Research on VSC-HVDC system modeling based on the offshore wind farm
Yao Xing-jia 1 Ding Yang 1 Guo Qing-ding 2
1Wind Energy Institute Shenyang University of Technologyshenyang 110023 2.School of Electrical Engineering Shenyang University of Technology shenyang 110870
Abstract: With the development of offshore wind power generation, the disadvantages of using alternating current (AC) power transmission are gradually emerging, such as the transmission capacity of long-distance AC power, problems of synchronization with grid etc. This article introduces the research on modeling of light direct current (DC) transmission system based on Voltage Source Converter (VSC) for the offshore wind farm. Research on the system simulationby establishing the system simulation platform. The simulation results show that the transmission technology can satisfy the requirements of offshore wind power transmission. Keywords: Offshore wind power; MATLAB/Simulink; VSC-HVDC Due to the randomicity of wind resources and the continuously-expanding scale of offshore wind farms, much more attention should be paid to the impact of the grid connection of offshore wind farms on the grid power quality. Taking into account their relatively small scale, offshore wind farms tend to apply a grid-connected mode using AC cable transmission such as STATCOM (Static Synchronous Compensator) at the present. HVDC Light based on VSC technology can be used in a large-scale offshore wind farm with the rated capacity of a few hundred megawatts, because of the limitation to transmission capacity of AC cable [1-4] . I. HVDC LIGHT (VSC-HVDC) The VSC-HVDC is the HVDC Light based on the VSC [5-8] , and the basic principle is shown in Figure 1. Make sure the converters at both sending and receiving end are VSC, which have the same structureconverter bridges, converter reactors or converter transformers, DC capacitors and AC filters. In practical application, each bridge armof converter bridges is made up of many fully-controlled switching devices (such as IGBT or GTO) in series. Converter reactors or converter transformers not only exchange energy between VSC and AC side but also play a role in filtering. DC capacitors provide voltage support for inverters, buffer the impulse current when the bridge arms are switched off and reduce DC side harmonics while AC filters filter AC side harmonics.
Figure 1 Structure chart of both ends of VSC-HVDC system II. WIND TURBINE MODEL AND THE VSC-HVDC A. Wind turbine model 1Structure of Wind Turbine Generator In this article, studying of the generators of variable speed constant frequency wind turbine is the double-fed
Subject6: Offshore Wind Power Technology
induction generator. The simplified structure is shown in Figure 2 [9] :
Figure 2 Diagramof doubly-fed induction generator 2Simplified model In view of the research focus on the entire system and the complexity of modeling the system, the generator model is further simplified. In following applications wind turbine realizes the simulation by first-order inertial element ) 1 ( 1 + TS , where T is taken as 0.01. B. VSC-HVDC model and local controller 1Model of VSC
Figure 3 Three-phase Circuit Diagramof VSC A very small step size should be adopted in VSC-HVDC simulation because VSC-HVDC uses the pulse width modulation technology and a high switching frequency (usually 1 Hz or so). Mostly the operation and control characteristic of VSC-HVDC at fundamental frequency are the things that are needed attention, so a simplified model reflecting the dynamic characteristics of VSC-HVDC will greatly enhance the simulation efficiency of VSC-HVDC, VSC-MTDC in particular, and make it easy to research the operation and control characteristic of VSC-HVDC and VSC-MTDC. The dynamic characteristics of VSC switches are ignored in the model and there is no need to consider the VSC topology, as a result, the simulation process can be greatly simplified, simulation speed considerably increased.
Subject6: Offshore Wind Power Technology
Figure 4 VSC equivalent model of the controlled source In Figure 4, the equivalent circuit of the VSC consists of two independent parts, which simulate the AC part and the DC part of the VSC respectively coupling each other through a three-phase Voltage Controlled Voltage Source (VCVS) and a Current Controlled Current Source (CCCS). The circuit shown in Figure 4 is used to simulate the VSC, so it is a closed module. The controlled variable in the module is only used internally while the operating parameters required in other modules of the simulation systemneed to be acquired externally. An equivalent module of the VSC can be created as shown in Figure 5 with the MATLAB-Simulink. Subsystem is the module of alternating voltage controlled source; measure is the module of internal measurement; P_ac is the measured value of the AC side active power; PWM_Vabc is the input end of PWM U . Figure 5 shows the detailed structure chart of the module of alternating voltage controlled source in Figure 6 [10] . The discussion is based on three assumptions: (1) Loss of the VSC can be shown by an equivalent resistance. (2) Switching pulse of the VSC can be ignored. (3) Switching hysteresis can be ignored.
Figure 5 Equivalent block diagramof VSC
Subject6: Offshore Wind Power Technology
Figure 6 The block diagramof AC voltage controlled source The dynamic process and control characteristic of the system are mainly studied here, so the above-mentioned equivalent model will be used during the simulation experiment. 2Local controller and control system of VSC-HVDC Double-loop control, the outer voltage loop and inner current loop, is adopted in the three-phase control system of VCS [11] . The main function of the outer voltage loop is to control the DC side voltage of the three-phase VSC (or the DC side current), and the main function of the inner current loop is to control the current according to the current instruction from the outer voltage loop, for example, make the outgoing AC maintain unity power factor (the reactive power output of the AC side is 0). Margin-controlled master-slave multiterminal system is adopted in this paper because it does not need high-speed communication, and it is more suitable for long-distance transmission system. III. SIMULATION EXPERIMENT A. The specific model of simulation system The system simulation based on MATLAB-Simulink is shown in Figure 7, in which: 1w is defined as the speed of the wind turbine; * w , given by the upper controller, is the correcting value of w ; 2 0 d i is defined as the preset value of AC side current, and the parameters of the PI controller are shown in Table 1 3The wind turbine realizes the simulation by first-order inertia element; T is taken as 0.01; 4The simplified model of controlled source is used only when the converter is close to the wind turbine; 5Converter 2controls the DC voltage and the AC reactive power while Converter 1controls the DC and AC reactive power. The simulation system adopts device-level model, and the parameters are shown in Table 2.
