2012 IEEE Students Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Science
978-1-4673-1515-9/12/$31.00 2012 IEEE
Modeling and Simulation of Wind-PV Hybrid Power System using MATLAB/Simulink Jitendra Kasera Ankit Chaplot Jai Kumar Maherchandani Deptt. of Electrical Engg., CTAE Deptt. of Electrical Engg., CTAE Deptt. of Electrical Engg., CTAE MPUAT, Udaipur, India MPUAT, Udaipur, India MPUAT, Udaipur, India jitendrakasera@yahoo.com ankitchaplot@yahoo.com jkm2000@rediffmail.com
Abstract- This paper presents the modeling of a PV- wind hybrid system in Matlab/Simulink. The model is useful for simulation of a hybrid PV-wind system connected to a grid. Blocks like wind model, PV model, energy conversion and load are implemented and the results of simulation are also presented. The behavior of hybrid system employing renewable and variable in time energy sources while providing a continuous supply. Application represents a useful tool in research activity and also in teaching.
Index TermsPV model, Wind Model, Hybrid system Model.
I. INTRODUCTION Renewable energy technologies offer the promise of clean, abundant energy gathered from self-renewing resources such as the sun, wind, water, earth, and plants. Virtually all regions of the world have renewable resources of one type or another. Renewable energy technologies offer important benefits compared to those of conventional energy sources. Worldwide, 1000 times more energy reaches the surface of the earth from the sun than is released today by all fossil fuels consumed. Photovoltaic and wind generation are also an attractive source of energy because of their benign effect on the environment. Increased population growth and economic development are accelerating the rate at which energy, and in particular electrical energy is being demanded. All methods of electricity generation have consequences for the environment, so meeting this growth in demand, while safeguarding the environment poses a growing challenge. Each of the renewable energy technologies is in a different stage of research, development, and commercialization and all have differences in current and future expected costs, current industrial base, resource availability, and potential impact on greenhouse gas emissions. Hybrid power systems consist of a combination of renewable energy sources such as: photovoltaic (PV), wind generators, hydro, etc., to charge batteries and provide power to meet the energy demand, considering the local geography and other details of the place of installation. These types of systems, which are not connected to the main utility grid, arc also used in stand-alone applications and operate independently and reliably. The best applications for these systems are in remote places, such as rural villages, in eletrocommunications, etc. The importance of hybrid systems has grown as they appeared to be the right solution for a clean and distributed energy production. It has to be mentioned that new implementations of hybrid systems require special attention on analysis and modeling. One issue is determined by the variable and unpredictable character of energy supply from renewable sources. A major importance for the theoretical study of hybrid systems, based on renewable energy (photovoltaic, wind, hydroelectric systems), is the availability of models, which can be used to study the behavior of hybrid systems, and most important, software simulation environments.
II. PV CELL MODELING
PV cell are made of semiconductors material, which are specially treated to form an electric field, positive and negative side. The model of the solar cell can br realized by an equivalent circuit that consist of a current source in parallel with a diode. The current source represents the current generated by photons (often denoted as Iph or IL), and its output is constant under constant temperature and constant incident radiation of light. Rs and Rsh components can be neglected for the ideal model. SCEECS 2012
Figure 1. Basic model of PV Cell There are two key parameters frequently used to characterize a PV cell. Shorting together the terminals of the cell, the photon generated current will follow out of the cell as a short-circuit current (Isc). Thus, Iph = Isc. When there is no connection to the PV cell (open-circuit), the photon generated current is shunted internally by the intrinsic p-n junction diode. This gives the open circuit voltage (Voc). The output current (I) from the PV cell is found by applying the Kirchhoffs current law (KCL).
I = Isc Id 2.1
where: Isc is the short-circuit current that is equal to the photon generated current, and Id is the current shunted through the intrinsic diode. The diode current Id is given by the Shockleys diode equation: Id = Io (e ^qV / kT - 1) 2.2
Where: Io is the reverse saturation current of diode (A), q is the electron charge (1.60210-19 C), Vd is the voltage across the diode (V), k is the Boltzmanns constant (1.38110-23 J/K), T is the junction temperature in Kelvin (K).
Replacing Id of the equation (2.1) by the equation (2.2) gives the current-voltage relationship of the PV cell.
I = Isc - Io (e ^qV / kT - 1) 2.3
The reverse saturation current of diode (Io) is constant under the constant temperature and found by setting the open- circuit condition. Using the equation (2.3), let I = 0 (no output current) and solve for Io.
