INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Human beings require food to gro! re"roduce! and maintain good hea#th$
%ithout food! our bodies cou#d not stay arm! bui#d or re"air tissue! or maintain a
heartbeat$ &ating the right foods can he#" us a'oid certain diseases or reco'er faster hen
i##ness occurs$ These and other im"ortant functions are fue#ed by chemica# substances in
our food ca##ed nutrients$
(any academic studies ha'e shon that there is nothing about carbonated
be'erages or soda$ Carbonated be'erages are e##)knon! readi#y a'ai#ab#e and marketed
e*tensi'e#y! es"ecia##y to ado#escents$ Carbonated be'erages contain sugar! artificia#
seeteners! caffeine! "hos"horus and carbon acids hich are harmfu# effects on the body$
Scientific studies sho that carbonated be'erages consum"tion is associated ith
increased fracture risk due to reduced bone mass$ Soft drink a#so increases the incidence
of denta# caries or tooth decay and obesity es"ecia##y among ado#escents and young
adu#ts$ +hos"horus! high fructose corn syru"! caffeine! carbon acids im"air the body,s
ca"acity to absorb ca#cium$ The high #e'e#s of caffeine in the soft drinks cou#d -disru"t
s#ee" and #ead to an*iety and DN. damage and hy"eracti'ity$ The %or#d Hea#th
Organi/ation recogni/ed that consum"tion of soft drinks contributes to the groing
incidence of obesity$ &mergence e'idence a#so suggests that higher consum"tion of
sugar)seetened soft drinks may raise the risk of de'e#o"ing ty"e 0 diabetes and the
metabo#ic syndrome$ Soft drinks contain #arge amounts of sim"#e sugars! hich induce
1
2
higher g#ycemic and insu#inemic res"onses$ Soft drinks are an im"ortant source of
g#ycemic #oad in the diet! hich has been associated ith the risk of de'e#o"ing ty"e 0
diabetes and cardio'ascu#ar disease$
Coca co#a is the most "o"u#ar in the +hi#i""ines consumed 121 3)ounce ser'ings
of Coke be'erages "er ca"ita annua##y$ This is ay abo'e the g#oba# a'erage consum"tion
of the Coca co#a soft drink at 44 ser'ings$ The re"ort that Coca co#a is increasing its
in'estment in the +hi#i""ines ith an additiona# of +1 bi##ion and the "#an of the South
5orea be'erage com"any 6otte Chi#sung of acquiring a 789 stake in +hi#i""ine +e"si
bott#er +e"si)Co#a +roducts +hi#i""ines :+C++; for US <1=1$> m is e'idenced in
e*"anding for soft drinks in the country$ .#though this is great nes in terms of
in'estment but this is not a good for "ub#ic hea#th es"ecia##y for chi#dren$
The benefits of reducing soft drink consum"tion inc#ude reduced o'ereight and
obesity! reduced risk of some chronic diseases and im"ro'ed denta# hea#th$
Conducting this kind of study "ro'ides a#ertness and aareness to the "eo"#e for
the effects of consuming high amount of carbonated be'erages that i## #ead them to
change their carbonated be'erages consum"tion "attern$ This study i## he#" the "eo"#e
to be aaken the on the im"ortance of good nutrition through a""ro"riate consum"tion of
soft drinks$ .side from this! the study i## a#so aaken and arn the "o#icy makers to
make actions that i## resu#t to the reduction of the consum"tion of carbonated be'erages$
6ast#y! this study i## assist the "ub#ic hea#th officia#s in im"ro'ing the nutrition
education "rograms through conducting an aareness "rograms regarding a""ro"riate
soft drink consum"tion "attern$
3
Ob?ecti'es of the Study
The main ob?ecti'e of the study is to e'a#uate nutritiona# status of the dry good
'endors ith in re#ation to consum"tion of carbonated be'erages$
S"ecifica##y! the study aims to@
1$; .ssess the nutritiona# status of the res"ondents using the anthro"ometric
assessment s"ecifica##y the B(I! biochemica# assessment hich inc#ude the
b#ood sugar #e'e#! dietary assessment hich inc#ude food frequency
questionnaire and Usua# Aood Reca##B
0$; Determine the demogra"hic "rofi#e and the carbonated consum"tion "attern of
the res"ondentsB
7$; Identify the #e'e# of aareness among the res"ondents in terms of the
re#ationshi" beteen the consum"tion of carbonated be'erages and nutritiona#
statusB and
8$; Corre#ate the consum"tion of carbonated be'erages and the nutritiona# status
of the res"ondents$
Sco"e and 6imitations
4
The study i## "rimari#y focus on the determination of the re#ationshi" beteen
the nutritiona# status of the res"ondents and their consum"tion of soft drinks$
The res"ondents of the study i## be the dry good 'endors and the study i## be
conducted at Don Car#os +ub#ic (arket$ The study i## conduct dietary assessment!
