Hormones in Short-Term Exercises: Resistance and Power Exercises

Advertentie
Strength and Conditioning Journal: Vol. 25, No. 5, pp. 715.
Hormones in Short-Term Exercises: Resistance and Power Exercises
Atko Viru and Mehi Viru, !h"
#ntitute o$ %&er'ie (iolog), *niverit) o$ +artu, %tonia
Car,elo (o'o, !h"
A. "e-oren.o /onda.ione "on 0no''hi, *niverita di 1o,a, +or2Vergata, #tal)
3e) 4ord: 'entral ,otor 'o,,and, hor,one, ,otor 'orte&
1%S#S+ANC% AN" !54%1 %6%1C#S%S involve intene neuro,u'ular a'tivit) and
u7e8uent ,u'le 'ontra'tion. +he 'entral ,otor 'o,,and originate $ro, the ,otor
'orte&, and 'onit o$ high2$re8uen') nervou 'harge ent 7) a&on o$ p)ra,idal neuron
to pinal ,otoneuron. A''ording to 39aer :2;<, thee 'entral ,otor 'o,,and in'reae
endo'rine a'tivit). #t i apparent that the ,otor 'orte& 'an a'tivate h)pothala,i'
autono,i' 'enter and neuroe'retor) neuron via a 'ollateral nervou path=a).
1eitan'e and po=er e&er'ie evoke hor,onal repone depite the hort duration o$
,u'le e$$ort. +here i alo no dou7t that hor,onal repone evoked 7) reitan'e and
po=er e&er'ie are ne'ear) $or long2ter, adaptation o$ keletal ,u'le. >o=ever,
there are o,e 8uetion regarding the $un'tion o$ thee hor,onal repone, and the
igni$i'an'e o$ pree&er'ie hor,one level $or pre'onditioning the neuro,u'ular
)te,.
>or,onal 1epone in 1eitan'e %&er'ie 1eturn to +5C
1eitan'e e&er'ie evoke hor,onal repone even =hen a li,ited nu,7er o$ ,otor
unit are involved. +hree 'one'utive 7out o$ tati' handgrip at ?@A o$ ,a&i,al
voluntar) 'ontra'tion, uing 2 hand alternativel) and =ithout ret interval :total
duration o$ the io,etri' e&er'ie =ork B ,inute<, 'aued a igni$i'ant in'reae in the
pla,a vaopreein 'on'entration :;@<. +he ,a&i,al value appeared a$ter the $irt ?
,inute. +hen a ,oderate de'line appeared, 7ut the vaoprein 'on'entration re,ained
igni$i'antl) elevated over the initial level up to the end o$ the e&er'ie. +he
'on'entration o$ gro=th hor,one did not 'hange during the $irt C ,inute o$ e$$ort.
#,,ediatel) and 1@ ,inute a$ter the e$$ort, the gro=th hor,one 'on'entration =a
in'reaed in ,ot o$ the peron. !la,a 'orti'otropin and 'ortiol level did not in'reae
igni$i'antl), although at the end o$ the e&er'ie, a trend $or an in'reae appeared.
Contrar) to thee reult, /e= et al. :12< $ound igni$i'ant in'reae in 'orti'otropin and
'ortiol 'on'entration =hile holding a 2@2kg =eight $or 5 ,inute in 1 hand. +he
di$$eren'e in the reult 'an 7e e&plained 7) the larger ,u'le group and higher
per'entage o$ ,a&i,al voluntar) trength involved in the latter e&peri,ent. /e= et al.
:12< alo o7erved a 'ortiol repone 5 ,inute a$ter the e$$ort that lated 152@ ,inute,
although the 'orti'otropin level =a in'reaed onl) at the end o$ the e$$ort. Several
reear'her have alo o7erved a ),patho2adrenal repone a$ter everal io,etri'
e$$ort :1;,25,;7,5;<. A 'ate'hola,ine repone ha alo 7een o7erved =ithin the $irt
,inute o$ handgrip at ?@A o$ ,a&i,al voluntar) trength, in ,en 7ut not in =o,en :;;<.
Colle'tivel), thi eviden'e upport the $a't that hor,one repone are triggered 7)
intene ,u'le 'ontra'tion.
