Unit Iii

CE1305 FOUNDATION ENGINEERING/UNIT-III/FOOTINGS AND RAFTS
CE1305 - FOUNDATION ENGINEERING

(FOR V SEMESTER)
UNIT - III
FOOTINGS AND RAFTS
Compiled by,
G, SATHYAMOORTHY,
LECTURER
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
SENGUNTHAR ENGINEERING COLLEGE
TIRUCHENGODE
COMPILED BY
VERIFIED BY
AI
HOD
PRINCIPAL
CE1305 FOUNDATION ENGINEERING/UNIT-III/ FOOTINGS AND RAFTS

FOOTINGS AND RAFTS
FOUNDATION ENGINEERING
UNIT III
FOOTINGS AND RAFTS

Types of foundation Contact pressure distribution below footings & raft Isolated and combined footings types proportioning - mat foundation types
use - proportioning floating foundation.
S.NO
Part A
PAGE.NO.
State the types of shallow foundations
Define spread or Isolated footing

.
Define Combined footing and Raft footing.
Define Strap (or) Cantilever footing.
Define Raft or mat foundation
Define Eccentric loading.
What are the circumstances necessitating combined
Under what circumstances a rectangular and trapezoidal

combined footings are adopted
Under what circumstances a strap footing is adopted
10
Where the Raft or Mat Foundation would be used?
11
What is the condition for selecting the critical section for bending
moment of a spread or isolated footing?
.
What is the condition for selecting the critical section for checking
diagonal shear and punching shear of a spread (or) isolated
footing?
13
How the overall depth of an isolated footings are determined
14
What are assumptions made in the design of strap footing
15
What are the two methods of design of raft foundation as per IS
16
What are assumptions made in the conventional method of

design of raft foundation
12
footing?

FOOTINGS AND RAFTS
17
State the criteria for selecting P.C.C. and R.C.C. strip footings
18
Define differential settlement
19
Define Tilt or angular distortion
20
Define contact pressure.
21
What is modulus of sub grade reaction (Ks)
S.NO
Part B
PAGE.NO.
State the Principles of proportioning of footings.

1
2
Explain the general procedure for designing the footing
10
10
Explain the Procedure for designing the P.C.C. strip footings
10
Explain the Procedure for designing the R.C.C. strip footings.
11
Explain the procedure for the Design of spread or Isolated

footings.
12
Explain the Procedure for proportioning and designing of the

rectangular combined footings.
13
Explain the Procedure for proportioning and designing of the

Trapezoidal combined footings.
15
7
8
Design a trapezoidal Footing for the two columns shown in fig.

Take allowable soil pressure as 200kN/m 2
16
Explain the Procedure for proportioning and designing of the strap

footings.
18
10
Design a strap footings for the two columns shows in fig
19
Explain the Procedure of conventional design of the raft footings.
20
11
12
13
The plan of a mat foundation with 9 column down in fig. assuming

that the mat is rigid, determine the soil pressure distribution. All
the columns are of size 0.6m x 0.6m
What are the Causes for the settlement of foundation
FOOTINGS AND RAFTS
22
24
14
Define Differential settlement and enumerate its causes
25
What are the Effects of differential settlement
26
16
Enumerate the Remedial measures against harmful settlements.
26
Explain the different modes of contact pressure distribution for

different nature of foundation soil. A footing foundation of
27
17
15

FOOTINGS AND RAFTS
PART - A
1. State the types of shallow foundations.
(I) Strip footing or wall footing
(II) Spread footing or isolated footing
(a)
single footing,
(b)
stepped footing,
(c)
Sloped footing.
(III) Combined footing
(a) Rectangular combined footing,
(b) Trapezoidal combined footing.
(IV) Strap footing or Cantilever footing
(V) Raft or mat foundation.
2. Define spread or isolated footing
Spread footing is a type of shallow foundation which is used to transmit
the load of an isolated column. According to shape, it may be square or
rectangular.
3. Define combined footing and Raft footing.
Combined footing: A combined footing is a long footing supporting two
or more columns in one row. According to shape, it may be Rectangular or
Trapezoidal.
4. Define Strap (or) Cantilever footing.
Strap footing: A strap footing normally comprises two footings connected by
a beam called a strap Beam. This type is also known as cantilever footing or
a pump-handle foundation.
5. Define Raft or mat foundation

Raft (or) mat foundation: A raft or a mat foundation is a large footing,
usually supporting several columns in two or more rows.