anthro"ometric assessment and biochemica# assessment among the res"ondents$ The said
assessments that i## be conducted i## he#" the researcher to assess the nutritiona# status
of the res"ondents$ In addition to that! the demogra"hic "rofi#e i## a#so be inc#uded such
as height! eight! age as e## as the #e'e# of aareness$
Significance of the Study
5
Carbonated be'erages are energy dense foodstuffs that are hea'i#y marketed to
e'eryone$ Carbonated be'erages consum"tion is 'ery 'u#gar not ?ust in teenagers but
a#most of a## ages$
Conducting this kind of study i## aaken the res"ondents on the im"ortance of
good nutrition through a""ro"riate consum"tion of soft drinks$ This study i## a#so
u"date the res"ondents about the aftereffects of soft drinks in hich it i## he#" in
im"ro'ing their soft drink consum"tion "attern$
.side from this! the study i## a#so aaken and arn the "o#icy makers to make
actions that i## resu#t to the reduction of the consum"tion of carbonated be'erages$
6ast#y! the study i## a#so assist the "ub#ic hea#th officia#s in im"ro'ing the nutrition
education "rograms through conducting an aareness "rograms regarding a""ro"riate
soft drink consum"tion "attern$
Hy"otheses
6
H=C There is no significant re#ationshi" beteen the nutritiona# status and the
consum"tion of carbonated be'erages of the res"ondents$
H1C There is significant re#ationshi" beteen the nutritiona# status and the
consum"tion of carbonated be'erages of the res"ondents$
Definition of terms
7
Body Mass Index (BMI)- this i## indicate if the res"ondent is undereight! norma# in
eight! o'ereight and obese$
Carbonated beverages- refer to the drinks that contain carbon dio*ide such as Coca)
co#a! S"rite! Roya#! +e"si! 4)U"! Dirgin$
Carbonated Beverages Consumption- this refers to the "attern in the consum"tion of
carbonated be'erages$
Dry Good Vendors- refer to indi'idua#s ho se## dry goods at Don Car#os +ub#ic
(arket$
Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS)- this i## indicate if the b#ood g#ucose #e'e# of the
res"ondent is in norma# #e'e# or not$
Food Freuen!y "uestionnaire- this i## te## on ho often the res"ondent consumes
carbonated be'erages$
#sual Food $e!all) refers to the food that the res"ondents usua##y consumed$
%evel o& a'areness- this i## refer if the res"ondents are aare about the effects of
consuming carbonated be'erages in their nutritiona# status$
(utritional status- this i## be determined or assess based on the Body (ass Inde*
:B(I; by anthro"ometric assessment! the fasting b#ood sugar for the biochemica#
assessment! "ercentage on the tota# ca#oric intake and the food questionnaire for the
dietary assessment$
R&DI&% OA R&6.T&D 6IT&R.TUR&
8
6i'ing in this ty"e of society! kno#edge is im"ortant$ In the hos"ita# setting! the
food and nutrition ser'ice is one de"artment that dea#s ith "atients regarding their food
and diet$ By this nutrition kno#edge is rea##y im"ortant$ .ccording to "sycho#ogists!
there are to ty"es of kno#edge$ Airst is the dec#arati'e kno#edge in hich tack#es
about aareness of things and "rocesses
Knowledge
What kinds of knowledge are there?