Several tudie dealt =ith hor,onal 'hange indu'ed 7) reitan'e training eion. A
igni$i'ant tetoterone in'reae =a $ound a$ter ?@ ,inute o$ reitan'e training in
,ale 7ut not in $e,ale :55<. 4hen D e&er'ie $or variou ,u'le =ere per$or,ed =ith
=orkload o$ either 5 repetition ,a&i,u, :51M< :ret interval ? ,inute< or 1@1M
:ret interval 1 ,inute<, tetoterone 'on'entration in'reaed in ,ale 7ut not in $e,ale,
=ith prior re'reational reitan'e training e&perien'e :2D, ?1, ??<. #n 'ontrat, Cu,,ing
et al. :D< $ound a 2@A in'reae o$ tetoterone level in =o,en a$ter a eion 'oniting
o$ C iokineti' reitan'e e&er'ie. Although the lutropin level in'reaed 7) C@A, it i
unlikel) that it =a the ph)iologi'al ti,ulu $or tetoterone produ'tion 7e'aue
$e,ale produ'e thi hor,one a a 7)produ't o$ teroid 7io)nthei in the adrenal
gland. A''ordingl), thoe $e,ale =ho did not e&hi7it a 'ortiol repone $ailed to ho=
an in'reae in tetoterone 'on'entration. +he other $e,ale u79e't ho=ed parallel
in'reae in tetoterone and 'ortiol 'on'entration :D<.
#n a tud) involving 2 =orkload proto'ol :1@1M veru 51M<, 3rae,er and 'o=orker
:?1< o7erved greater in'reae in 7lood tetoterone a$ter the ; e&er'ie uing the 1@1M
:i.e., lo=er =eight, greater total =ork< proto'ol a 'o,pared =ith 51M :i.e., higher
=eight, lo=er total =ork<. At the end o$ eion, no tatiti'all) igni$i'ant di$$eren'e in
tetoterone level =a $ound 7et=een the 2 proto'ol :?1<. Volek et al. :5?< alo
o7erved in'reaed tetoterone 'on'entration uing a 7en'h pre proto'ol o$ 5 et to
$ailure =ith 1@1M load :7.;A< and a 9u,p 8uat proto'ol o$ 15 et =ith 1@ repetition at
?@A o$ 11M 8uat :15.1A< +he igni$i'an'e o$ training eion =orkload =a 'on$ir,ed
7) Cothalk et al. :7<. A ?2et heav)2reitan'e proto'ol reulted in a greater in'reae in
tetoterone 'on'entration than a 12et e&er'ie proto'ol.
(eide the 'hara'teriti' o$ e&er'ie, duration o$ ret interval alo ha a igni$i'ant
e$$e't on hor,onal repone. A$ter a ?@2,inute intenive ingle2'ir'uit =eight training
eion :=ork2to2ret ratio ?@ e'ond:?@ e'ond at 7@A 11M<, ,ale univerit) tudent
e&hi7ited tetoterone level 2;A higher than the initial value :2?<.
0ue.enne' et al. :15< o7erved no igni$i'ant tetoterone repone a$ter C erie o$ D
7en'h pree at 7@A o$ 11M or ,a&i,al nu,7er o$ repetition at the a,e =orkload.
+he ,eaure,ent =ere repeated ea'h ,onth $or ; ,onth, 7ut reult =ere the a,e.
(e'aue the u79e't =ere ,ale =eight2trained athlete, the la'k o$ tetoterone repone
,ight 7e related to previou training adaptation to the tet e&er'ie. #n tudie on elite
athlete, >Ekkinen and !akarinen :1C< $ound that 2@ et o$ 8uat at 11M did not
in'reae 'on'entration o$ total and $ree tetoterone, =herea tetoterone level roe
igni$i'antl) =hen 1@ et o$ 1@ repetition =ere per$or,ed at 7@A o$ 1@1M. #n
=eightli$ter, in'reaed tetoterone 'on'entration ha 7een $ound a$ter ; erie o$ C
8uat at B@B5A o$ C1M a =ell a a$ter ; erie o$ B1@ 8uat at C@C5A o$ C1M
:;5<. -ong2ter, reitan'e training ,a) pro,ote tetoterone repone, at leat in
adole'ent athlete. +he a,e =eightli$ting proto'ol in'reaed tetoterone
'on'entration in 172)ear2old 9unior =ho had ,ore than 2 )ear training e&perien'e 7ut
not in u79e't =ith le training e&perien'e :?@<.
