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Why Fiber?

An Overview of Fiber
Features
and
Applications

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Overview

• Where Is It Used?

• Why Fiber?

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Where Is Fiber Used?

Tele Company Application

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Where Is Fiber Used?

Tele Company Application

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Where Is Fiber Used?

Private Network
Application

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Why Fiber?

• High Rates of Information

• Low Loss

• Immune to Interference

• Small Size

• Lightweight

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High Rates of Information

Copper vs. Fiber

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Small Size, Light Weight

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Loss
• The decrease in power of a transmitted signal
over an optical path
• Measured in d8 or dB/km

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Immune to Interference

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Small Size
Voice Channels Comparison
COPPER

FIBER

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Lightweight
Voice Comparison

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Wavelength
• Measured in nanometers (nm) or
1/billionth of a meter
• All wavelengths travel the same speed

in space: 300 million meters/second

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Reflection and Refraction

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Index of Refraction

C
___
n=
V

• n - Index of refraction

• C= Velocity of light in free space

• V= Velocity of light in a specific medium

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Index of Refraction

• n - Index of refraction
• C= Velocity of light in free space
• V= Velocity of light in a specific medium
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What Is The Index of Refraction?

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Reflection and Refraction

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The Bending of Light

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Reflection and Refraction

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Reflection and Refraction

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Fiber Dimensions

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How Small Is a Micron

Fiber Measured in Microns

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Fiber Dimensions
1 micron = 1 millionth of a meter

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Typical Values

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Bandwidth

• 400 MHz - km - a 400 MHz signal can be

transmitted for 1 km

• Lower frequencies can be transmitted longer

distances

• Higher frequencies, shorter distances

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What is a Mode

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Multimode Step Index

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Multimode Step Index Fiber

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Multimode Graded Index

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Singlemode Step Index

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Dispersion

• Spreading of a light as it travels down

an optical fiber

• Limits bandwidth

• Three types of dispersion

1) Modal Dispersion
2) Material Dispersion
3) Waveguide Dispersion

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Types of Loss

Wavelength vs. Attenuation

• Attenuation
• Micro Bends
• Imperfections in Fiber

• Coupling Loss
• Splices
• Connectors
• Source to Fiber

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Wavelength vs. Attenuation

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Causes of Attenuation

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What Is Numerical Aperture?

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Calculating Numerical Aperture

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Fiber Cable Overview

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Types of Fiber

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Safety

• Eye Hazards
• Laser Light (Invisible or Visible)
• Class 1: Low Power
• Class 2: Visible Bright Beam
• Class 3:
• Type A: Permanent Damage Possible
• Type 8: Eye wear Required

• Objects and Chemicals

• Clipping Fibers
• Hands to Eyes

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Why A Connector

• Easy Access To Circuits

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Connector Analysis
SMA
Developing Company: Amphenol
First connector style. Only multimode
available. Large installed base.
Two types course confusion (905/906).
Biconic
Developing Company: AT&T
First U.S. single mode accepted.
Large installed base.
ST
Developing Company: AT&T
Excellent multimode connector,
simple installation.
Bayonet connection.
D4
Developing Company: NEC
2. 0 mm ferrule
FC
Developing Company: NTT
An angled FC-APC gives excellent
return loss performance.
SC
Developing Company: NTT
Newest, most advanced connector.
Duplex style available.
High density
SC11 requires tool.
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Connector Analysis

SMA Biconic ST D4 FC SC
Insertion Loss Poor Poor Good Good Good Good
Return Loss N/A Poor Good Good Good Good

Push-Pull Design No No No No No Yes

Footprint Size Small Large Medium Medium Medium Small
2.5 mm Ferrule No No Yes No Yes Yes
Pull Proof No No Yes/No No Yes Yes

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Critical Areas of
Fiber Optic Connectors

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End Face Characteristics

• Polish Radius

• Apex Offset

• Recess/Undercut

• Epoxy

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Interface Geometry

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Polish Radius

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Apex Offset

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Apex Offset

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Fiber Recess/Undercut

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PFW In Optical Connectors

NOTE: PWF is not a problem unless connectors are
intermated with other connectors.

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Fiber Optic
Performance Parameters

The two most common parameters are:

Insertion Loss
Return Loss

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Insertion Loss

Insertion loss is a measurement of the amount

of power that is lost in the transition
from one optical medium to another.
Affected by: Transverse Misalignment
End Separation
Angular Misalignment
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Return Loss

Affected by: End Separation

Polish Quality
Debris

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Return Loss

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Transverse Misalignment

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End Separation

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Angular Misalignment

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WORLD CLASS —
through people, technology and dedication

A network of ideas Technology — inspired by nature Kongsberg — at your command

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