FOOTINGS AND RAFTS
6. Define Eccentric loading.

When the resultant of loads on a footing does not pass through the
center of the footing, the footing is subjected to what is called as eccentric
loading.
7. What are the circumstances necessitating combined footing?
When two columns, transmitting heavy loads on to a weak soil are
spaced closely, the footings, which are necessarily large, overlap each other,
under which circumstances it is not practicable to have individual footings,
hence combined footings can be provided.
When a foundation is built closer to an existing building or the property
line. There may not be sufficient space for equal projections on the sides of
the exterior column. This results in an eccentric loading on the footing. It may
lead to the fitting of the foundation, To counteract this tilting tendency, a
combined footings is provided which joins the exterior column with an interior
column
8. Under what circumstances a rectangular and trapezoidal combined
footings are adopted
Sufficient space, beyond each column ---- Rectangular combined footing
interior Coolum relatively heavier
(Rectangular combined footing)
One column is near property line
Interior column relatively light,
(Trapezoidal combined footing)
{the selection of shape is based on to keep the resultant of the column loads
through the centre of gravity of the footing.

FOOTINGS AND RAFTS
9. Under what circumstances a strap footing is adopted

Necessity
1. When
x1 L
3
2. When the distance between two columns is so large, then a combined

footing becomes excessively long and narrow, in this condition a strap
footing can be provided.
A strap footing consists of two spread footings joined by a rigid beam
known as a strap. The strap is not subjected to any direct soil pressure
from below. Its main function is to transfer the moment from the exterior
footing to the interior footing
10. Where the Raft or Mat Foundation would be used?
Raft foundations are normally used
(i)
Where the soil has low bearing capacity; and
(ii)
Where the total area occupied by individual footings is not less than 50
percent of the loaded area of the building.
(iii)
The soil characteristic is such that the differential settlement would be
difficult to control
11. What is the condition for selecting the critical section for bending
moment of a spread or isolated footing?
The critical section for B.M is taken as under
(i)
at the face of the column or pedestal monolithic with the footing

when no metal plate is used.
(ii)
Halfway between the face of the column or pedestal and the

edge of the metal plate on which the column or pedestal rests
The maximum B.M for the case (i) given by,
2
M = qo B (B - b)
8

FOOTINGS AND RAFTS
12. What is the condition for selecting the critical section for checking
diagonal shear and punching shear of a spread (or) isolated footing?
For checking diagonal shear, the critical section is taken at a distance
of difference depth of footing from the face of the column.
For punching shear, the critical section is taken at a distance of d/2 from
the face of the column.
13. How the overall depth of an isolated footings are determined
Generally the overall depth (d o) of the footing is determined from the
punching shear considerations.
q o B 2 - (b d) 2
do =
4(b d)Jsp
Jsp safe punching shear
In the case of rectangular footings, the length and width should be so

chosen that the bending moment in each of the adjacent projections is equal
to the moment of resistance of the footing.
The thickness of the footing at the edge shall be not less than 150 mm, for
footings on soil and it should not be less than 300 mm above the top of
piles, for footings on piles
14. What are assumptions made in the design of strap footing
Strap footings are designed on the basis of the following assumptions:
1. The strap is infinitely stiff. It serves to transfer the column loads on to the
soil with equal and uniform soil pressure under both the footings.
2. The strap is a pure flexural member and does not take soil reaction. To
avoid bearing on the bottom of the strap a few centimeters of the
underlying soil may be loosened up prior to the placement of concrete.
15. What are the two methods of design of raft foundation as per IS
(a) Conventional method
(b) Elastic method or soil line method

