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NaLional Council ol 1eachers ol MaLhemaLics, 906 AssociaLion Drive, ResLon, VA 209502
Determine m given that m > 0 and the
points (m, 3) and (1, m) lie on a line with
slope m.
Assume that a, b, and c are positive integers
and that a and b are odd. What must be true
about c to make 3a + c(b 1)
2
be odd?
The ratio of w to x is 4:3, of y to z is 3:2,
and of z to x is 1:6. What is the ratio of
w to y?
For all nonzero real numbers x and y such
that x y = xy, find
1 1
x y
.
How many integers k exist such that the
equation kx 12 = 3k has an integer
solution for x?

The radii of the three concentric circles
shown are in the ratio 1:2:3. What is the
probability that a random shot that hits the
target will hit inside the second circle but
outside the
innermost circle?


Five equilateral triangles, each with sides
213, are arranged such that one side of
each triangle lies along a line. Along this
line, the midpoint of the base of one tri-
angle is a vertex of the next. Determine the
area of the region of the plane covered by
the union of the five triangular regions.
Let y = mx + b be the image when the line
x 3y + 11 = 0 is reflected across the line
y = x. Find the value of m + b.
How many pairs of positive integers (a, b)
with a + b < 100 satisfy the equation
13
1
1
a b
a b
+
+

?
Let i = 31. Define a sequence of complex
numbers by z
1
= 0, z
n+1
= z
2
n
+ i for n > 1. In
the complex plane, how far from the origin
is z
111
?
If
y
x z
x y
z
x
y

+

for three distinct positive numbers x, y,


and z, find
x
y
.
Find the number of four-digit integers that
use each of the digits 3, 4, 7, and 8 once
and are divisible by 11.
Find the degree measure (to the nearest
minute) of the central angle that has an
intercepted arc measuring 15 ft. in a circle
of diameter 19 ft.
The ratio of the radii of two concentric
circles is 1:3. If AC is a diameter of the
larger circle, BC is a chord of the larger
circle that is tangent to the smaller circle,
and AB = 12, find the radius of the larger
circle.
In rectangle ABCD, E and F are the mid-
points of DC and AD, respectively. Find
the area of quadrilateral BEDF.
The integers from 200 down to 9 are writ-
ten consecutively to form the large integer
N = 200199198197 ... 131211109. Find the
value of k such that 3
k
is the highest power
of 3 that is a factor of N.
The increasing sequence of positive
integers a
1
, a
2
, a
3
, ... has the property that
a
n+2
= a
n
+ a
n+1
for all n > 1. If a
7
= 120,
what is a
8
?
If a # b = 2a
b
+ 3b
a
, what is 3 # 2? Point P in the plane of the triangle ABC
is equidistant from the triangles vertices.
If mZABP = 40 and mZCBP = 30, then
what is mZPAC?
A bag contains 3 red chips, 2 blue chips,
and 1 white chip. If 2 chips are chosen
from the bag (without replacement),
determine the probability that they are of
different colors.
Consider the integers from 1 to 100,
inclusive. What is the difference between
the sum of all the even integers and the
sum of all the odd integers?
The sum of three numbers is 98. The first
number is 2/3 of the second, and the sec-
ond is 5/8 of the third. What is the second
number?
Point A = (2, 3) is reflected about the x-
axis to a point B. Then B is reflected about
the line y = x to a point C. What is the area
of the triangle ABC?
Determine the largest prime divisor of
87! + 88!.
Find all real values of x such that
x x 2 1 0 + .
Rafael has four integers. When he adds
them three at a time, the sums are 46, 50,
54, and 57. Find the largest of the four
integers.
FEBRUARY
An urn is filled with coins and beads, all
of which are either silver or gold. Twenty
percent of the objects in the urn are beads.
Forty percent of the coins in the urn are
silver. What percentage of the objects in
the urn are gold coins?
Consider the sequence defined recursively
by u
1
= a (where a is any positive number)
and u
n+1
= 1/(u
n
+ 1), n = 1, 2, 3, . What
is the value of u
2010
in terms of a?
21
19
P
A
B
C
Copyright 2010 The National Council of Teachers of Mathematics, Inc. www.nctm.org. All rights reserved.
This material may not be copied or distributed electronically or in any other format without written permission from NCTM.
426 MA1HLMA1lCS 1LACHLR | Vol. 03, No. 6 February 200
S0LUT!0NS
Lo calendar
fo|teo oy Jean Mc0lvney-Burelle, oure||e
nartforo.eou, Un|vers|ty of |artforo, west
|artforo, C1 0||7, ano Paul Vlclnus, au|_
v|c|nuswns.or, wno teacnes at Conaro
||n Scnoo|, west |artforo, C1 0|07.
1his monLh's problems were adapLed lrom
Lhe Marywood MaLhemaLics ConLesLs, spon
sored by Lhe SLudenL MaLhemaLics Club ol
Marywood UniversiLy in ScranLon, Pennsyl
vania (cwis.marywood.edu/maLh/conLesL).
1he LdiLorial Panel ol Lhe Hatnemat|cs
1eacner is considerinq seLs ol problems sub
miLLed by individuals, classes ol prospecLive
Leachers, and maLhemaLics clubs lor publica
Lion in Lhe monLhly "Calendar." Send prob
lems Lo Lhe "Calendar" ediLors. Remember Lo
include a compleLe soluLion lor each problem
submiLLed.
OLher sources ol problems in calendar
lorm available lrom NC1M include Ca|enoar
Proo|ems from tne Hatnemat|cs 1eacner
(a book leaLurinq more Lhan ^00 problems,
orqanized by Lopic, sLock number 2509,
$22.95) and Lhe 00 Problem PosLer (sLock
number 3207, $9.00). lndividual members
receive a 20 percenL discounL oll Lhis price.
A caLaloq ol educaLional maLerials is avail
able aL www.ncLm.orq.Lds.
Lcckin fcr mcre
"CaIendar" prcbIems?
Visit www.nctm.org/publications/
mtcalendar for a collection of previ-
ously published problemssortable by
topicfrom the Mathematics Teacher.
1. 13. The slope of the line through
(m, 3) and (1, m) is given by