Subject6: Offshore Wind Power Technology
Figure 7 The diagramof systemsimulation based on MATLAB/Simulink TABLE 1THE PARAMETER LIST OF PI CONTROLLER OF CONVERTER 2 controller
p K 0.04 i K 0.005 TABLE 2 THE PARAMETER LIST OF THE SIMULATION SYSTEM OF VSC-HVDC Rated power of the converter cN P
12.4kW DC rated voltage dN U 620V DC rated current dN I 20A DC capacitor C 1500F DC resistance l R
2 DC inductance l L
10H AC rated voltage (effective value) ac U 220V AC-side inductance ac L
22mH AC-side resistance (loss resistance) R 0.5 Reactance of AC system s X
0.03 AC filter f f C L 2.3mH/10F Rated frequency of AC system N f 50H z Switching frequency of PWM K f 1050Hz B. Examples of simulation In a stable state, the system is studied about as follows: 1) the adjustable capacity of the systemfor the long-termchanging wind speed, 2) the strain capacity of the system when wind speed disturbance occurs, 3) the stability and the adjustment capacity of the system when the DC side voltage is adjusted. 1The Long-term Changes of Wind Speed When the wind speed increases in a long time, the upper control system adjusts pitch angle according to the wind speed information obtained by a sensor, to improve the power of the wind turbine and the DC side current. If the voltage keeps constant, the power transmitted to the system will be higher than the low wind speed. According to the formula 3 2 1 v AC P p m = , P increases by 50%, when the wind speed increases by 25% at 0.05 second and the mechanical loss and generator loss are ignored. Other parameters are constant, and the DC side current for the control system is required to increase from5 A to 10 A. The simulation waveforms are shown in Figure 8.
Subject6: Offshore Wind Power Technology
Figure 8 The simulation waveforms of Converter 1 during the long-termchanges in wind speed Simulation Conclusion: Results of the simulation show that the DC side current of Converter 1 can increase to 10 A as required in a short period of time (0.05 seconds) when the current is adjusted. The DC side voltage of Converter 1 is relatively stable in the process, with only small fluctuations (less than 2.5%). The AC side voltage of Converter 1 is constant and the current increases as required, whose waveforms ate good. 2Instantaneous Disturbance in Wind Speed With instantaneous disturbance in wind speed occurring, the disturbance to the power generated by wind turbine appears at the same time. The upper controller through the sensor gets wind speed information, and adjusts the rotate speed of the wind turbine in a short time, to make the generator power restore to its original level. The simulation example shows that the wind turbine restores to its original output power at 0.07 second by the upper controller after the wind speed goes own at 0.05 second. In that case, study the changes of the voltage and current of the DC side and the AC side. The simulation waveforms of the DC side and AC side of Converter 1 are shown in Figure 9. Simulation Conclusion: Results of the simulation show that thanks to the PI controller, the DC side voltage of Converter 1 has very small fluctuations while the DC side current goes down at 0.05, and then returns to normal after that; the AC side voltage of Converter 1 is constant and only minor fluctuations occurred to the AC side current with the instantaneous disturbance in the wind speed. The whole systemshows a good stability in the
Subject6: Offshore Wind Power Technology
process.
Figure 9 The simulation waveforms of Converter 1 during the short-termdisturbance in wind speed 3Adjustment of DC Side Voltage When the upper control system requires the DC side voltage rise, by adjusting the voltage instructions of Converter 1which make the DC voltage rise, to enhance the transmission power. The changes of the voltage and the current of the AC side and the DC side are studied to increase the voltage from 620V to 640V at 0.05 second by simulating the voltage instructions of the converter. The simulation waveforms of AC side and DC side of Converter 1 are shown in Figure 10, with the DC voltage increased from 620V to 640V.
Subject6: Offshore Wind Power Technology
Figure 10 The simulation waveforms of Converter 1 with the rising DC side voltage Simulation Conclusion: Results of the simulation show that there are substantial fluctuations in the DC side voltage and current of Converter 1 when the DC side voltage of Converter 1 rises, but they return to normal after 0.03 seconds; the AC side voltage of Converter 1 maintain constant, but there are significant fluctuations in current, and then returns to normal after 0.03 seconds. That means the stability of the system hasn't been affected as the DC side voltage is adjusted. IV. CONCLUSION The simulation experiment platform was created in the MATLAB/Simulink environment to respectively study the long-term changes in wind speed, the short-term disturbances occurring in wind speed and the DC side voltage instructions for buildup. The experimental results show that the controller has a quick response to a variety of disturbances, a good stability, and a high accuracy in different work sites.
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