FOOTINGS AND RAFTS
16. What are assumptions made in the conventional method of design of

raft foundation
The conventional method is based on the following two basic assumptions:
(i)
The foundation is infinitely rigid and, therefore, the actual deflection of

the raft does not influence the pressure distribution below the raft.
(ii)
The soil pressure is assumed to be planer such that the centroid the
soil pressure coincides with the line of action of the resultant force of all
the loads acting on the foundation
17. State the criteria for selecting P.C.C. and R.C.C. strip footings
13. Plain cement concrete strip footings selected loads are light & soil
is good.
14. Reinforced concrete footings when loads are heavy and soil
condition is not favourable
18. Define differential settlement
Differential settlement is the difference of maximum and minimum
settlements produced below the building due to imposed load.
19. Define Tilt or angular distortion
Tilt or angular distortion is the ratio between the differential settlement and
Horizontal distance between the points of maximum and minimum
settlements.
differntial settlement
Horizontal distance between the points of maximum and minimum settlements
20. Define contact pressure

FOOTINGS AND RAFTS
10
The actual pressure transmitted from the foundation to the soil is called
contact pressure. The contact pressure is uniform for flexible footing and it is
varying for rigid footing.
21. What is modulus of sub grade reaction (Ks)
The ratio of the soil reaction (P) to the deflection y at any point is defined
as the modulus of sub grade reaction or soil modulus or the co-efficient of
sub grade reaction
PART - B
FOOTINGS AND RAFTS
11
1. State the Principles of proportioning of footings.

It is essential to estimate the dead load live load and other loads.
An estimate about length, depth & width of footing is necessary for
determining bearing capacity of the soil.
Axial load + Bending moment (due to wind ie., the moment changes with
the direction ) square footing
Axial load + Bending moment which doesnt change direction (due to earth
pr, eccentricity due to brackets in column) Rectangular footing.
For determining bearing capacity using a value, the value of N to be used
is the average of the N values from the base of footings to a depth to width
of the footing.
2. Explain the general procedure for designing the footing
1. SBC is determined.
2. footings is proportioned using SBC as found in (1)
3. maximum settlement is determined, also Diff.settlement
4. Angular distortion between various parts of the structure is found
out.
5. Max, diff.settlement, angular distortion is checked with allowable
values.
6. If the values are not with in the limits, SBC is revised & the
procedure is repeated.
7. Stability of footing is checked against sliding and overturning
3. Explain the Procedure for designing the P.C.C. strip footings.

PCC strip footing
(i) Width
Width of the footing B =
Load per metre run .Q

Allowable soil pressure q na
If the theoretical width of the footing is different from actual width, the
actual pressure is given by,
FOOTINGS AND RAFTS
qo
(ii) Thickness
12
Q
Actual width
- it should be adequate to minimize the development of

tension on the underside of the projection acting as a
cantilever
2 x length of projection from the wall face
at the edge of the footing thick ness </ 150mm

at the edge of the footing thick ness for cohesive soil </ 300 mm ( to
resist swelling pressure
4. Explain the Procedure for designing the R.C.C.strip footings.

RCC ship footing
In R.C.C. strip footing, the reinforcement should be in the transverse direction
Width B = q (as given for pcc)

s
Reinforcement (i) Bending moment is essential
(i) critical section
1. face of the monolithic wall
Thickness
the thickness should be adequate to resist bending and cliagonal shear.
For monolithic walls, the max B.M. is given by
2
M = qo B (B - b) ,
8
B width of fooling,
b = width of the wall,
qo actual soil pressure.

FOOTINGS AND RAFTS
13
For checking diagonal shear, critical section is taken at a distance equal to the
effective depth (d) of footing from the face of wall
F = qo
Diagonal shear is given by
B-b
d
2
5. Explain the procedure for the Design of spread or isolated footings

Spread footings are used for distributing concentrated column loads over a
large area so that the bearing pressure is less than or equal to the allowable soil
pressure.
(i)
plain concrete footings
A= q
na
Same as that of strip footing
(ii)
reinforced concrete footing
Area of the footing A = q

na
Actual pressure qo = A
o
Q Column land
Qna allowable soil pressure
Ao area of actual size of footing provided ( rounded )
The critical section for B.M is taken as under
a. at the face of the column or pedestal monolithic with the footing
when no metal plate is used.
b. Halfway between the face of the column or pedestal and the edge
of the metal plate on which the column or pedestal rests
The maximum B.M for the case (i) given by,
2
M = qo B (B - b)
8
For checking diagonal shear, the critical section is taken at a distance of