Psychologists have distinguished two key types of knowledge:
1. ecla!ative knowledge" knowledge of #what is$" awa!eness
of things and p!ocesses. %o! e&a'ple" that le'ons
a!e a good sou!ce of (ita'in )" that the *a!th is !ound"
that high intakes of f!uit and vegeta+les can p!event
hype!tension" that 'ilk contains psychot!opic peptides"To the e*tent!
carbonated be'erages are drinks that inc#ude carbon dio*ide hich are disso#'ed in ater$
The "resence of carbon dio*ide on this ty"e of drinks creates bubb#es and fi//ing in the
#iquids$ There are many ays that carbonation may occur$ It may occur natura##y in
s"ring ater! ere once thought to be hea#th tonics has absorbed carbon dio*ide at high
"ressures underground$ Aermentation such as beer and some ines may a#so resu#t
carbonation$ Darious reasons hy carbonated be'erages are carbonated since many
"eo"#e find the fi//y sensation to be "#easant and the #ike the s#ight#y different taste that
carbon dio*ide "ro'ides$
Cans and bott#es of soda must be ke"t under high "ressure to kee" the carbon
dio*ide disso#'ed$ The bui#d)u" of gas and the s"ray)out of the be'erage hich is cause
by shaking of the container can cause the container to e*"#ode$ The reason a#so hy
"eo"#e bur" after they drink carbonates be'erages is because of the re#ease of carbon
dio*ide :The Co#umbia &#ectronic Dictionary! 0==>;$
+hos"horic acid! caffeine! sugar! as"artame or saccharin! carame#! co#oring!
carbon dio*ide and a#uminum are the usua# contents of soft drinks$ If soft drinks are
,
being abuse! those ingredients can cause imba#ances in the body systems that resu#t in
debi#itating diseases that sho u" after many! many years of abuse$ Those diseases ha'e
no become common#y thought of as norma# aging ith no direct#y attributab#e causes$
But during the ingestion of soft drink! it does gi'e any sym"toms that "oisons
usua##y "ro'ide such as stomach cram"! 'omiting! or diarrhea$ Instead! there is the
energi/ing fee#ing of caffeine! the seet taste of sugar combined ith the sour taste of
"hos"horic acid! and the "#ayfu# fee#ing of the carbon dio*ide bubb#es$ :.nonymous;
6udig! et a#$ :0==1; conducted a study about the re#ationshi" beteen
consum"tion of sugar)seetened drinks and chi#dhood obesity$ They enro##ed 283
ethnica##y di'erse schoo#chi#dren :age 11E4 years! SD =E3; from "ub#ic schoo#s in four
(assachusetts communities! and studied them "ros"ecti'e#y for 1> months from October!
1>>2! to (ay! 1>>4$ They e*amined the association beteen base#ine and change in
consum"tion of sugar)seetened drinks :the inde"endent 'ariab#es;! and difference in
measures of obesity! ith #inear and #ogistic regression ana#yses ad?usted for "otentia##y
confounding 'ariab#es and c#ustering of resu#ts ithin schoo#s$ The resu#t of their study
as consum"tion of sugar)seetened drinks is associated ith obesity in chi#dren$ The
findings shoed that for each additiona# ser'ing of sugar)seetened drink consumed!