3
1
m
m
,
so


3
1
m
m
m.
Multiplying by (1 m) yields m 3 =
m m
2
. Rearranging terms leads to
m
2
= 3, and thus m = 13 (since m > 0,
discard the negative root).
2. c can be any positive integer. We
know that 3a is odd for all a. Since b is
odd, then b 1 is even. Thus, c(b 1)
2
is
even, regardless of the parity of c, and the
sum of an odd and an even integer is odd.
3. 16/3. Given that

4
3
3 w
x
y
z
,
22
1
6
, , and
z
x

construct
4
3
2
3
6
1
16
3
.
w
y
w
x
z
y
x
z

Alternate solution: Using the given
information, we obtain x = 6z and
2y = 3z, so x = 4y. Then, w/y = 16/3.
4. 1. Combine the fractions to yield
1 1
x y
y

xx
xy
y x
x y

1.
5. 12. Since kx 12 = 3k, then kx = 3k +
12 x = 3 + 12/k. The value for x will
be integral when k is a factor of 12.
There are 12 such integral factors:
{+1, +2, +3, +4, +6, +12}.
6. 1/3. Let r = the radius of the smallest
circle. The area of the figure is (3r)
2
=
9r
2
, and the area of the annulus sought
is (2r)
2
r
2
= 3pr
2
. The probability
of a random dart landing in this area is
therefore 3r
2
/9r
2
= 1/3.
7. 1213. Sum the areas of five equilateral
triangles with sides of measure 213 and
subtract the sum of areas of four equi-
lateral triangles with sides of measure
13, the heights of each being 3 and 3/2,
respectively. The area we seek is therefore
5
1
2
2 3 3 4
1
2
3
3
2

_
,

_
,


15 3 3 3 12 3.
B. 8. Reflecting the line x 3y + 11 =
0 about the line y = x yields its inverse,
namely, y = 3x 11. Thus, m + b = 3 +
(11) = 8.
9. 7. Rewriting the original fraction, we
obtain

+
+

+
+

13
1
1
1
1
,
a b
a b
a
b
a
b
which, on multiplying by ab/ab, yields
+
2
a b a
b ++

+
+

ab
a ab
b ab
a
b
2
1
1
13
( )
( )
.
Thus, we seek the total number of
ordered pairs, (a, b), with a + b < 100
such that a/b = 13. There are 7 such
ordered pairs: {(13,1), (26, 2), (39, 3),
(52, 4), (65, 5), (78, 6), (91, 7)}.
10. The term sought is

+ a
a
1
.
The recursive formula creates a periodic
pattern with only three distinct values:
and

+
u a u
a
u
1
1
1 2 3
, ,
aa
a
+1
Then, u
4
= u
1
= a. Future values V
k
may
Copyright 2010 The National Council of Teachers of Mathematics, Inc. www.nctm.org. All rights reserved.
This material may not be copied or distributed electronically or in any other format without written permission from NCTM.
Vol. 03, No. 6 February 200 | MA1HLMA1lCS 1LACHLR 427
be determined by examining the remain-
der when k is divided by 3. Since 2010 is
a multiple of 3,
V u
a
a

