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ALIPHATIC AND AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS

ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS

1. Write the equations for all the tests giving positive results. Classify whether each of the
reactions is a substitution or addition reaction.
Answers on the next page

2. What are the advantages of using steam distillation in extracting limonene?
Limonene is a compound that decomposes at relatively high temperatures. This implies that it
decomposes even before its boiling point. Steam distillation is used in extracting limonene because it
allows for extraction at low temperatures therefore, avoiding the decomposition of limonene in the
experiment.

3. Explain the process of Steam Distillation for the extraction of limonene.
Limonene can come from eucalyptus leaves, pomelo, calamansi, orange and the like. In this
experiment, pomelo and orange were used as the limonene source. After preparing the steam
distillation set-up and collecting enough samples to fill a 500 ml round bottom flask, the mixture was
steam distilled rapidly until 100 ml of the distillate is obtained.
All the limonene that floated on the surface was pipetted out after the distillate was left to
stand upon the addition of the NaCl solution. .
Finally, the mixture was dried by adding a spatula-full of anhydrous Na2SO4.

REFERENCES (CAMBRIA 11, ALL CAPS, BOLD)

[1] McMurry, John. Organic Chemistry, 8
th
Edition. Belmont, Ca, USA: Brooks/Cole, Cengage
Learning, 2012. Print.

[2] Helmenstine, A.M., Steam Distillation Definition. Web. 29 September 2014
http://chemistry.about.com/od/chemistryglossary/g/Steam-Distillation-Definition.htm

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