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Be •Name of the group is derived from the fact that their hydroxides are basic;
however the relative low solubilities of the hydroixdes in water makes these
elements more like the typical earth metal, aluminum on the right.
Mg
•The chemistry of Be is different from the rest of the group: Be2+ ion is highly
polarizing and forms highly covalent bond.
Ca
• Diagonal relationship between Be and Al
(i) Both Be and Al form covalent hydrides, halides, and oxides (c.f.
Sr
analogous compounds of Mg are highly ionic)
(ii) Beryllium oxide and aluminium oxide are amphoteric but magnesium
Ba
oxide is basic
(iii) Be and Al form carbides that contain the C4- ion. The other group 2
Ra
carbides contain C22- ion.
(iv) BeCl2, like AlCl3, is very sensitive to hydrolysis, can be sublimed, and act
as Lewis acids, being soluble in many organic e-donor solvents. MgCl2 has
more ionic character
•The ionic character of the compounds increases down the
group. Be forms highly covalent compounds generally with sp3
hybridization. Mg forms more polar compounds with six
coordination.
or
BeF2 + Mg → Be + MgF2
bertrandite
Beryllium Compounds
• Be and its salts are highly toxic. Inhalation of either the element or
its compounds as vapor or dust causes lung damage (berylliosis)
which is usually fatal. In lower does, the element is carcinogenic
+ 2H+ + 2H2O -
2+ + 2 OH
[Be(OH2)4] Be(OH)2 [Be(OH)4]2-
Be(OH)4- (beryllate) has been postulated as the dominated species of
strongly alkaline solution (pH = 12 – 14).
Adamantane
tricyclo[3.3.1.13,7]decane
Be Compounds:
•Like BCl3 and AlCl3, BeCl2 is a Lewis acid which forms adducts with
anions or neutral electron donors such as Cl-, ethers, or ketones
2- Cl
Cl Cl
Be
Be Be O=CR2
Cl OR2 Cl
Cl Cl
Cl OR2 O=CR2
2+ 2+
OH2 NH3
Be Be
OH2 NH3
H2 O H3N
OH2 NH3
Be compounds with chelate rings
C
O
O C C
O
C
O
C
O C O O C
O C C O C
C O
O C C
O
C
BeCl2 + CO
If the ligand X in BeX2 have more than 1 lone pair, as with
BeCl2, a polymer can be formed
Cl Cl
Cl
Be Be Be Be
Cl Cl Cl
98.2°
Cl
Solid state
Cl Be Cl
Cl
CH3 CH3
Be(OCH3)2 CH3 O
O O
Be Be Be Be Polymer
O O O
CH3 CH3 CH3
Be(OtBu)2 But But
O O H3C CH3 CH
3
ButO Be Be Be OtBu t C
Bu =
O O
But But
t
Bu But
Linear monomer
But O Be O t
Bu
(b) Magnesium
The name “magnesium” is derived from the Turkish town of Mganesia;
manganesem and magnetite (Fe3O4) and magnetism were also named after
this town. It is silvery, shiny light metal with m.p. = 650 oC
MgCl2 → Mg + Cl2
Magnesium metal
At higher temp, Mg ribbon or powder will burn with a blinding
white light to form MgO and Mg3N2
2Mg + O2 → MgO
3 Mg + N2 → Mg3N2
triphosphate) N
N
O O N N
- O
O O O O
P P P
O
Mg2+-ATP - H H
H O O- O O-
H H H
Mg2+ OH H NH2
N
N
O N N
- O
O O O O
- OH P P
O O
P + -
O O - H H
O- H H
Mg2+ OH H