+1
2010 3
.
11. 48%. If 20% of the objects in the urn
are beads, then 80% of the objects in
the urn are coins. Further, if 40% of the
coins are silver, then 60% of the coins
are gold. Thus, the percentage of objects
in the urn that are gold coins is given
by 60% of 80% of the total number of
objects: (0.6)(80%) = 48%. Thus, 48% of
the objects in the urn are gold coins.
12. 12. Following the definitions set
forth, z
1
= 0, z
2
= i, z
3
= (i)
2
+ i = 1 + i,
z
4
= (1 + i)
2
+ i = i. From this point
forward, the pattern of terms repeats
with z
3
= z
5
= = z
2n+1
= 1 + i, for n >
1 with z
2n+2
= i, for n > 1. As an odd
indexed term (n > 3), z
111
= 1 + i. Thus,
the distance of z
111
from the origin is
z
( )
+ 1 1 2
111
2
2
.
13. 2. We know that
y
x z
x
y
x


22 2
= xz y
and
2
+ = .
x y
z
x
y
xy y xz
+

Solving the former for xz and setting
the two expressions for xz equal to each
other, we have x
2
y
2
= xy + y
2

x
2
xy 2y
2
= 0 (x + y)(x 2y) = 0.
Since x and y are both positive, we con-
clude that x = 2y and, thus, x/y = 2.
14. 8. The divisibility test for 11
involves finding the difference between
the sum of all the digits in the odd places
(units, hundreds, ten thousands, etc.)
and the sum of all the digits in the even
places (tens, thousands, etc.). If that dif-
ference is a multiple of 11, then the
number itself is a multiple of 11. Since
only four digits are given, the 3 can be
added to 4, 7, or 8. Neither 3 + 4
(7 + 8) nor 3 + 7 (4 + 8) produces a
multiple of 11, but 3 + 8 (4 + 7) = 0,
which is a multiple of 11. So we must
count all the numbers where 3 and 8
occur in either the odd or the even
places: 3487, 8437, 4378, 7843, 3784,
8734, 4873, and 7348, for a total of 8
numbers.
15. 90 28. The formula s = r defines
the relationship between the intercepted
arc s, the radius r, and the central angle
measured in radians. Substituting
known values, we find 15 = (19/2), so
= 30/19. Convert to degrees by mul-
tiplying by 180/ (30/19)(180/) =
90.467 = 90 28.
16. 18. Let r and 3r represent the radii
of the smaller circle and the larger circle,
respectively. ZABC is a right angle. Con-
struct from the center of the circle O
to T, the point of tangency of to the
inner circle. ZOTC is also a right angle,
and thus triangle ABC is similar to tri-
angle OTC. By similarity, we know that
OC:AC = OT:AB 3r:6r = r:12 r = 6,
and so 3r = 18.
17. 7.5 in
2
. The area of quadrilateral
BEDF can be found by taking the area of
rectangle ABCD and subtracting the areas
of triangles BAF and BCE. Then, (3)(5)
(1/2)(3)(2.5) (1/2)(5)(1.5) = 7.5 in
2
.
1B. 1. The problem is solved by using
the rules for determining divisibility of
3 and 9: If a number is divisible by 3 or
9, the sum of its digits is as well. In this
process, we will use the fact that the sum
of the digits 19 or 09 = 45. We need to
find the sum of the digits of N and show
that it is divisible by 3 and not by 9. This
problem equates to finding the sum of
the digits of the numbers in the sequence
200, 199, 198, , 11, 10, 9. Consider
first the sum of the digits of the terms
less than 100. After the 9, there are ten
terms in the teens, ten terms in the 20s,
and so on until we reach ten terms in
the 90s. Summing the digits in the tens
place leads to 10(45) = 450. Summing the
digits in the ones place leads to 45(9) =
405, giving a subtotal of 864. Consider
next the sum of the digits of the terms
greater than or equal to 100. Aside from
200, there are 100 terms with a leading
digit of 1, and so the sum of all the digits
in the hundreds place will be 102. Again,
the sum of the digits in the tens place
will be 10(45) = 450, and the sum of the
digits in the ones place will be 45(10) =
450, giving a subtotal of 1002 and a
grand total of 1866. Since the sum of the
digits of N is divisible by 3 but not by 9,
we conclude that 3
1
is the highest power
of 3 that divides N.
19. 194. Applying the definition of the
sequence and making substitutions, we
obtain a
3
= a
2
+ a
1
; a
4
= a
3
+ a
2
= 2a
2
+ a
1
;
a
5
= a
4
+ a
3
= 3a
2
+ 2a
1
; a
6
= a
5
+ a
4
= 5a
2

