THEORY

Boyles law common use is to predict on how a change in pressure will alter
the volume of a gas. The equation P
1
V
1
=P
2
V
2
is used for fixed amount of gas at
constant temperature. The volume of gas is indirectly related which is if the pressure
of the chamber increase then the volume of the gas inside the chamber also decrease.

Besides ideal gas also affected by the kinetic energy. If we decrease the volume of a
gas, thus the gas particle will come in contact with each other and the wall of the
container. The pressure also will measured the frequency of collision between the gas
and the container. Thus if the volume decrease, the pressure will increase gradually.

Compare to the Boyles Law, the expression of Gay-Lussacs Law is used for
each of the two relationship named after the French chemist Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac
(1778-1850) and which concern the properties of gases, though it is more usually
applied to his law of combining volumes. One law relates to volumes before and after
chemical reaction while the other concerns the pressure and temperature relationship
for a sample of gas. According to Gay-Lussacs law, for a given amount of gas held at
constant volume, the pressure is proportional to the absolute temperature.


In thermodynamics, an isentropic process or can be called is entropic process is a
process takes place from initiation to completion without an increase or decrease in
the entropy of the system. The entropy of the system remains in constant. Entropy is a
type of energy (like heat, work, and enthalpy) and is by definition energy which is lost
in a process:
S=0 S
1
= S
2


The stepwise depressurization is conducted by depressurizing the pressurized
chamber or tank gradually by releasing the gas expansion at every instance the valves
are opened and closed to see the gradual changes in pressure within the container.
Pressure decreases with each of the expansions.


In this experiment, similar procedures as the previous are repeated. However
the time interval or the time taken to open the valve is being increased to a few
seconds. The time is increased so that the response or the effect of brief
depressurization of the gas could be seen and observed properly. From this the gas
should expand faster as longer time is taken for the gas to flow and expand.





1. For a perfect gas,
C
P
= C
V
+ R
Where, Cp = molar heat capacity at constant pressure
C
V
= molar heat capacity at constant volume.
The heat capacity ratio may then be determined experimentally using a two steps
process:

An adiabatic reversible expansion from the initial pressure Ps to an intermediate pressure
P
i
{P
S
,V
S
,T
S
}{P
i
, V
i
, T
i
}

A return of the temperature to its original value Ts at constant volume Vi
{Pi, Vi, Ti }{P
f,
V
i
, T
s
}

For a reversible adiabatic expression
dq= 0
From the First Law of Thermodynamics
dU = dq + dW
Therefore during the expansion process
dU = dW or dU = -PdV

At constant volume the heat capacity relates the change in temperature to the change
in internal energy.
dU = C
v
dT
Substitute,
C
v
dT = -pdV

Substituting in the ideal gas law and then integrating gives
C
v
ln(T
i
/T
s
) = - Rln(V
i
/V
s
)
Now, for an ideal gas
T
i
/T
s
= P
i
V
i
/P
s
V
s

Therefore,
C
v
(ln(P
i
/P
s
) + ln(V
i
/V
s
)) = - R ln(V
i
/V
s
)
Rearranging and substituting
ln(P
i
/P
s
) = (-C
p
/C
v
)

ln (V
i
/V
s
)
During the return of the temperature to the starting value
V
i
/V
s
= P
s
/P
f

Thus
,
ln(Ps/P
i
) = (C
p
/C
v
) ln (P
s
/P
f
)
Rearranging gives the relationship in its required form:
Cp/Cv = (lnP
s
ln P
i
) / (lnP
s
lnP
f
)





APPARATUS
1. Perfect gas expansion Apparatus
2. Vacuum Chamber
3. Pressurize chamber
4. Power supply
5. Compresses and Vacuum Pump









PROCEDURE

PROCEDURE FOR EXPERIMENT1:


1. The general startup was set and all the valves are closed.
2. The compressive pump was on and the pressure inside the chamber was allowed to
increase about 150kpa. After that the pump was switch off and the hose was remove
from the chamber.
3. The pressure inside the chamber was monitor until it was stabilized.
4. The pressure reading for both chamber before expansion were recorded
5. Valve 2 is then open and the pressure in pressurize chamber was allowed to flow into
the atmospheric chamber
6. The pressure reading for both chamber after expansion were recorded
7. The experiment was the repeated for the following condition
1. From atmospheric to vacuum chamber
2. From vacuum chamber to atmospheric chamber