both body mass inde* :B(I; :mean =E08 kgFm0B >29 CI =E1=G=E7>B "H=E=7; and
frequency of obesity :odds ratio 1EI=B >29 CI 1E18G0E08B "H=E=0; increased after
ad?ustment for anthro"ometric! demogra"hic! dietary! and #ifesty#e 'ariab#es$ Base#ine
consum"tion of sugar seetened drinks as a#so inde"endent#y associated ith change in
B(I :mean =E13 kgFm0 for each dai#y ser'ingB >29 CI =E=>G=E04B "C=E=0;$
1-
. higher B(I among omen ::=$4 B(I units! >29 CI =$1G1$0; but not among
men has been obser'ed after they had a frequent consum"tion of sugar seetened soda$
In #inear regression mode#s ith B(I as the outcome! the association beteen soda
consum"tion and eight as modified by gender$ %omen ho consume one or more 10)
o/ ser'ings of sugar seetened soda "er day had a mean B(I of 1$3 units higher than
those ho consume #ess than one can "er day$ But it ad?usted the age$ %hi#e the
association of soda consum"tion ith B(I as much eaker for men$ .d?ustment for
other demogra"hic factors e#iminated the B(IGsoda consum"tion association for men
and attenuated it for omen :mode# 0;$ Aurther ad?ustment for frequency of te#e'ision
atching! "hysica# acti'ity! and smoking had #itt#e additiona# im"act on the re#ation of
B(I to soda consum"tion and genderB omen ho ere frequent soda consumers ere
an a'erage of =$4 B(I units hea'ier :>29 CI =$1G1$0; :Rehm et a#$! 0==4;$
There has been a debate about the strength of the re#ationshi" beteen the
consum"tion of sugary drink and obesity$ There are some researchers conc#ude that the
e'idence on this to"ic is equi'oca# and that unsatisfactory methodo#ogica# rigour in many
of the e*"erimenta# and "ros"ecti'e studies make it difficu#t to firm conc#usions$
Hoe'er! the ma?ority of systematic re'ies and meta)ana#yses su""ort the 'ie that
sugary drinks! "articu#ar#y soft drinks! ha'e a causati'e ro#e in obesity$
In the study of Ranggan et a#$! :0==>;! there are 80 studies that are identified and
on#y 0I studies shoed that there is a significant association beteen sugary drink
:main#y soft drink; consum"tion and eight gain! and no studies shoed a negati'e
association :Tab#e 1;$
11
)able*$ Number of studies of #inking sugary drinks! "articu#ar#y soft drinks! to obesity
:sourced from (a#ik et a# 0==I! Tay#or et a# 0==2! Dartanian et a# 0==4;$
In!reasing strengt+ o&
eviden!e ,sso!iation
Cross-
se!tional
studies
-rospe!tive
studies
.xperimental
(.)/
Intervention
(I) trials
)otal number
o& studies
+ositi'e :p J =$=2; 17 3 7 & F 0I 0I
NoneFnot)significant
:p K =$=2;
10 8 = 1I
Negati'e :p J =$=2; = = = =
The tab#e shos that as the methodo#ogica# strength or "oer of the studies
increase! i$e$ from cross)sectiona# to "ros"ecti'e through to e*"erimenta#! the "ro"ortion
of studies shoing a "ositi'e association beteen sugary drinks and eight increases! as
does the strength of effect$
There are three sma## c#inica# tria#s in adu#ts and to #onger)term inter'ention
tria#s in chi#dren that su""orted the "otentia# contribution of soft drinks to eight gain$
The tria# shoed that a decrease in the in soft drink consum"tion resu#ted in a reduction
in B(I among ado#escents in the highest B(I or at #east an attenuation in eight gain$
In the study about the Im"act of Sugar Seetened Be'erage Consum"tion on the
Hea#th of Richmond Residents by Brunner et a#$! :0==1;! using the Ca#ifornia Hea#th
Inter'ie Sur'ey of adu#ts from 0==>! the a""ro*imate additiona# ca#ories consumed
through sugar)seetened be'erages has been ca#cu#ated$ Aor adu#ts! it as 019 of them
ho consume one or more sugar)seetened be'erages "er day! and the a'erage number
of ser'ings :10= ca#oriesFadu#t ser'ing18; as 0$0 ith an estimated ca#oric content of
023 ca#ories$ But the e*cess ca#orie consum"tion obser'ed among ado#escents as
12
greater$ .mong the estimated I49 of Richmond ado#escents ho consume one or more
SSBs "er day! the a'erage number of ser'ings :080 ca#oriesFteen ser'ing12!1I; is 1$3 ith
an estimated ca#oric$ Studies shoed that there i## an increase o'er)a## number of