difference depth of footing from the face of the column.
For punching shear, the critical section is taken at a distance of d/2 from
the face of the column.
FOOTINGS AND RAFTS
14
Generally the overall depth (do) of the footing is determined from the
punching shear considerations.
q o B 2 - (b d) 2
do =
4(b d)Jsp
Jsp safe punching shear
In the case of rectangular footings, the length and width should be so

chosen that the bending moment in each of the adjacent projections is equal to
the moment of resistance of the footing.
The thickness of the footing at the edge shall be not less than 150 mm, for
footings on soil and it should not be less than 300 mm above the top of piles, for
footings on piles.
6. Explain the Procedure for proportioning and designing of the rectangular
combined footings.
Design procedure
Length and width of the footing are selected such that the centroid of the
footing and the resultant of the column loads coincide.
The shear force and bending moment diagrams are drawn thickness of the
footing id found out from Bending moment & shear stress.
The footing is designed, as a continuous beam supported by two columns
is longitudinal direction.

FOOTINGS AND RAFTS
15
1. determine the total column loads

Q = Q1 + Q2
where Q1 Exterior column load (lighter)

Q2 interior column load (heavier)
2. Find the base area of the footings
Area of the footing A = q

na
qna allowable soil pressure
3. Locate the line of action of the resultant of the column loads.

4. Determine the total length of the footings
L = x 21
b1 = width of the exterior column.
5. Find the width of the footing

B=
A
L
6. Round off the length and breadth (calculate) & find actual pr.
q= A
c
7. Draw the shear force and bending moment diagram.
8. Determine the bending moment at the face of columns and the maximum
bending moment at the point of zero shear.
9. Thickness of footing for maximum B.M
Check for diagonal shear & punching shear
Check for bond at the point of contraflaxure
10. Determine the longitudinal reinforcement for the maximum B.M.

FOOTINGS AND RAFTS
16
7. Explain the Procedure for proportioning and designing of the

Trapezoidal combined footings.
Trapezoidal footing
Design procedure
1. Determine the total column loads
Q =Q1 + Q2
2. Find the base area of the footing
A= q
na
3. Locate the line of action of the resultant of column loads.
Q2 x 2
Q
4. Determine the distance x of the resultant from the outer face

exterior column.
FOOTINGS AND RAFTS
of the
b
x1 x 1
2
a trapezoidal footing is required if,
L x1 L
3
2
where L is the length of the trapezoidal footing (Limited)
if
x1 L
3
, strap footing is suitable
8. Design a trapezoidal Footing for the two columns shown in fig.

Take allowable soil pressure as 200kn/m2
Total load = q
=
na
3500
200
= 17.5 m2
L is restricted to 6.5 m
Q2x 2
Q

FOOTINGS AND RAFTS
17
18
1500x6 2.57m
3500
b
x1 x 1
2
= 2.57 +
0.5
2
= 2.82 m
L 6.5 3.25m; L 2.17m

2 2
3
as 2.17 < x1 < 3.25
Trapezoidal footing can be provided
B2 =
=
B1 =
=
1
2A 3x 1
L L
2x17.5 3x 2.82 1 1.62m
6.5 6.5
2A B
2
L
2x17.5 1.62 3.76m

6.5
let us provide B1 = 3.8m & B2 = 1.65 m,
Actual uplift pressure =
3500
3.8 1.65x6.5 197.6k
Pressure intensity at the left edge = 197.6 x 3.8 = 750 kN/m

Pressure intensity at the right edge = 197.6 x 1.65 = 326 kN/m
9. Explain the Procedure for proportioning and designing of the strap
footing footings.
FOOTINGS AND RAFTS
19
Design procedure
1. Eccentricity between the land Q1 and Reaction R1, on the exterior column
is assumed.
2. Length of the footing of the exterior column
L1 = 2(e + 0.5b1)
3. Reaction R1 is determined by taking moments about the line of action of
R2
R1 =
Q1x 2
, R2 = (Q1+Q2) R1
S
X2 = distance between loads Q1 & Q2

S = distance between reactions R1 & R2
4. Area A1 & A2 are computed
A1 =
R1
q na

FOOTINGS AND RAFTS
20
5. Width of footings
A
B1 = L1 ; B2
1
A2
6. Design the individual footings as in the case of spread footings.