>Ekkinen et al. :1B< ,eaured hor,one repone in elite athlete per$or,ing t=o
trength training eion per da). (oth tetoterone and 'ortiol level de'reaed a$ter
the $irt eion, 7ut tetoterone level in'reaed a$ter the e'ond eion.
A'ute trength2training eion have 7een ho=n to in'reae the level o$ gro=th
hor,one and inulin2like gro=th $a'tor # :o,ato,edin2C< in ,ale a =ell a $e,ale
:?1, ??<. +he in'reaed produ'tion o$ inulin2like gro=th $a'tor # ,a) or ,a) not 7e
triggered 7) gro=th hor,one. A 1@1M load :=ith 12,inute ret interval< reulted in
,ore pronoun'ed in'reae o$ gro=th hor,one 'on'entration than a 51M load :=ith ?2
,inute ret interval<. >o=ever, di$$eren'e in inulin2like gro=th $a'tor repone =ere
not dete'ted in ,ale. #n $e,ale u79e't, inulin2like gro=th $a'tor # level roe
e'ondaril) C@ ,inute a$ter a eion 'oniting o$ a 51M proto'ol :=ith ?2,inute ret
interval< 7ut not a$ter a proto'ol o$ 1@1M :=ith 12,inute ret interval< :?1,??<. A tud)
o$ D2tation heav)2reitan'e e&er'ie :? et o$ repetition at 1@1M =ith 12,inute ret<
ho=ed that the pronoun'ed i,,ediate repone o$ gro=th hor,one i not ao'iated
=ith 'hange in inulin2like gro=th $a'tor # 'on'entration during or i,,ediatel) a$ter a
2;2hour re'over) period :2C<.
Vanhelder and 'o=orker :5@< 'on$ir,ed the dependen'e o$ gro=th hor,one repone
on reitan'e training =orkload. A igni$i'ant repone =a o7erved =hen 7 erie o$ 7
8uat li$t =ere per$or,ed at D@A o$ ,a&i,al leg trength 7ut not =hen 7 erie o$ 21
8uat li$t =ere per$or,ed at ?@A o$ the previou load.
>Ekkinen and !akarinen :1C< tudied elite athlete and $ound no 'hange in gro=th
hor,one level a$ter 2@ et o$ 8uat2li$t at 11M. Con'entration o$ the hor,one
in'reaed igni$i'antl) a$ter 1@ et o$ 1@ repetition at 7@A o$ 1@1M. Cothalk et al. :7<
$ound a greater gro=th hor,one repone a$ter a ?2et heav)2reitan'e e&er'ie eion
=hen 'o,pared =ith a 12et e&er'ie proto'ol.
Cortiol repone i o$ten $ound in heav)2reitan'e training eion :7, 2B, ?@, ?;, 51<.
>o=ever, a 'ertain threhold in =orkload e&it to evoke the 'ortiol repone :27, 2D<. #n
tudent, a high2intenit) trength training eion 'aued a pronoun'ed in'reae in
'ortiol 'on'entration ao'iated =ith in'reaed level o$ 'orti'otropin, gro=th hor,one,
and aldoterone :2?<. +he aldoterone repone indi'ated the ne'eit) $or ho,eotati'
regulation, o7vioul) due to intene perpiration =hile e&er'iing.
#n'reaed level o$ F2endorphin have alo 7een alo dete'ted a$ter reitan'e e&er'ie
eion :27, ?@<. +he F2endorphin repone depend on the total =orkload o$ the eion
:2D<.
Strength e&er'ie alo a'tivate the ),patho2adrenal )te, a indi'ated 7) in'reaed
level o$ epinephrine and norepinephrine. 3rae,er et al. :?;< reported thee 'hange a$ter
a 1@2tation heav)2reitan'e e&er'ie proto'ol :? et o$ 1@1M =ith 1@ e'ond ret
7et=een et and ?@ or C@ e'ond ret 7et=een e&er'ie<. #n addition to norepinephrine
and epinephrine, 'ortiol level alo roe. A''ording to the reult o$ 0ue.enne' et al.
:15<, trength e&er'ie 'an a$$e't 'ate'hola,ine repone in the a7en'e o$ 'hange in
'ortiol and tetoterone level.
