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0
2
Where:
is the discharge of the orifice
0
is the area of the orifice
is the water depth of the tank
is the gravity constant
=
2
0
is the velocity coefficient and relates the real velocity discharged from an orifice with the
theoretic discharge calculated by Torricellis Law: 2.
All coefficients depend on the Reynolds Number, and for > 10
5
, they are independent to the
Reynolds number and there values are:
= 0.99
= 0.605
= 0.60
For Reynolds Number that are less than 10
5
, the following graph applies.
Figure 2. Variation of the velocity, contraction and discharge coefficients in comparison to the Reynolds
Number.
b. Methods to calculate the real velocity of an orifice.
EXAMPLE 1. An orifice on a vertical wall is located 2 m from the water surface. The orifice has a
diameter of 100 mm and a discharge of 29.5 lps.
A) Applying the total energy equation and the trajectory method, calculate the coefficient of
contraction, coefficient of velocity and coefficient of discharge.
B) Find the Reynolds number of the discharge of the orifice.
C) Using the Reynolds number definition, identify the water depth at which the previous values
may no longer be used ( < 10
5
).
c. Partial and total drowned flow
Total drowned flow:
=
0
2
Where:
is the discharge of the orifice
0
is the area of the orifice
is the difference between the
water depth of each side of the tank
is the gravity constant
, and Sotelo
recommends to use the same
discharge coefficient as free-discharge
flow.
Partial drowned flow:
1
=
1
1
2
2
=
2
2
2
Where:
Discharge: =
1
+
2
Area of the orifice:
0
=
1
+
2
is the difference between the water
depth of each side of the tank
=
2
2
is the gravity constant
1
< 0.2
Then (Equation 1)
=
2
1
Where:
is the gates opening
1
is the water depth (upstream)
is the discharge of the channel
is the width of the channel
is the gravity constant, and
=
2
and
water depth:
1
(Henderson, 1966), but it also depends on the velocity coefficient
(Sotelo).
NOTE:
varies from 0.55 0.6 with a vertical sluice gate and free flow. (See Figure 4.)
(NOTE: supercritical flow passing under the sluice gate.)
When
a
1
> 0.2
Then (Equation 2)
=
2(
1
3
)
1 (
3
1
)
2
3
Figure 4. Discharge coefficient of the vertical gate (Henderson, 1966). Copia en Sotelo, pp. 216.
Submerged discharge
=
e. Drowned or submerged flow on gates.
Figure 5. Drowned outflow in a vertical sluice gate.
Equation 1 and 2 apply also to drowned flow, and as Figure 4 shows, if
1
=
3
, then
= 0.
f. Types of gates.
Figure 6. Typical underflow gates (Henderson, 1966).
Figure 7. Radial or tainter gate.
Where:
1
is the water depth (upstream)
is the gates opening
is the height form the bed of the channel to the pin or bolt.
is the gates radius
3
is the water depth (downstream) after the hydraulic jump.
=
2
and
water depth:
1
(Henderson, 1966), but it also depends on the velocity coefficient
Figure 8. The discharge coefficient of the radial gate (Henderson, 1966). Copia en Sotelo, pp. 218.
Figure 9. Discharge coefficient of inclined gates with free discharge (Sotelo, pp. 215).
EXAMPLE 3. A vertical gate with a width of 1 m, discharges 2.6 m
3
/s, its upstream and downstream
water depth is 4.5 m and 3.45 m, respectively.
a) Given a submerged discharge, calculate the opening of the gate assuming a Cd = 0.37.
b) With the answer obtained in (a), calculate the discharge when water flows freely, and the
discharge coefficient.
Bibliography:
Henderson, F.M. 1966. Open Channel Flow. Macmillan, New York, USA.
http://www.lmnoeng.com/TankDischarge.php
Kay, M. 2008. Practical Hydraulics, 2nd Ed. Taylor & Francis, New York, USA.
Mott, R. L. 2006. Mecnica de Fluidos, 6ta Ed. Pearson Educacin, Mxico.
Munson, B. R., D. F. Young y T. H. Okiishi. 1999. Fundamentos de mecnica de fluidos. Limusa
Wiley, Mxico D.F., Mxico.
Sotelo, G. 1997. Hidrulica General Vol. 1. Limusa, Mxico.
Streeter, V. L. 1962. Fluid Mechanics, 3d Ed. McGraw-Hill Book Company, Tokyo, Japan.