7. Determine the depth of the strap for diagonal shear & B.M
10. Design strap footings for the two columns shows in fig.
The allowable soil pressure is 100kN/m 2. take the accentricity of the footing of
column 1 as 1m.
L1 = 2 (e + 0.5b1)
= 2 (1 + 0.5 x 0.4) = 2.4m.
Taking moment about the section of Q2
R1x 5 = 600 x 6 =0
R1 =
600x6
5
= 720 kN
R2 = (Q2 + Q1) R1 = 1600 720

R
1 720 7.2m2
Area A1 = q
na 100
R
2 880 8.8m2
A2 = q
na 100
FOOTINGS AND RAFTS
21
A
1 7.2 3m
B1 = L
1 2.4
B2 =
A
2
8.8 2.96m 3m
11. Explain the Procedure of conventional design of the raft footings.

(a)Conventional method
(b)Elastic method or soil line method
Procedure for the conventional design
1. Determine the line of action of all the loads acting on the raft self wt of the
raft is not considered, and
directly by the soil.
2. Determine the contact pressure distribution as under

a. if the resultant passes through the centre
the contact pr is
given by,
q=
b. q =
Q
A
Q
A
3. Divide the slab into strips (bands) in a and y directions. Each strip is
assumed to act as independent beam subjected to the contact pr and the
column loads.
4. Draw the shear force and bending moment diagram for each strip.
5. Determine the modified column loads as below.
It is found that the strip footing doesnt satisfy statics. i.e, the resultant of
column loads and the resultant of contact pr are not equal and they do not
Act in the same line.
The reason is that the strips do not act independently as assumed and
there is some shear transfer between adjoining strips.
Let us consider the strip of width B 1 and length B carrying column loads
Q1, Q2 and Q3. The average soil (contact) pressure on the strip be
Average load on the strip.
FOOTINGS AND RAFTS
Qav =
1
(down word load + up word force)
2
Qav =
1
(Q1+Q2+Q3+qav B1B)
2
22
The modified average soil pressure is given by

Qav
F= Q Q Q
1
2
3
All the column loads are multiplied by F for that strip. For this strip, the column
loads are FQ1, FQ2 and FQ3.
6. The bending moment and shear force diagrams are drawn for the modified
column loads and the modified average soil pressure ( q av )
7. Design the individual strips for the bending moment and shear force found
in step 6. the raft is designed
As the analysis is approximate, the actual reinforcement
Provided is twice the computed value.
12. The plan of a mat foundation with 9 column down in fig. assuming that
the mat is rigid, determine the soil pressure distribution. All the
columns are of size 0.6m x 0.6m.

FOOTINGS AND RAFTS
23
Total loads Q = Q1+Q2+Q3+Q4+Q5+Q6+Q7+Q8+Q9

Q = 500 + 600 +400 +1500 +200 + 1200 + 400 +500 +300 = 7400kn.
Taking moments about the face AD,
500 1500 400 x 0.3 600 2000 500 6.3

400 1200 300 x12.3
7400
x 5.895m
Eccentricity ex =
12.6
5.895 0.405m(int he vedirection) . Taking moments
2
about the face AB,
500 600 400 1500 2000 1200 x8.3 400 500 300 x16.3
7400

FOOTINGS AND RAFTS
= 7.98 m
ecc. (y) =
16.6
7.98 0.32m (in the (ve) direction)
2
Q.ey
Q.ex
q = Iy .x Ix .y
y
x
q=
7400x 0.32
7400 x 0.41
xX
xY
3
16.6x12.6
12.6x16.6 3
2
2
q = 35.4 1.1x 0.5y

Pressure at point A (x = -6.3m, y = - 8.3m)
qA = 35.4 1.1 x (-6.3) 0.5 (-8.3) = 46.4 kn/m 2.
Pressure at point B (x= 6.3m, y= -8.3)
qB = 35.4-1.1x 6.3 0.5 x (-8.3) = 32.6 kn/m 2
Pressure at point C ( x = + 6.3m, y = 8.3)
qn= 35.4- 1.1 x (-6.3) 0.5 (8.3) = 38.2 kn/m 2
For the strip ABFE,
qav =
46.4 32.6
39.5kn / m2
2
1
downwardload uploadforce
2
1
Q Q Q q ar B B
1
2 1 2 3
1
500 600 400 39.5x 4.3x12.6
2
Qav = 1820 kn
Qav
Modified soil pressure = qav
B B
q
av 1
qav 39.5
1820
33.6kn / m2
39.5x12.6x 4.3
Modified column loads

