee
E-Plane Tee

GENERAL EXPERIMENTAL SETUP:
KLYSTRON
MOUNT
KLYSTRON
POWER
SUPPLY
ISOLATOR
VARIABLE
ATTENUATOR
FREQUENCY
METER
SLOTTED
SECTION
DETECTOR
MOUNT
CRO


H-PLANE TEE:

KLYSTRON
MOUNT
KLYSTRON
POWER
SUPPLY
CRO
ISOLATOR
VARIABLE
ATTENUATOR
FREQUENCY
METER
SLOTTED
SECTION
DETECTOR
MOUNT
H-PLANE
TEE
PROCEDURE:



3. Keep the AM modulation control knob of amplitude &frequency at
mid position.
5. Now vary the Beam voltage knob to 295V. Next change the selector knob to
Beam Current. Observe the BEAM CURRENT. [The beam current should not be
more than 30 m amps].

8. Now observe the square wave form in CRO by varying either reflector voltage
or adjusting the amplitude knob of AM.
9. Connect the slotted section output to detector mount , now measure the power (or)
voltage using CRO (or) power meter .
10. Now measure the detector mount from slotted section connect the H-Plane Tee
Port1 to slotted section. Terminate the Port 3, with matched termination.
11. Now measure the power or voltage at Port 2 (P2) using CRO (or) power meter.
12. Then remove the detector mount from Port 2, and connect to port 3, terminate the
port 2, with matched termination.

13. Now measure the power or voltage at Port 3(P3) using CRO (or) power meter

TABULATION:

PORT1 PORT2 PORT 3

E-PLANE TEE:
KLYSTRON
MOUNT
KLYSTRON
POWER
SUPPLY
CRO
ISOLATOR
VARIABLE
ATTENUATOR
FREQUENCY
METER
SLOTTED
SECTION
DETECTOR
MOUNT
E-PLANE
TEE

PROCEDURE:



mid position.


9. Connect the slotted section output to detector mount , now measure the power (or)
voltage using CRO (or) power meter .
10. Now measure the detector mount from slotted section connect the H Plane Tee
Port1 to slotted section. Terminate the Port 3, with matched termination.
11. Now measure the power or voltage at Port 2 (P2) using CRO (or) power meter.
12. Then remove the detector mount from Port 2, and connect to port 3, terminate the
port 2, with matched termination.
13. Now measure the power or voltage at Port 3(P3) using CRO (or) power meter.

TABULATION:

P1 dB P2 dB P3 dB

RESULT:


S MATRIX CHARACTERIZATION OF MAGIC T
AIM:

To Measure Isolation between E and Harms of the magic tee & Demonstrate 3dB Power
Division in side arm the magic tee.


Klystron Tube
Klystron Mount
Isolator
Frequency Meter
Variable Attenuator
Slotted section
Detector Mount
Wave guide Stands
VSWR Meter
BNC Cable
CRO
Magic Tee

EXPERIMENTAL SETUP:

KLYSTRON
MOUNT
KLYSTRON
POWER
SUPPLY
ISOLATOR
VARIABLE
ATTENUATOR
FREQUENCY
METER
SLOTTED
SECTION
DETECTOR
MOUNT
CRO
Fig 1: For Input Power Measurement

KLYSTRON
MOUNT
KLYSTRON
POWER
SUPPLY
CRO
ISOLATOR
VARIABLE
ATTENUATOR
FREQUENCY
METER
MAGIC
TEE
SLOTTED
SECTION
DETECTOR
MOUNT

Fig 2: For Coupled /Isolated Power Measurement

PROCEDURE:



mid position.







9. Connect the slotted section output to detector mount now measure the power from
the detector mount P1 (or) voltage using CRO or power meter.
10. Remove the detector mount from the slotted section then connect the magic tee
collinear arm 1 to slotted section output connect the detector mount to
collinear arm 2. Terminate the port 4 and port 3 with matched termination.
11. Now measure the power or voltage at port 2 using CRO or power meter.
12. Now remove the detector mount from the collinear arm 2 connect the detector
mount to port 3 terminate the collinear arm 2 and port 4 with matched
termination.
13. Now measure the power or voltage at port 3(P3) using CRO or power meter.
14. Now remove the detector mount from the port3, and connect to port 4 then
terminate the collinear arm and port 3, with matched termination.
15. Now measure the power (or) voltage port (P4) using CRO or power meter.

FORMULA:

RESULT:

Coupling dB
P
P
P
P
Isolation dB
P
P
( ) log log
( ) log
= =
=
10 10
10
1
3
2
3
3
4

RADIATION PATERN OF HORN ANTENNA

AIM:
To measure the antenna radiation pattern and the gain of a wave guide horn
antenna.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Klystron power supply with mount.
2. Isolator.
3. Variable attenuator.
4. Frequency meter.
5. Horn antenna.
6. Detector mounts.
7. CRO

THEORY:
The radiation pattern of an antenna is a plot of field strength of the power intensity
as a function of the aspect angle at a constant distance from the radiating antenna. An
antenna radiation pattern is of course three dimensional but for practical reasons it is
normally presented as two dimensional pattern in one or several lobes, the main
lobe, side lobe and back lobe . The major power in connected in the main lobe
and it is required to keep the low power in the side lobes and back lobe as possible.

In this experiment, the aim is to measure the radiation pattern of microwave horn
antenna. Horn Structures can obtained by an open end of the waveguide is elevated with
an angle. Wave guides are meant for guiding electromagnetic waves up to the open end
and that elevated structure of the wave guide, that is Horn, will convert that guided wave
in to free space waves. Incase of open ended rectangular wave guide this antenna
presents a mismatch of about and it radiates in many directions. The match will
improve the open wave guide is a horn shape.


TABULATION:
S.NO
Angle
(Degree)
Output Voltage
(Volts)

GAIN = 20 log
(Vo/Vin) dB


V
in
= Volts


PROCEDURE:
ANTENNA RADIATION PATTERN
1. Set up the equipments as shown in figure keep the axis of both the antenna in
same line of sight.
2. Energize the Klystron Mount for maximum output at desired frequency with the
square wave modulation.
3. Tune the receiving horn to the left in 2 or 5 steps up to 0-5 and note
corresponding output voltage.
4. Repeat the above step but this time turn the receiving horn to the light
and note down the readings.
5. Plot the relative power pattern its output vs angle.
6. From diagram determine 3 db width of the horn antenna.

BLOCK DIAGRAM:

RECEIVING HORN

TRANSMITTING
HORN

KLYSTRON
POWER
SUPPLY

KLYSTRON
TUBE WITH
MOUNT

ISOLATOR

VARIABLE
ATTENUATOR

FREQUENCY
METER

SLOTED
SECTION

DETECTOR
MOUNT

CRO

RESULT:
Thus the radiation pattern of a antenna was drawn and its 3 db beam width is
-------

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