Homework #2 : Chapter 2 (140912)

Joseph Nguyen, Period 3

1. Distinguish between an element and a compound.
-cannot be broken down -two or more
An element cannot be broken down to other substances, where a compound is a
substance consisting of two or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio.
2. Identify the four elements that make up 96% of living matter.
-oxygen
-carbon
-hydrogen
-nitrogen
The four elements that make up 96% of living matter are oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and
nitrogen.
3. Define the term trace element and give an example.
-small quantities
-vertebrates
-iodine
Trace elements are required by organisms but only in small quantities. Vertebrates need
iodine as the ingredient of a hormone produced by the thyroid gland.
4. Draw and label a simplified model of an atom. Explain how this model simplifies our
understanding of atomic structure.















5. Distinguish between each of the following pairs of terms:
a. neutron and proton
b. atomic number and mass number
c. atomic weight and mass number
-positive charge
-negative charge
-number of protons
-sum
-approximation
-dalton
Each proton has one unit of positive charge, and each electron has one unit of negative
charge. The atomic number stands for the number of protons and element has, while the
mass number is the sum of protons and neutrons. The atomic mass is an approximation of the
total mass based on the mass number, because neutrons and protons each have a mass close
to 1dalton.
6. Explain how the atomic number and mass number of an atom can be used to determine
the number of neutrons.
-protons -protons+neutrons
The atomic number shows how many protons the element has and the mass number
shows how many protons and neutrons are in that element. You can subtract the atomic
number from the mass number to get the number of neutrons.
7. Explain how two isotopes of an element are similar. Explain how they are different.
-same proton -neutrons
Two isotopes are similar because they both have the same proton count. They are
different because they have different numbers of neutrons.
8. Describe two biological applications that use radioactive isotopes.
-fossils -tracers
Researchers use measurements of radioactivity in fossils to date historical finds.
Radioactive isotopes are also used as tracers to follow atoms through the chemical
processes of an organism.
9. Define the terms energy and potential energy. Explain why electrons in the first
electron shell have less potential energy than electrons in higher electron shells.
-capacity
-possesses
-more energy
Energy is the capacity to cause change while potential energy is the energy that matter
possesses because of its location or structure. Electrons in the first electron shell have
less potential energy than electrons in higher electron shells because it takes more work,
or energy, to move a negatively charge electron from the positively charge nucleus.
10. Distinguish among nonpolar covalent, polar covalent and ionic bonds.
-same electronegativity
-not shared equally
-cation and anion
A nonpolar covalent bond the electrons are shared equally because the two atoms have
the same electronegativity. A polar covalent bond is when the electrons of a bond are not
shared equally. An ionic bond happens when a cation and anion attract each other.
11. Explain why strong covalent bonds and weak bonds are both essential in living
organisms.
-form molecules -respond
In living organisms, strong covalent bonds form a cells molecules, and weak covalent
bonds allow molecules to respond to each other for a short period of time.
12. Distinguish between hydrogen bonds and van der Waals interactions and give examples.
-non-covalently attracted -enable atoms to stick
Hydrogen bonds occur when a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom are non-
covalently attracted. Van der Waals interactions happen when electrons accumulate in
one part of the molecule and enable all atoms and molecules to stick to one another.
13. Give an example that illustrates how a molecules shape can determine its biological
function.
-similar shapes -mimic
One example are opiates. Opiates bind to specific receptor molecules on the surface of
brain cells. Morphine and natural endorphins are both able to bond to the surface of
brain cells; this is because opiates have similar shapes to endorphins and can mimic
them by binding to endorphin receptors.
14. Explain what is meant by a chemical equilibrium.
-stabilized -ratio
Chemical equilibrium means that the concentration of reactants and products have
stabilized at a particular ratio.


Draw 3 Concept maps (with Titles) with the following vocabularies (use all the words)
(15 points per concept map, 5 points for title, 5 points for 3 levels, 5 points for linkage labels)

anion
atom
atomic mass
atomic nucleus
atomic number
cation
chemical bond
chemical equilibrium
chemical reaction
compound
covalent bond
dalton
electron
electron shell
electronegativity
element
energy
energy level
hydrogen bond
ion
ionic bond
ionic compound
isotope
mass number
matter
molecular formula
molecule
neutron
nonpolar covalent bond
orbital
periodic table of the
elements
polar covalent bond
potential energy
product
proton
radioactive isotope
reactant
salt
structural formula
trace element
valence
valence electron
valence shell
van der Waals
interactions