Qav
F = Q Q Q
1
2
3
FOOTINGS AND RAFTS
24
25
1820
1.21
500 600 400
Modified column loads and pressure distribution can be shown as
Pressure intensity/ m = 33.6 x 4.3 = 144.5 kn/m

13. What are the Causes for the settlement of foundation
The foundation may settle due to some combination of the following
reasons.
2) elastic compression of the foundations and the underlying soil
3) Consolidation including secondary compression.
4) ground water lowering i) Lowering & rising of W.T. in loose granular soils tend to complete the
soil to pure settlement of footings.
ii) Prolonged lowering of the water table in fine grained soils extrusion
of water from voids.
iii) Pumping the water carry fine particles without adequate filter material
along with it causing settlement
5) Seasonal swelling and shrinkage of expansive clays.
6) Ground movement on earth slops Ex. Surface erosion, slow creep cr 1 and
slides.
7) Other causes such as
i) Adjacent excavation
ii) Mining
iii) Subsidence
FOOTINGS AND RAFTS
26
iv) Underground erosion
Ne
t
pr
es
sur
e
Time
Ne
t
set
tle
me
nt
Sa
Heave
Si immediate settlement
S=S +S +S
i
Time settlement relation ship of foundation on clay
14. Define Differential settlement and enumerate the Causes for differential
settlement.
Differential settlement can be defined as the difference of maximum and
minimum settlements produced below the building due to imposed load.
(1) Geologic and physical non-uniformity, or anomalies, in type, structure,
thickness, and density of the soil medium (Pockets of sand in clay, clay
lenses in sand), an admixture of organic matter, peat; mud
2)
Non uniform pressure distribution from foundation to the soil due
to non - uniform loading and incomplete loading of the foundations.

3)
Water regimens at the construction site.
4)
Overstressing of soil at adjacent site by heavy structures built next
to light ones.
5)
Overlap of soil at adjacent site by heavy structures built next to light
ones.
6)
Unequal expansion of the soil due to excavation for footings
7)
Non uniform development of extrusion settlements.
8)
Non uniform structural disruptions or disturbance of soil due to
freezing and thawing, swelling and softening and drying of soils

15. What are the Effects of differential settlement
FOOTINGS AND RAFTS
27
Settlement cracks take place normally in diagonal position. Settlement

cracks start from the top, bottom to the end of wall.
If the end of the wall has settled more than the rest, then ctack will start
from the top
Good soil
Clay
Clay
If the middle portion of a wall has settled more, the cracks will develop
near the bottom of the wall.
The settlement cracks will normally extend up to the edge of the wall
because of the relative movement.
16. Enumerate the Remedial measures against harmful settlements.
1. Removal of soft strata, consistent with economy.
2. The use of properly designed and constructed pile foundations
3. Provision of lateral restraint against lateral expulsion of soil mass from
underneath the footing of a foundation
4. Building slowly on cohesive soils to avoid lateral expansion of a soil
mass and to give time for the pore water to be expelled by the
surcharge load.
5. Reduction of contact pressure on the soil, more appropriately, proper
adjustment between pressure, shape and size of the foundation in
order to attain uniform settlements underneath the structure.
6. Pre consolidation of a building site long enough for the expected load,
depending upon the tolerable settlements; alternatively, any other
method of soil stabilization.

FOOTINGS AND RAFTS
28
17. Explain the different modes of contact pressure distribution for different
nature of foundation soil.
The actual pressure transmitted from the foundation to the soil is called
contact pressure.
A uniformly loaded column will not necessarily transmit a uniform contact
pressure to the soil. This is possible only if the foundation is perfectly flexible
The contact pressure is uniform for a flexible foundation irrespective of the
nature of the foundation soil.
If the foundation is rigid, the contact pressure distribution depends upon the
type of the soil below the foundation.
For ( = 0) soil
For a perfectly elastic material such as saturated clay, the contact pressure
at the edge is infinite ( from theory of elasticity)
But load yielding of soil makes the pressure at the finite.
Under initial failure conditions, the pressure distribution tends to be practically
uniform.
For (c = 0)
For rigid foundation placed at ground surface on sand, the contact pressure
at the edge is zero (no resistance to shear due to the absence of over burden
pressure.)
The pressure distribution is approximately parabolic.
If the foundation is deep, shear resistance will be more due to overburden
pressure, and hence the contact pressure tends to be more uniform.

