Registration number: CUPB/MTECH/SET/CST/2014-2015/04

!"#$S U!CH#!%E" R#!&!% ! HUM#!

"E'E()PME!T !"E* 2014
#!&T P#TH#&
M+Te,-+ CST
Centre .or Com/uter S,ien,e 0 Te,-no1og2
Centra1 Uni3ersit2 o. Pun4ab5 Bat-in6a 7Pun4ab8+
AbstractUnited Nations Development Programme releases
Human development index report once in a year. The purpose of
this report is to move the center of advancement money matters
from national wage booeeping to individuals focused
approaches. The human development index report! an
assessment carried by the UNDP! rans countries on the basis of
some social indicators to see how nations are charged on
development and goals. The first appearance in HD" report
seems that rich nations have the best human advancement file!
and the poor nations having low ran in report. #ut few poor
countries have managed their index ran in report such as
#angladesh whose progress is much faster than "ndia and ran is
higher than Paistan despite being much poorer than both
countries. $or "ndia the report says that how worse the country
has done on development parameters! however it has improved
per capita income significance since %&'(.
Keywords9 United Nations development programme! human
development index! life expectancy! education index! income
indices.
!TR)"UCT)!
T-e origin o. -uman 6e3e1o/ment in6e: is .oun6 in t-e
annua1 6e3e1o/ment re/orts o. t-e U!"P+ T-is is gi3en b2
Pa;istani e,onomist Ma-bub-U1-Ha< an6 n6ian e,onomist
#mart2a sen in 1==0+Ha< >ant to s-o> t-at a straig-t.or>ar6
,om/osite measure o. -uman im/ro3ement >as re<uire6 so as
to /ersua6e genera1 so,iet25 s,-o1asti,s5 an6 strateg2 ,reators
t-at t-e2 ,an an6 oug-t to assess a63an,ement b2 monetar2
a63an,es as >e11 as ,-anges in -uman /ros/erit2 but sen
initia112 >as not agree >it- t-is i6ea be,ause -e t-in;s t-at
-o> it is /ossib1e to measure t-e .u11 ,om/1e:it2 o. -uman
,a/abi1ities in a sing1e in6e: but Ha< ,on3in,e6 -im t-at a
sing1e number ,an 6ra> t-e attention o. /o1i,2 ma;ers o.
nations on e,onom2 to -uman >e11-being+ )n12 10 ,ountries
-a3ing 1o>er /er ,a/ita in,ome t-an n6ia is on better /osition
an6 on12 4 ,ountries -a3ing -ig-er /er ,a/ita in,ome are at
1o>er /osition+ #t n6ia -a3ing same rate o. /rogress >i11 ta;e
15 2ears to rea,- at >-ere ,-ina is to6a2 t-at is -ig-
6e3e1o/ment ,ategor2 >it- an in6e: o. 0+?1=+
Dimensions and calculations
T-e 6imensions ,a1,u1ate6 in -uman 6e3e1o/ment in6e: is
basi,a112 6e/en6s on t-ree .a,tors t-at are main12
1+ (i.e e:/a,ta,n,2
2+ E6u,ation stan6ar6
@+ n,ome in6i,es
T-ese t-ree -a3e 6i..erent in6e: to ,a1,u1ate t-ese t-ree
.a,tors se/arate12 an6 t-ese in6e:es are (E 71i.e e:/e,tan,2
in6e:85 E7e6u,ation in6e:857in,ome in6e:8 an6 it -as
,a1,u1ate6 b2 6i..erent .ormu1as >-i,- are 6es,ribe6 be1o>:
1. Life Expectancy Index (LEI)
2. E6u,ation in6e: 7E8

2.1 Mean Years of Schooling Index (MYSI)

2+2 E:/e,te6 2ears o. s,-oo1ing in6e:7EAS8

3. n,ome in6e:

Bina112 t-e -uman 6e3e1o/ment in6e: is geometri, mean o.
t-ree norma1iCe6 in6i,es
D-ere
MASEmean 2ears o. s,-oo1ing 2ears t-at a 25-2ear o16
/ersons -as s/ent in s,-oo1
EASEe:/e,te6 2ears o. s,-oo1ing 2ears t-at a 5 2ear o16
,-i16 >i11 s/en6 in s,-oo1 in -is >-o1e 1i.e
%!/,E%ross nationa1 in,ome at /ur,-asing /o>er /arit2
/er ,a/ita
Old method (before 2010)
it is 1ast use6 in u/to 2011 re/ort an6 interesting .a,t is
t-at n6ia ran;s 11= among 1F= ,ountries an6 n6ia >as in to/
10 mo3ers in %"P gro>t- an6 signi.i,ant12 ,-ina ran; >as G=
on t-e in6e: /ub1is-e6 b2 U!"P+ #s reason is ,1ear t-at n6ia
in ,om/ares o. ot-er ,ountries -a3ing -ig- 1e3e1 o. -uman
6e3e1o/ment in6i,ator as 1i.e e:/e,tan,2 o. birt- is F4+45%!
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/er ,a/ita measure6 on /ur,-asing /o>er .or in6ian >as 1ess
t-an a t-ir6 o. t-e >or16 a3erage at H@5@@?+ Ho>e3er t-e
.ormu1a >as 6e/en6s u/on trans.orm a ra> 3ariab1e : into a
unit .ree in6e: bet>een 0 to 1>-i,- a11o> 6i..erent in6i,es to
be a66e6 toget-er+

D-ere min7:8 an6 ma:7:8 are t-e minimum an6 ma:imum
3a1ues res/e,ti3e12 o. :+ H" t-en re/resent t-e uni.orm
>eig-te6 sum o. 1/@ o. e3er2 .a,tor t-at are as .o11o>s:-
1+ (i.e e:/e,tan,2 in6e:

2+ E6u,ation in6e:E

D-ere #( is
2+1 #6u1t 1itera,2 in6e:E

#n6 %E is
2+2 %ross Enro11ment in6e:E

@+ %"PE

some ot-er organiCations in,1u6e some ot-er .a,tors su,- as
in.ant morta1it2 et,+ >-i,- gi3e 6i..erent number o. H"+
Reasons and affecting factor
Reason be-in6 t-ese 1o> ran;s are ,ategoriCe6 in t-ese
t-ree .a,tors t-at are 1i.e e:/e,tan,25 e6u,ation stan6ar6 o. t-e
/eo/1e o. t-at ,ountries an6 in,ome metri,s o. /ersons+ But
t-ere are some .a,ts >-i,- s-ou16 be ,onsi6ere6 .irst be.ore
b1aming 6estin2 t-at are as .o11o>s:-
1. In a country of 1.2 billion only 62 per cent are literate.
Almost 420 million poor live in only eight states. Almost
250 million people do not get basic medical care. Around
350 million do not have safe ater to drin!.
2. A hopping 53 per cent of our children are not
renourished and 52 per cent of our primary schools have
average one teacher for every to classes.
. ta;e a g1im/se .rom in6e/en6en,e to 1=G05 n6ia$s H"
3a1ue -as ,-ange6 .rom 0+@20 to 0+51= t-at is a//ro:imate
in,rease o. F2I5 in t-e same /erio6 birt- e:/e,tan,2
in,rease6 a1most =I an6 mean 2ears o. s,-oo1ing is 3er2
,1ose to @ 2ears an6 e:/e,te6 2ears o. s,-oo1ing is 4 2ears
an6 .ina1 /oint is /er ,a/ita %! is 254I+
Sin,e 20115 U!"P starts to re/ort an ine<ua1it2 a64uste6
H" >-i,- aims to ,a/ture t-e ine<ua1it2 on -uman
6e3e1o/ment+ n ,ase t-ere is no ine<ua1it2 t-en H" >i11 be
e<ua1 to H"+ n in6ia$s H" s,ore is near12 @0I 1o>er t-an
its H" rea6ing+ T-is ine<ua1it2 1ies most in e6u,ation area
an6 .or t-at /ur/ose Rig-t to e6u,ation -as inserte6+
n6ia$s /er.orman,e is /oor in materna1 morta1it2 as >it-
200 6eat-s /er 15 005000 birt-s as n6ia is ta;ing ste/ .or>ar6
but ot-er ,ountries are .aster+
T>o .a,tors are ma;ing rea112 >orrie6 about t-is t-at are as
.o11o>s:-
1+ n6ia su..ers natura1 resour,e 6e/1etion at t-e rate t-at
is 4+=I o. gross nationa1 in,ome an6 t-at .or a3erage
me6ium ,ategor2 ,ountr2 is ?+?I
2+ Se,on6 is >ater as in6ia 6ra> @@+=I o. its rene>a1
>ater resour,e ea,- 2ear5,om/are6 to me6ium
,ategor2 ,ountr2 a3erage is 1@+=I+
So5 t-e matter o. ,on,ern is t-at gro>t- a,-ie3e6 >-i1e
6oing 6amage to en3ironment is not sustainab1e+
Four culprits that slow down the human
development and their prescription