+he training e$$e't on 7aal hor,one level have 7een tudied in a li,ited nu,7er o$
e&peri,ent. Mot o$ the data ho= that during ;C ,onth, trength training doe not
igni$i'antl) alter 7aal level o$ tetoterone, lutropin, $ollitropin, prola'tin, gro=th
hor,one, and inulin :1D, 2@<. -ike=ie, M'Call et al. :?B< did not $ind igni$i'ant
'hange in 7aal level o$ tetoterone, gro=th hor,one, and inulin2like gro=th $a'tor #
in 'ollege tudent a a reult o$ a high2volu,e reitan'e training. 0ue.enne' et al. :15<
alo did not $ind 'hange in 'ortiol, epinephrine, and norepinephrine level, =herea
>Ekkinen et al. :2@< reported a de'reae in 'ortiol 'on'entration. !eronnet et al. :;2< alo
reported in'reae in epinephrine and norepinephrine level.
#n elite =eightli$ter, a 12)ear $ollo=2up tud) did not reveal igni$i'ant 'hange in 7lood
level o$ 'ortiol or tetoterone. 5nl) lutropin 'on'entration in'reaed during the $irt ;
,onth and re,ained at thi level throughout the )ear. >o=ever, during the $irt 2 =eek
o$ a C2=eek intenive preparation period $or 'o,petition, tetoterone level de'reaed
and re,ained at redu'ed level until the 7eginning o$ 'o,petition. Cortiol level
in'reaed lightl) during the $irt 2 =eek 7ut de'reaed therea$ter :17<. 4hen elite
athlete =ere tudied during a 22 )ear period, an in'reae in 7aal tetoterone level =a
reported. Cortiol level 'hanged in parallel =ith tetoterone and, there$ore, the
tetoteroneG'ortiol ratio did not 'hange :1B<.
-eg trength training did not 'hange the epinephrine and norepinephrine repone to
,a&i,al 7i')'le e&er'ie :;2<. Co,parion o$ ')'lit and =eightli$ter during
in're,ental e&er'ie ho=ed that epinephrine and norepinephrine repone are ,ore
pronoun'ed in =eightli$ter, and i,ilar to thoe o7erved in untrained peron :?D<. #n
prin'iple, thi pe'i$i' di$$eren'e in training e$$e't =a 'on$ir,ed 7) 3rae,er et al. :?5<.
"uring high2intenit) reitan'e training reulting in a de're,ent in 11M trength,
e&er'ie2indu'ed tetoterone level in'reaed lightl) =hile 'ortiol level de'reaed and
gro=th hor,one and peptide / level did not 'hange :1?<.
#n u,,ar), heav) reitan'e e&er'ie a'tivate endo'rine $un'tion. 1epone o$
tetoterone, gro=th hor,one, inulin2like gro=th $a'tor #, 'ortiol, and 'ate'hola,ine
have 7een $ound. +hee repone depend on the eion proto'ol, parti'ularl), =orkload
and ret2interval duration. +raining e&perien'e in'reae the likelihood o$ a tetoterone
repone in 9unior athlete. #n $e,ale, the tetoterone repone ,a) not appear.
>or,onal 1epone in !o=er %&er'ie 1eturn to +5C
>or,onal ape't o$ e&er'ie =ith high rate o$ $or'e appli'ation in high2peed, ')'li'
,ove,ent have 7een tudied 7) 3rae,er and 'olleague. +he tet e&er'ie =ere
per$or,ed at 1@@, 7?, 55, and ?CA o$ ,a&i,al leg po=er :average duration C e'ond, 1C
e'ond, ;7 e'ond, and ? ,inute ?1 e'ond, repe'tivel)<. All intenitie =ere greater
than thoe eli'iting peak 52 $or the individual u79e't. *ing a +e$lon 'annula inerted
into the vein, the $irt 7lood a,ple =a o7tained i,,ediatel) a$ter the end o$ e&er'ie
=ithout an) dela). A ,all 7ut igni$i'ant in'reae o$ norepinephrine 'on'entration =a
$ound =hen 1@@A o$ ,a&i,al leg po=er =a applied, although the duration o$ a'tivit)
=a onl) C e'ond. Norepinephrine repone in'reaed during longer duration, lo=er
po=er e&er'ie 7out. %pinephrine level in'reaed appro&i,atel) 2.52$old i,,ediatel)
a$ter e&er'ie at 55A o$ ,a&i,al po=er output and ;7 e'ond duration. Si,ilar
epinephrine repone alo o''urred a$ter e&er'ie at ?CA o$ ,a&i,al leg po=er :?C<.