ca#ories consumed since ca#ories that come from the be'erages are not as satiating as
ca#ories consumed from the food :a "erson,s body does not register the intake of ca#ories
by becoming #ess hungry;$ .ccording to the re"ort Bubb#ing O'er@ Soda Consum"tion
and Its #ink to Obesity in Ca#ifornia! -.du#ts ho drink soda occasiona##y :#ess than one a
day; are 129 more #ike#y to be o'ereight or obese! and adu#ts ho drink one or more
sodas "er day are 049 more #ike#y to be o'ereight or obese than adu#ts ho do not
drink soda! e'en hen ad?usting for "o'erty status and raceFethnicity$L content of 80>
ca#ories$ Sugar seetened be'erages contribute to the obesity e"idemic by adding e*cess
ca#ories to the diet! ithout additiona# nutrition$
In re#ation to the study of Brunner et a#$! :0==1; about the Im"act of Sugar
Seetened Be'erage Consum"tion on the Hea#th of Richmond Residents0 it as stated
that sugar consum"tion is the "rimary cause of denta# caries in chi#dren$ Chi#dren,s ora#
hea#th in Ca#ifornia is ranked as the third orst state in the nation after .ri/ona and
Te*as13! reducing or "re'enting chi#dren from consuming sugar)#aden drinks becomes
e'en more im"ortant as a "re'entati'e measure$ %hen Contra Costa Hea#th ser'ices
Chi#dren,s Ora# Hea#th +rogram 'isited in the schoo# year 0=1=)0=11! the "ercentage
among students in Richmond e#ementary schoo# as 'isib#e ith tooth decay ranged
from 189)039$ Due to that reason! they conc#uded that the consum"tion of sugar)
seetened be'erages a#so contributed to denta# caries of chi#dren in Ca#ifornia$
13
In the study entit#ed Sugar)added be'erages consum"tion among kindergarten
chi#dren of Crete@ &ffects on Nutritiona# Status and Risk of Obesity by 6inardakis et a#$!
:0==3; the study indicates that high intake of sugar added be'erages is associated ith
unfa'ourab#e nutritiona# status as e## as high #e'e#s of obesity in kindergarten chi#dren
of Crete$ The risk of o'ereight and obesity in high consumers of sugar)added be'erages
as tice as high as in #o) or non)consumers$ Increased tota# energy intake and simi#ar
#e'e#s of (D+. cou#d e*"#ain the increased risk of obesity in high)consumers as
com"ared to non) or #o)consumers$ .na#ysis of the Nationa# Hea#th and Nutrition
&*amination Sur'ey data regarding "reschoo# chi#dren shoed higher dai#y energy
intake for those consuming seetened fruit ?uices and sugar)added soft drinks! and a
"ositi'e association beteen soft drink intake and o'ereight$ In this conte*t! other
studies ha'e shon that soft drink consum"tion is re#ated ith short stature and obesity in
"reschoo# chi#dren as e## as eight gain and increased risk of obesity in schoo# chi#dren$
In "articu#ar! risk of obesity as found to increase by I= 9 for each ser'ing of seetened
be'erages in ado#escents! hereas o'ereight "reschoo# chi#dren consuming soft drinks
ere more #ike#y to retain their increased eight$ (oreo'er! Mames et a#$ shoed that
after 1 year of a schoo# based education "rogram on nutrition chi#dren reduced their
intake of soft drinks and "re'a#ence of o'ereight dec#ined$
.ccording to Dartanian et a#$! :0==4;in their study ca##ed &ffects of Soft Drink
Consum"tion on Nutrition and Hea#th@ . Systematic Re'ie and (eta).na#ysis! an
intake of soft drinks and added sugars! "articu#ar#y high fructose corn syru"! has
increased coincident ith rising body eights and energy intakes in the "o"u#ation of the
United States$ Near#y US "er ca"ita consum"tion of non)diet soft drinks rose 3I9
14
beteen 1>4= and 1>>4 a#one :00 ga# O37$I 6P 's 81 ga#;$ The "re'a#ence of obesity
increased 1109 during that a""ro*imate time$ US "er ca"ita energy consum"tion from
added sugar rose from >38 kM :072 kca#; "er day in 1>44 through 1>43 to 1771 kM :713
kca#; in 1>>8 through 1>>I! ith soft drinks contributing far more to the tota# :88= kM
O1=2 kca#P; than foods such as fruit drinks :17= kM O71 kca#P; and desserts :021 kM OI=
kca#P;$
.nother study by Hector et a#$! :0==>; shoed that soft drinks are acidic