8. The PV value was calculated and prove the Boyles Law

PROCEDURES FOR EXPERIMENT 2:
1. The general start up is was perform and all the valves were make sure to be closed
2. Hose from compressive pump was connected to pressurized pump
3. The compressive pump was switch on and the temperature was recorded for every
increment of 10 kPa in the chamber and the pump was stop when PT1 reaches 160
kPa
4. Valve 1 was slightly open and the pressurized was allowed to flow out and the
temperature for every increment of 10 kPa was recorded.
5. The experiment was stop when the pressure reach atmospheric pressure
6. The experiment was repeated 3 times to get the average value.
7. The Graph of pressure versus temperature was plotted.

PROCEDURES FOR EXPERIMENT 3:
1. General start up procedures in section 5.1 is performed. All valves are fully closed.
2. The hose from compressive pump is connected to pressurized chamber.
3. The compressive pump is switched on and the pressure inside chamber is allowed to
increase until about 160kPa. Then the pump is switched off and the hose is removed
from the chamber.
4. The pressure reading inside the chamber is monitored until it stabilizes. The pressure
reading PT 1 and temperature TT 1 is recorded.
5. Valve V 01 is fully opened and brought back to closed position after a few seconds.
The pressure reading PT 1 and TT1 is monitored and recorded until it becomes stable.
6. Isentropic expansion process is discussed.


PROCEDURE FOR EXPERIMENT 4

1. The general start up procedures in section 5.1 was performed and all of the valves are
fully closed.
2. The hose from compressive pump was connected to pressurized chamber.
3. The compressive pump was switched on and allowed the pressure inside chamber to
increase until about 160kPa. Then, the pump was switched off and the hose was
removed from the chamber.
4. The pressure reading inside the chamber was monitored until it stabilizes. The
pressure reading PT 1 was recorded.
5. The valve, V 01 was opened and brought it back to the closed position instantly. The
pressure reading PT 1 was monitored and observation was made from the stable
reading.
6. Steps 5 were repeated for four times.
7. After that, the experiment was repeated 6 times to get the pattern of the graph.
8. The pressure reading was displayed on the graph and had discussed about it.



PROCEDURES FOR EXPERIMENT 5:
1) The general start up procedures are performed as in the first experiment and all the
valves are made sure to be fully closed.
2) Hose from the compressive pump is the connected to pressurized chamber.
3) The compressive pump is then switched on and the pressure inside the chamber is
allowed to increase until about 160kPa.After that, the pump is switched off and the
hose ai removed from the chamber.
4) The pressure reading inside the chamber is monitored until it stabilizes. The pressure
reading of PT1 is then recorded.
5) Valve V01 is then opened fully and was brought back to the closed position after a
few seconds. When the pressure reading PT1 had become stable, it is recorded.
6) The pressure readings are then displayed on a graph.

PROCEDURE FOR EXPERIMENT 6:
1. The general start up procedure is prepared. Make sure all valve is close
2. The compressive pump is switched on and the pressure inside the chamber is allowed
to increase up to 150kPa. Then, the pump is switch off and the hose is removed from
the chamber.
3. The pressure reading inside the chamber is monitor until it stabilizes.
4. The pressure reading for both chambers before the expansion is recorded.
5. The V 02 is open and allows the pressure air flow into the atmospheric chamber
slowly.
6. The pressure reading for both chambers after the expansion is recorded.
7. The experiment procedure is repeated for difference condition
a) From atmospheric chamber to vacuum chamber.
b) From pressurized chamber to vacuum chamber.
8. Then, the ratio of the volume is calculated and compare with the theoretical value.







PROCEDURES FOR EXPERIMENT 7
1. General start up procedures in section 5.1 is performed. All valves are fully closed.
2. The hose from compressive pump is connected to pressurized chamber.
3. The compressive pump is switched on and the pressure inside chamber is allowed to
increase until about 160kPa. Then the pump is switched off and the hose is removed
from the chamber.
4. The pressure reading inside the chamber is monitored until it stabilizes. The pressure
reading PT 1 and temperature TT 1 is recorded.
5. Valve V 01 is fully opened and brought it back to the closed position after few
seconds. Pressure reading PT 1 and TT1 is monitored and recorded until it becomes
stable.
6. The ratio of heat capacity is determined and compared with the theoretical value