FOOTINGS AND RAFTS
For (c )
Intermediate between the above two soils

FOOTINGS AND RAFTS
29

Unit Iii

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CE1305 FOUNDATION ENGINEERING/UNIT-III/FOOTINGS AND RAFTS

CE1305 - FOUNDATION ENGINEERING

CE1305 FOUNDATION ENGINEERING/UNIT-III/ FOOTINGS AND RAFTS

CE1305 FOUNDATION ENGINEERING/UNIT-III/FOOTINGS AND RAFTS

FOOTINGS AND RAFTS

State the types of shallow foundations

Define spread or Isolated footing

Define Strap (or) Cantilever footing.

Define Raft or mat foundation

Define Eccentric loading.

What are the circumstances necessitating combined

Under what circumstances a rectangular and trapezoidal

Under what circumstances a strap footing is adopted

Where the Raft or Mat Foundation would be used?

How the overall depth of an isolated footings are determined

What are assumptions made in the design of strap footing

What are the two methods of design of raft foundation as per IS

What are assumptions made in the conventional method of

CE1305 FOUNDATION ENGINEERING/UNIT-III/ FOOTINGS AND RAFTS

CE1305 FOUNDATION ENGINEERING/UNIT-III/FOOTINGS AND RAFTS

Define differential settlement

Define Tilt or angular distortion

Define contact pressure.

What is modulus of sub grade reaction (Ks)

State the Principles of proportioning of footings.

Explain the general procedure for designing the footing

Explain the Procedure for designing the P.C.C. strip footings

Explain the Procedure for designing the R.C.C. strip footings.

Explain the procedure for the Design of spread or Isolated

Explain the Procedure for proportioning and designing of the

Explain the Procedure for proportioning and designing of the

Design a trapezoidal Footing for the two columns shown in fig.

Explain the Procedure for proportioning and designing of the strap

Design a strap footings for the two columns shows in fig

Explain the Procedure of conventional design of the raft footings.

The plan of a mat foundation with 9 column down in fig. assuming

CE1305 FOUNDATION ENGINEERING/UNIT-III/FOOTINGS AND RAFTS

Define Differential settlement and enumerate its causes

What are the Effects of differential settlement

Enumerate the Remedial measures against harmful settlements.

Explain the different modes of contact pressure distribution for

CE1305 FOUNDATION ENGINEERING/UNIT-III/ FOOTINGS AND RAFTS

CE1305 FOUNDATION ENGINEERING/UNIT-III/FOOTINGS AND RAFTS

5. Define Raft or mat foundation

CE1305 FOUNDATION ENGINEERING/UNIT-III/ FOOTINGS AND RAFTS

CE1305 FOUNDATION ENGINEERING/UNIT-III/FOOTINGS AND RAFTS

6. Define Eccentric loading.

CE1305 FOUNDATION ENGINEERING/UNIT-III/ FOOTINGS AND RAFTS

CE1305 FOUNDATION ENGINEERING/UNIT-III/FOOTINGS AND RAFTS

9. Under what circumstances a strap footing is adopted

2. When the distance between two columns is so large, then a combined

at the face of the column or pedestal monolithic with the footing

Halfway between the face of the column or pedestal and the

CE1305 FOUNDATION ENGINEERING/UNIT-III/ FOOTINGS AND RAFTS

CE1305 FOUNDATION ENGINEERING/UNIT-III/FOOTINGS AND RAFTS

Jsp safe punching shear

In the case of rectangular footings, the length and width should be so

CE1305 FOUNDATION ENGINEERING/UNIT-III/ FOOTINGS AND RAFTS

CE1305 FOUNDATION ENGINEERING/UNIT-III/FOOTINGS AND RAFTS

16. What are assumptions made in the conventional method of design of

The foundation is infinitely rigid and, therefore, the actual deflection of

20. Define contact pressure