be'erages and contain #arge amounts of sugar! "ro"erties hich contribute to ename#
erosion and denta# caries$ .ccording to the 0==7 re"ort on Diet! Nutrition and Chronic
Disease :Moint %HOFA.O &*"ert Consu#tation 0==7;! %HO found the e'idence for the
association beteen soft drink and fruit ?uice consum"tion and risk of denta# erosion to
be Q"robab#e, and the e'idence of free sugars contributing to denta# caries to be
Qcon'incing,$ The frequent consum"tion of soft drinks as e## as diet soft drinks! s"orts
drinks and fruit ?uices due to their high sugar andFor acid content :.ustra#ian Denta#
.ssociation 0==0; has been discouraged by the .ustra#ian Denta# .ssociation1
Carbonated be'erages are high in sugar content but they don,t ha'e nutritiona#
'a#ue$ .#so! they contain acids usua##y ortho"hos"horic acid or citric is used to ho#d the
sugar in sus"ension and kee" it from crysta##i/ing$ But this acid eats aay the tooth
ename# and can im"air the a""etite and the stomach$ Certain soft drinks es"ecia##y co#a
contain #arge amounts of caffeine! hich stimu#ates the metabo#ism and #eads the
de"#etion of 'a#uab#e nutrients in the body :5irschman! 1>38;$
Reduced consum"tion of mi#k but increased consum"tion of soft drinks is a
contributing factor to bone fractures and futures osteo"orosis in today,s youth and
15
omen$ One of the factors that is re#ated to increased consum"tion of soft drinks by teens
is due to the ide a'ai#abi#ity of the soft drinks machine in the schoo#$ .nd .ccording to
some co##ege students! one reason their intake of ca#cium is #o is that they frequent#y eat
at fast food restaurants that feature soft drinks rather than mi#k on the menu :Bron
0==2;$
.ccording to 6ouie et a#$! :0==>;! the dis"#acement of mi#k consum"tion or to a
direct effect of soft drink com"onents resu#ted into a conc#usion that there as an
association beteen soft drink consum"tion! most#y co#a)ty"e drinks and bone minera#
density and or fractures in chi#dren :(a and Mones 0==8! (cRart#and et a# 0==7! +etridou
et a# 1>>4! %yshak 0===; and omen :Tucker et a# 0==I;$ Caffeine has been shon to
increase the e*cretion of ca#cium in the urine! and "hos"horic acid may interfere ith
ca#cium absor"tion :Aernando et a# 1>>>! 5ynast)Ra#es and (assey 1>>8;$
Hu :0==>; re"orted that the risk of eight gain and diabetes among =1! 08>
omen ho ere fo##oed from 1>>1 to 1>>> in the Nurse,s Hea#th Study II and soft
drink consum"tion as obser'ed in a "ros"ecti'e ana#ysis$ 481 incident cases of ty"e 0
diabetes ere confirmed during the fo##o)u"$ .fter ?udgment for "otentia# confounders!
omen consuming 1 or more sugar)seetened soft drinks "er day had a re#ati'e risk :RR;
of ty"e 0 diabetes of 1$37 com"ared ith those ho consumed #ess than 1 of these
be'erages "er month$
.ccording to the re"ort of A#ood et!a#$! :0==>; data from to #arge cohort studies
ha'e shon that higher consum"tion of sugar)seetened be'erages is associated ith an
increased risk of ty"e 0 diabetes and metabo#ic syndrome :Dhingra et a# 0==4! Schu#/e et
a# 0==8;$
16
.nother re"ort made by Hu :0==>;! there as greater "re'a#ence of metabo#ic
syndrome for those indi'idua#s consuming S1 drinkFday than those indi'idua#s
consuming T1 drink "er day based on a cross)sectiona# study$ Regu#ar consum"tion of
soft drinks as a#so associates ith indi'idua# com"onents of metabo#ic syndrome!
inc#uding increased aist circumference! im"aired fasting g#ucose! higher b#ood "ressure
and #o HD6 cho#estero#$
In connection to the re"ort of Hu :0==>;! the re#ationshi" beteen sugar)
seetened be'erages and risk of coronary heart disease among 33! 20= sub?ects from the
Nurse,s Heath Study as e*amined by Aung and co##eagues$ 7! 1=2 incident cases of
CHD :non)fata# myocardia# infarction and fata# CHD; ere documented during 08 years
fo##o)u"$ .fter ad?usting for the cardio'ascu#ar risk factors! the RRs :and >29 C#s; of
CHD according to categories of cumu#ati'e a'erage of sugar seetened be'erage
consum"tion :J1Fmonth! 1)8F months! 0)IFeeks! 1Fday! and 0 ser'ingsF day; ere 1$=!