There are a few things that have not been taken into account in the simple model and that will affect the performance of a PV cell in practice.
a) Series Resistance In a practical PV cell, there is a series of resistance in a current path through the semiconductor material, the metal grid, contacts, and current collecting bus. These resistive losses are lumped together as a series resister (Rs). Its effect becomes very conspicuous in a PV module that consists of many series-connected cells, and the value of resistance is multiplied by the number of cells.
b) Parallel Resistance This is also called shunt resistance. It is a loss associated with a small leakage of current through a resistive path in parallel with the intrinsic device. This can be represented by a parallel resister (Rp). Its effect is much less conspicuous in a PV module compared to the series resistance, and it will only become noticeable when a number of PV modules are connected in parallel for a larger system. Based on this assumption a more accurate model of solar cell can be provided as below.
Figure2. Accurate model of PV Cell
2 Ppv 1 Ipv Saturati on2 Saturati on1 -K- Rsh1 Product1 f(u) PN-j uncti on characteri sti c1 Np/1000 Insol ati on to ISC current gai n1 2 Insol ati on 1 Vpv Vpv ISC Id Ipv
Figure3. Mathematical model of PV Cell
III. WIND GENERATION MODELLING
The WT converts wind energy to mechanical energy by means of a torque applied to a drive train. A model of the WT is necessary to evaluate the torque and power production for a given wind speed and the effect of wind speed variations on the produced torque. The torque TWT and power PWT produced by the WT within the interval [Vmin, Vmax], where V is the mean wind speed, are functions of the WT blade radius R, air pressure, wind speed and of coefficients CQ and CP.
CP is known as the power coefficient and characterizes the ability of the WT to extract energy from the wind. CQ is the torque coefficient and is related to CP according to: SCEECS 2012
Cq = Cp/ 3.3
Here, is the tip-speed-ratio, = Wwt R/V 3.4 Where WT is the WT rotor speed.
Avoi d di vi si on by zero 1 Tm (pu) u(1)^3 wi nd_speed^3 -K- pu->pu -K- pu->pu -K- l ambda_nom lambda beta cp cp(l ambda,beta) Product Product -1 Avoi d di vi si on by zero -K- 1/wi nd_base -K- 1/cp_nom
3 Wi nd speed (m/s) 2 Pi tch angl e (deg) 1 Generator speed (pu) Pwind_pu Pm_pu lambda cp_pu lambda_pu wind_speed_pu
Figure4. Mathematical model of Wind system.
IV. MODELLING OF WIND-PV HYBRID SYSTEM IN MATLAB / SIMULINK
In order to implement a real hybrid system a theoretical preliminary study is required. Such study can be performed on simulation models. A simulation model is presented in Fig. 5. Wind speed +v e -v e Wi nd System 400 Vref Vol tage measurement z 1 Uni t Del ay A B C Vabc Iabc a b c Three phase V-I measurement c Temp. Vabc Vref Signal Regul ator Temp Irr +v e -v e PV System In1 In2 In3 Non l i near l oad C Model wi nd c Irradi ance In1 In2 In3 Out1 Out2 Out3 Inverter Signal Out1 Generator PWM a b c B C Fi l ter In1+ In2- In3+ In4- + - DC Busbar Current Measurement V I PQ Acti ve & Reacti ve Power (Phasor Type) Acti ve & Reacti ve power measurement
Figure5. Simulation model of Wind-PV system
The simulation model basically consists of the models presented above connected together to form an isolated hybrid system. The proposed model allows studies of modeled DC and AC consumers. The simulation model allows studies such as: - renewable energy sources electrical parameters (powers, voltages, currents etc.); - renewable energy sources constructive parameters (blades length and number of wind turbine, PV panels number); - voltage and frequency control (control algorithms); - electrical energy conversion (type of DC/AC conversion); SCEECS 2012 - Consumer modeling and control. - Power quality distortion phenomena and analysis. - Renewable energy availability. Some examples of simulation results are presented below. Fig. 6 illustrates the voltage waveform measured at the AC bus bar. It can be seen a voltage waveform distortion caused by electronic devices inverters used for energy conversion in DC/AC module. Fig. 7 shows harmonic distortion in phase voltage. As we know due to non linear load a lot of harmonic distortion occurs in supply system. The same is proved in the Fig.7 which shows that due to non linear load harmonic component occurred in voltage waveform of Phase A.
Figure6. Three phase Voltage
Figure7. Harmonic analysis of voltage waveform of phase A
V. CONCLUSIONS
From the results obtained above, the following are the salient conclusions that can be drawn from this paper. A novel of PV/Wind HEPS modeling and simulation problems by using Matlab/Simulink environment has been proposed. By this we can interface two or more types of electrical power generation sources and based on optimization we can run the plant as per our need. In further work to that fuel cell, battery can also be added so that in night time when solar power is unavailable the fuel cell and battery can act as a backup source of power.
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