Signi$i'ant in'reae in F2endorphin and 'orti'otropin level =ere o7erved i,,ediatel)
a$ter e&er'ie at ?CA ,a&i,al leg po=er, a =ell a 5 and 15 ,inute pote&er'ie.
#n'reaed pla,a 'ortiol level =ere alo o7erved $ollo=ing e&er'ie at ?CA ,a&i,al
po=er, 7ut onl) 15 ,inute pote&er'ie :?7<. +hu, thee data ho= that 7rie$, high2
intenit) :po=er< e&er'ie are 'apa7le o$ evoking hor,onal repone.
1epetitive 9u,ping i another ,ethod $or tud)ing the e$$e't o$ po=er e&er'ie on
hor,one level. Signi$i'ant in'reae in the 'on'entration o$ 'orti'otropin :7) ?BA<,
'ortiol :7) 1;A<, total tetoterone :7) 12A<, $ree un7ound tetoterone :7) 1?A<,
th)rotropin :7) 2@A<, $ree triiodoth)ronine :7) 2DA<, and $ree th)ro&ine :7) 12A< have
7een do'u,ented i,,ediatel) a$ter a C@2e'ond period o$ 'one'utive verti'al 9u,p
:(o'o tet<. Signi$i'ant 'hange in the 7lood level o$ gro=th hor,one, o,ato,edi'in2
C, and prola'tin =ere not dete'ted :+a7le 1 <. +he ,ot pronoun'ed tetoterone
repone =ere de,ontrated in u79e't =ith higher 9u,ping per$or,an'e. +he in'reae
in eru, total tetoterone =a highl) 'orrelated =ith average po=er output :r H @.C1<
and 9u,ping height :r H @.CC< :;<.
#t i argua7le =hether the endo'rine )te, i 'apa7le o$ in'reaing thee 7lood hor,one
level =ithin 1 ,inute. 5$ 'oure, the in'reaed hor,one level ,ight not 7e related to
in'reaed e'retion, 7ut intead to a poi7le he,o'on'entration :hi$t o$ a part o$ 7lood
pla,a $ro, veel to the intertitial $luid< andGor to a I=ah2outJ o$ hor,one $ro, the
gland 'aued 7) in'reaed rate o$ 7lood $lo=. >o=ever, the in'reae o$ eru,
'on'entration o$ 'orti'otropin, triiodoth)ronin, and th)ro&ine =ere 7et=een 2D and ?BA.
#t i di$$i'ult to au,e that thee 'hange =ere related olel) to 'hange in pla,a
volu,e 7e'aue the de'reae in pla,a volu,e rea'hed onl) 152@A in 12,inute 7out
o$ e&hautive e&er'ie :;C<.
#n pra'ti'e, po=er e&er'ie 'ontitute variou training eion. (o'o and 'olla7orator
:2< have tudied hor,onal 'hange indu'ed 7) o,e training variant. >or,one =ere
aeed 7e$ore and a$ter 5 eion :+a7le 2 <.
A high nu,7er o$ lo=2po=er e&er'ie de'reaed tetoterone and in'reaed gro=th
hor,one level in 7od)7uilder, =herea in =eightli$ter, a large nu,7er o$ high2po=er
e&er'ie in the $irt =eightli$ting eion in'reaed tetoterone 'on'entration =ithout
'auing a 'hange in gro=th hor,one level. >o=ever, =hen the po=er output re,ained
'loe to ,a&i,u,, 7ut appli'ation o$ $or'e =a in'reaed and nu,7er o$ erie de'reaed
:in the lat =eightli$ting eion<, no igni$i'ant hor,one 'hange =ere dete'ted.
Sprinter per$or,ed e&er'ie at ,a&i,al po=er uing D@A 11M. Although the nu,7er
o$ erie =a not e&tre,el) high, the load =a u79e'tivel) per'eived a ver) high. #n
,en, 7lood 'on'entration o$ lutropin, tetoterone, and 'ortiol de'reaed in 'o,parion
=ith preeion value. #t 'an 7e uggeted that the invered hor,onal repone =ere
related to pronoun'ed $atigue during the eion. +hi poi7ilit) =a 'on$ir,ed 7) a
igni$i'ant de'reae o$ average po=er in $ull 8uat and hal$ 8uat, a =ell a 7) an
in'reaed %M0Gpo=er ratio in $ull 8uat during the eion. /e,ale did not
de,ontrate thee 'hange, 7ut intead de,ontrated an in'reae in %M0Gpo=er ratio.