=$>I :=$34)1$=I;! 1$=8:=$>2)1$18;! 1$07:1$=I)1$87;! and :1$=4)1$I>; :"J=$==1 for trend;$
.dditiona# ad?ustment for B(I! energy intake! and incident diabetes attenuated the
associations! but they remained significant$ .rtificia##y seetened be'erages ere not
significant#y associated ith CHD$
The increased of seetened soft drink intake ou#d a#so resu#t to an increase
serum uric acid #e'e#$ Rout and #ater hy"eruricemia hich is considered as the "recursor
of gout hich is the most common inf#ammatory arthritis for adu#t men ou#d resu#t if
serum uric acid #e'e# increased$ .fter ad?usting for age! B(I! se*! and non)dietary
'ariab#es! serum uric acid #e'e#s associated ith sugar)seetened soft drink consum"tion
categories :J=$2! =$2G=$>! 1G7! and S8 ser'ingsFday; ere greater than the #e'e#s
17
associated ith no intake by =$10! =$0=! =$73! and =$82 mgFd#! res"ecti'e#y :>29 CI =$13!
=$41B P J =$==1 for trend;$ .fter further ad?usting for dietary 'ariab#es! the differences
ere s#ight#y attenuated but remained significant :P J =$==1 for trend;: Choi et a#$! 0==4;$
Conce"tua# Arameork
One of the main ob?ecti'es of the study is to determine if there is a connection or
a #ink beteen the consum"tion of carbonated be'erages in the nutritiona# status of the
res"ondents$ If the study "ro'es that there is a connection or #ink! one of its goa#s is to #et
"eo"#e kno of hat are the consequences "articu#ar#y in the hea#th in consuming
carbonated be'erages and if "ossib#e make "eo"#e to do some actions in order to "re'ent
those consequences$ Due to this! the study uses the +recaution .do"tion +rocess (ode#
:++.(;$
There are se'en distinct stages that the +recaution .do"tion +rocess (ode#
s"ecifies$ .nd it is from #ack of aareness to ado"tion andF or maintenance of beha'ior$ It
is a re#ati'e#y ne mode# that has been a""#ied in the increasing number of hea#th
beha'iors! inc#uding osteo"orosis "re'ention! co#orecta# cancer screening! mammogra"hy
and he"atitis B 'accination :Rui/ et a#$! 0=1=;$ The ++.( recogni/es that "eo"#e ho are
unaare of an issue! or are unengaged by it! face different barriers from those ho ha'e
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decided not to act$ The ++.( "rom"ts the "ractitioners to de'e#o" inter'ention strategies
that take into account the stages that "recede acti'e decision making$
The "ro"osed study is a""#icab#e to ++.( because indi'idua#s ha'e a ?ourney
from #ack of aareness to ado"tion or maintenance of a beha'ior$ Based on ++.(! an
indi'idua# may be com"#ete#y unaare of a ha/ard :#ink beteen high consum"tion of
soft drinks to nutritiona# status; and this ser'es as the first stage$ If the study "ro'es that
there is rea##y a #ink! the "erson may subsequent#y become aare of the issue but remain
unengaged by it :stage 0;$ Ne*t! the "erson faces a decision about acting :stage 7;B may
decide not to act :stage 8;! or may decide to act :stage 2;$ The stages of action :stage I;
and #ast#y is the maintenance or the stage 4$
Conce"tua# frameork is re#ated to the study in the sense that it i## "ro'ide
e*"#icit e*"#anations hy the "rob#ems under study e*ist by shoing ho the 'ariab#es
in'o#'ed in the "rob#em are re#ated to each other$ Basica##y! conce"tua# frameork i##
use s"ecific and e## defined conce"ts hich are ca##ed construct$ These constructs i##
be used in e*"#aining hy a certain "henomenon the sub?ect of the study! occurred$
Research +aradigm
Inde"endent De"endent
Dariab#e Dariab#e
Carbonated be'erages consum"tion
Nutritiona# Status@
Body (ass Inde* :B(I;
Aasting B#ood Sugar :ABS;
Aood Arequency
Uuestionnaire
Usua# Aood Reca##
1,
(&THODO6ORN
Research 6oca#e
The study i## be conducted among the dry good 'endors of Don Car#os +ub#ic