+ 3a
1
; and a
7
= a
6
+ a
5
= 8a
2
+ 5a
1
= 120.
Then, 8a
2
= 120 5a
1
= 5(24 a
1
) a
2

must be a multiple of 5. If a
2
= 5, then
a
1
= 16, which is impossible because the
sequence is increasing. Letting a
2
= 15 or
a multiple of 5 greater than 15 produces
a nonpositive value for a
1
. So a
2
= 10 and
a
1
= 8, leading to a
8
= a
7
+ a
6
= 13a
2
+ 8a
1

= 13(10) + 8(8) = 194.
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42B MA1HLMA1lCS 1LACHLR | Vol. 03, No. 6 February 200
20. 42. Applying the definition, we find
that 3 # 2 = 2(3
2
) + 3(2
3
) = 2(9) + 3(8) =
18 + 24 = 42.
21. 20. Triangles APB, BPC, and CPA
are all isosceles triangles with vertex
angle P. Therefore, mZBAP = 40 and
mZBCP = 30. Using the fact that the
sum of the measures of the interior
angles of a triangle is 180, we find that
mZAPB is 100 and mZBPC is 120,
making mZAPC = 360 120
o
100
= 140. Then, mZPAC = (1/2)(180
140) = 20.
22. 11/15. Ignoring the order of the
selection, we see that there are three dif-
ferent ways in which the 2 chips chosen
will be of different colors: red, blue;
red, white; and blue, white. When we
account for order, the probabilities of
those events are, respectively,
an 2
3
6
2
5
6
15
2
3
6
1
5
3
15
, , dd 2
2
6
1
5
2
15
.
The overall probability is therefore
6
15
3
15
2
15
11
15
. + +
Alternate solution: Count the probabil-
ity that the 2 chips chosen are the same
color and subtract from 1. Thus,
1 1
2 2 3 2
6 2

+

C C
C
11 3
15
1
4
15
11
15
+
.
23. 50. There are 50 even integers and
50 odd integers among the integers
1100. If we order them consecutively,
each even integer is one greater than the
previous odd integer. Using this fact and
the properties of real numbers yields the
following:
2 + 4 + 6 + 8 + + 100
(1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + + 99)
1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + + 1
24. 30. Let x, y, and z be the three num-
bers in question. Then, x + y + z = 98.
Substituting x = (2/3)y, we obtain (2/3)y
+ y + z = 98. Next, substitute y = (5/8)z to
obtain (2/3)

(5/8)z + (5/8)z + z = 98 z
= 48. Substituting, we find that y = 30 and
x = 20. The second number is 30.
Alternate solution: Let x, y, and 98
x y represent the three numbers. Since
x = (2/3)y and y = (5/8)(98 x y), we
substitute to obtain y = (5/8)(98 (2/3)
y y) and solve.
25. 15 units
2
. B, as the reflection of A
(2, 3) in the x-axis, has coordinates (2,
3). C, as the reflection of B in the line
y = x, has coordinates (3, 2). As shown
in the diagram, the result is a triangle
with base of 6 and height of 5 and area
(1/2)(6)(5) = 15 units
2
.
Alternate solution: Form a matrix of
the coordinates of the vertices of the tri-
angle and use the formula
1
2
1
1
1
1 1
2 2
3 3

_
det A
x y
x y
x y
,,

,
where the positive value is always taken.
26. 89. Since 87! + 88! can be factored
as 1(87!) + 88(87!) = 89(87!), 89 is the
greatest prime divisor of the sum.
27. 0.25. Isolating the radical and squar-
ing both sides, we obtain x = (1 2x)
2

4x
2
5x + 1 = 0, which can be factored
as (4x 1)(x 1) = 0 x = 1/4 or x = 1.
The second value of x does not work in
the original equation and must therefore
be rejected.
Alternate solution: Replace the square
root of x with a second variable, say y,
leading to the equation 2y
2
+ y 1 = 0.
This equation can also be factored, yield-
ing roots of 1 or 0.5 for y. When y = 1,
however, the original equation will not
have real roots. When y is 0.5, x is 0.25.
2B. 23. We can represent the four inte-
gers by using the variables w, x, y, and z.
Then w + x + y = 46, w + x + z = 50,
w + y + z = 54, and x + y + z = 57. Add
these four equations together to obtain
3(w + x + y + z) = 46 + 50 + 54 + 57 =
207, or w + x + y + z = 69. We know that
z is the largest integer because when it
is not included, the sum is the least, 46.
Hence, the largest number is 23.
. . . ,.
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