-utropin, tetoterone, and 'ortiol level did not 'hange in $e,ale printer :2<. +he
de'reaed 7lood tetoterone 'on'entration in 7od)7uilder ,ight alo 7e related to
$atigue. A 'orrelation =a $ound 7et=een the 'hange in %M0Gpo=er ratio and the
de'reae in eru, tetoterone.
#n 'on'luion, hort2ter, e&er'ie $ounded on high2rate appli'ation o$ ,u'le $or'e
'aue in'reaed 7lood level o$ norepinephrine =hen e&er'ie duration i onl) C e'ond
or ,ore. #n e&er'ie lating ;@C@ e'ond, pronoun'ed in'reae appear in 7lood level
o$ epinephrine, 'ortiol, F2endorphine, tetoterone, and even th)rotropin and
triiodoth)ronine 7ut not in level o$ gro=th hor,one, inulin2like gro=th $a'tor #,
prola'tin, and th)ro&ine. +raining eion 'oniting o$ $re8uent repetition o$ po=er
e&er'i'e ,a) reult in either de'reaed tetoterone and in'reaed gro=th hor,one
level or in'reaed tetoterone 'on'entration =ithout 'hange in gro=th hor,one level.
Appearan'e o$ thee 2 variant ee, to depend on the degree o$ $or'e appli'ation. #n
training eion o$ 12hour duration, tetoterone and 'ortiol level ,a) de'reae a a
$atigue pheno,enon.
Signi$i'an'e o$ >or,onal 1epone 1eturn to +5C
+he a')'li' high2reitan'e or po=er e$$ort are too 7rie$ to au,e that triggered
hor,onal repone ,a) have an) igni$i'an'e on the per$or,an'e o$ the a,e e$$ort.
4hen thee a')'li' e&er'ie are repeated, the poi7ilitie $or 'ontri7ution o$ hor,one
in'reae. +hi raie a 8uetion regarding the lo'u o$ a'tion o$ hor,one that ,a) 7e
eential $or rapid in$luen'e on neuro,u'ular per$or,an'e. #t ha 7een pe'ulated that
the rapid hor,onal in$luen'e on intra'ellular 'al'iu, hi$t in ,u'le $i7er or neuron
,a) have igni$i'an'e. *n$ortunatel), thee uggetion till do not have 'onvin'ing
e&peri,ental eviden'e. Nonethele, 2 real poi7ilitie e&it that ,ake link 7et=een
hor,onal repone during reitan'e or po=er e&er'ie and per$or,an'e. +hee are a
$ollo=: 1< triggering long2ter, adaptation pro'ee and 2< the hor,onal
pre'onditioning e$$e't.
+he ,ain reult o$ trength training i ,)o$i7rillar h)pertroph). +hi pro'e i $ounded
on indu'tion o$ )nthei o$ ,)oin and a'tin. %&peri,ent =ith rat ho=ed that training
indu'ed ,u'le h)pertroph) i 'ontrolled at tran'ription, tranlation, and pottranlation
level, =herea the 'hoi'e o$ e&er'ie deter,ine the relative igni$i'an'e o$
'ontri7ution o$ a'tion at ea'h 'ontrol level :1<. +here$ore, hor,onal e$$e't on ,u'le
h)pertroph) hould var) depending on the e&er'ie ued. 4hile variou ,eta7oli' $a'tor
'an indu'e thi pro'e, tetoterone i a po=er$ul a,pli$ier o$ the indu'tion o$
'ontra'tile protein )nthei :52<. #n rat, a phar,a'ologi'al 7lo'kade o$ tetoterone
re'eptor prevented training2indu'ed ,u'le h)pertroph) :22<. At the a,e ti,e,
,u'ular a'tivit) in'reae the nu,7er o$ androgen re'eptor in rat ,u'le :21<. Control
o$ tetoterone a'tion at the re'eptor level enure $i7er2t)pe pe'i$i' ti,ulation o$
protein )nthei in ,u'le during the pote&er'ie re'over) period. 1eitan'e
e&er'ie reult in do=n2regulation o$ androgen re'eptor in lo=2t=it'h $i7er and up2
regulation o$ thee re'eptor in $at2t=it'h $i7er :1@<. Cone8uentl), the tiueK
u'epti7ilit) to tetoteroneK e$$e't in'reae ele'tivel) during reitan'e e&er'ie in
$at2t=it'h ,u'le $i7er.