(arket and the business area of these 'endors is #ocated outside the market bui#ding$
6e'e# of .areness
Demogra"hic +rofi#e
2-
Research Res"ondents
The research res"ondents i## be the dry good 'endors$ The number of
res"ondents that is e*"ected to "artici"ate in the study is the o'er)a## "o"u#ation of the
dry good section hich com"osed of 7= indi'idua#s$ The res"ondents shou#d be a "resent
dry good 'endor of Don Car#os +ub#ic (arket$ .nd each dry good store i## on#y ha'e 1
re"resentati'e for this study$ It cou#d be the oner of the store or the em"#oyee of the
store$
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.ssessment Too#s
In assessing the nutritiona# status of the res"ondents! a eighing sca#e i## be
used for the determination of the B(I$ . g#ucometer is a#so used to get the b#ood g#ucose
#e'e# of the res"ondent$ . 6ikert sca#e is a#so used to be ab#e to determine the #e'e# of
aareness among the res"ondents in terms of the re#ationshi" beteen the consum"tion
of carbonated be'erages and nutritiona# status$
6ast#y! in order to determine the carbonated be'erages consum"tion of the
res"ondents! a food frequency questionnaire and a usua# food reca## i## be used$ . food
frequency questionnaire is a researcher formu#ated hi#e the 08)hour food reca## is an
ado"ted one$
Research Design
The "ro"osed study is a quantitati'e designed to cross)sectiona# sur'ey$ It focused
on finding the re#ationshi"s beteen 'ariab#es at one moment in time$ It a#so "ro'ides a
sna"shot of the outcome and the characteristics associated ith it$ 6ast#y! it can estimate
"re'a#ence of an outcome of interest because the sam"#e is usua##y taken from the ho#e
"o"u#ation$
22
Sam"#ing Technique
The "ro"osed study i## used the non)"rofitabi#ity sam"#ing s"ecifica##y the
"ur"osi'e or the ?udgmenta# sam"#ing$ Since the "o"u#ation of the res"ondents seemed
sma## and contro##ab#e! it is ad'ised that the "ro"osed study i## co'er the ho#e
"o"u#ation of the dry goods section$
Research +rocedure
. communication #etter i## be sent to the dean of co##ege of Home &conomics!
+rof$ Mose S$ Da#morida as noted by the research ad'iser! (s$ .##ene (ae D$ Naso# and to
the Dry Roods Section +resident (rs$ Cam"oamor for the a""ro'a# of the future conduct
of the study$
To be ab#e to conduct the different assessments! a store)to)store 'isit i## then be
conducted in order to gather data$ The oner or the em"#oyee is then asked to anser the
food frequency questionnaire and the 08)hour food reca##$
.fter that! the res"ondent,s height i## be measured using the height board$ It is
then fo##oed by the gathering of the eight,s measurement$ Ne*t! the b#ood g#ucose
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#e'e# of the res"ondents i## be identified using a g#ucometer$ 6ast#y! ana#ysis of data i##
fo##o$
Statistica# .na#ysis
The co##ected data i## be ana#y/ed using the descri"ti'e statistics! s"ecifica##y
frequency counts! "ercentage distribution! mean and standard de'iation to describe the
nutritiona# characteristics of the res"ondents$
%eighted mean i## be used in the determination of the #e'e# of aareness among
res"ondents in terms of the consum"tion of carbonated be'erages and its effect on the
nutritiona# status$
The formu#a of the eighted mean is shon be#o@
%here! xV C eighted mean
*i C *1!*0!*7$$$$$$ C Items gi'en$
and fCC Arequencies corres"onding to the gi'en items$
To test for the corre#ation beteen the consum"tion of carbonated be'erages and
the nutritiona# status of the res"ondents! a chi square test for inde"endence i## a#so be
used to determine the re#ationshi" beteen the to 'ariab#es hether it is a chance or the
re#ationshi" is systematic$ The formu#a of the chi square is shon be#o@
24