#n ,en, the tetoterone e$$e't on ,u'le trength and protein )nthei ha 7een
'onvin'ingl) de,ontrated :2B, ;B<. +he tetoterone e$$e't i upported 7) th)roid
hor,one a'tion at the level o$ tran'ription. 0ro=th hor,one, gro=th $a'tor, and inulin
ti,ulate the a'tuali.ation o$ the protein )nthei at the tranlation level :52<.
+here i eviden'e that the initial level o$ tetoterone i related to per$or,an'e in po=er
:e&ploive trength< e&er'ie :5, ?2<. (e'aue per$or,an'e in thee e&er'ie i
poitivel) related to the per'entage o$ $at2t=it'h $i7er :?<, it 'an 7e h)pothei.ed that a
'o,parativel) high level o$ 7lood tetoterone i 'o,,on in people =ith $at2'ontra'ting
,u'le. #n turn, the igni$i'an'e o$ tetoterone $or e&ploive po=er and ,a&i,al peed
,a) 7e $ounded on a 'aual relationhip 7et=een the pu7ertal develop,ent o$ $at2t=it'h
$i7er and tetoterone 'on'entration, a eta7lihed in ani,al e&peri,ent :11<. >igh2
level printer have high 7aal level o$ tetoterone :C<.
Another =a) to undertand the igni$i'an'e o$ tetoterone in po=er e&er'ie i the
pre'onditioning e$$e't. +etoterone i kno=n to 'ontri7ute a a predipoiton $or
aggreive 7ehavior :;1<. () analog), it i poi7le to au,e the a,e in regard to
per$or,an'e in e&ploive po=er and print e&er'ie.
%pinephrine i 'apa7le o$ a'tivating the reti'ular $or,ation in the 7rainte, and, there7),
in'reaing the e&'ita7ilit) o$ nervou 'enter, in'luding the ,otor 'orte& :B, ;?<. +he
latter i an eential 'ondition $or high2level per$or,an'e, parti'ular) $or per$or,an'e in
7rie$ po=er e&er'ie. +hu, hor,onal repone evoked 7) trength or po=er e&er'ie
are eential $or the ,eta7oli' 'ontrol during the pote&er'ie re'over). >o=ever,
hor,one level 7e$ore e&er'ie ,a) have igni$i'an'e $or the neuro,u'ular
per$or,an'e.
Con'luion 1eturn to +5C
Short2ter, high reitan'e and po=er e&er'ie are 'apa7le o$ introdu'ing variou
hor,onal 'hange. >o=ever, ,ot o$ the evoked hor,onal repone appear during the
pote&er'ie re'over) period. !ronoun'ed hor,onal 'hange alo appear during e&er'ie
eion $or i,proved trength or po=er. +hee 'hange :in'reaed level o$ tetoterone,
gro=th hor,one, and inulin2like gro=th $a'tor #< are related to indu'tion o$ adaptive
protein )nthei during long2ter, re'over). >or,onal repone =ith igni$i'an'e $or
energ) ,eta7oli, u'h a epinephrine and 'ortiol o''ur i,ultaneoul). +he ,ain
igni$i'an'e o$ hor,onal repone triggered 7) reitan'e or po=er e&er'ie i the
indu'tion o$ adaptive protein )nthei, and epe'iall) o$ 'ontra'tile protein. Another
poi7ilit) i that hor,one :tetoterone, epinephrine< are eential $or pre'onditioning
the neuro,u'ular apparatu ena7ling ,a&i,al per$or,an'e.
+he pro7le, o$ hor,onal pre'onditioning o$ neuro,u'ular per$or,an'e hould 7e
'onidered a an i,portant iue $or $urther tudie. Although the long2ter, adaptive
a'tion o$ tetoterone ha 7een 'onvin'ingl) de,ontrated, the link 7et=een e&er'ie
pe'i$i'it) and tetoterone ana7oli' e$$e't, a =ell a the 'oa'tion o$ tetoterone,
gro=th hor,one, and gro=th $a'tor are alo ,atter $or $uture reear'h. Attention hould
alo 7e paid to the poi7ilit) that adaptive protein )nthei during the re'over) period
,a) involve nervou tiue :;D<.
+a7le 1 A'tion on 12Minute Continuou Ju,ping on -evel o$ Variou >or,one :;<
+a7le 2 Chara'teriti' o$ Studied !o=er +raining Seion :2<