T-ese .our ,u1/rits are
1+ C1imate ,-ange
2+ Con.1i,t
@+ So,ia1 unrest
4+ E,onomi, ,risis
T-e /res,ri/tions .or t-ese are:-
1+ Uni3ersa1 basi, ser3i,es7-ea1t-5 e6u,ation5 /o1i,ing
et,8
2+ @ stage 1i.e-,2,1e a//roa,-71000 6a2s a.ter birt-5
entering >or;.or,e5 1ea3ing >or;.or,e8
@+ So,ia1 se,urit27,rime5 sui,i6e5 ,-i16 1abour8
4+ Bu11 em/1o2ment
5+ n,1usi3e gro>t-
F+ "isaster /re/are6ness
n6ia$s s/e,i.i, /res,ri/tion in H" is
1+ n6ia nee6 to s/ent 4I o. its %"P to ensure a so,ia1
se,urit2 net+
2+ 1=== )6is-a ,2,1one in >-i,- more t-an 10000 6eat-
an6 a.ter t-at ,2,1one in 201@ >it- same intensit2 but
t-is time 1ess t-an 50 6ea6 t-is is 6isaster /re/are6ness
an6 s-o>s t-at im/ro3ement ,an be i. bureau,rats
>i11+
n6ia$s ,om/arison >it- t-e BRCS ,ountries
n ,om/arison >it- t-e BRCS ,ountries in6ia is 1o>est an6
t-ere is on12 sing1e .a,tor 1i.e e:/e,tan,2 >-i,- is -ig-er t-an
sout- #.ri,a be,ause o. e/i6emi, t-ere+ T-e ne> ,on,e/t t-is
time intro6u,e6 in H" 2014 is %E!"ER !EJU#(TA
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Registration number: CUPB/MTECH/SET/CST/2014-2015/04
!"E* >-i,- is 3er2 -ig- in n6ia an6 -ig-est in sout- asia+
n6ia5s H" .or ma1e >as 0+F2? an6 .or .ema1e 0+51=+
#not-er /arameter is mu1ti- 6imensiona1 /o3ert2 in6e:5
>-i,- i6enti.ies mu1ti/1e 6e/ri3ations in t-e same -ouse-o16
in a11 t-ree /arameters+ T-e re/ort sai6 t-at n6ia$s 55+@I
/o/u1ation is mu1ti-6imensiona1 /oor an6 1G+2I /o/u1ation is
near12 /oor+
T#B(E 1
BRCS 6e3e1o/ment in6i,ator
"ey Indicators and #tatistics
Limitation/drawbacks of human development
indices
There are soe liitations of h!an de"elopent
indices as it faces soe criticis on se"eral occasions
and the point #hich s!pports this stateent for exaple
it neglects to incorporate en"ironental conteplations
aong others. It appears to ha"e gotten to $e stagnant%
rehashing the sae tal& #itho!t f!ndaentally
expanding the '(I)s !tility. The '!an (e"elopent
*eport has lost to!ch #ith their original "ision.
Econoist 'endric +olff and soe other
econoist ha"ing different perspecti"e o"er '(I and
critici,es it in data error in !nderlying health% ed!cation
and incoe statistics. They identify errors in data
!pdating% for!la re"ision and threshold to find o!t the
de"elopent stat!s of co!ntry.There ay $e soe other
#ay of eas!ring relati"e -!alities in health and
ed!cation% no indication in the ed!cation index a$o!t to
ed!cation for all gro!ps in society and siilar criticis
for .(/ that it does not eas!re !ne-!al distri$!tion
#ithin co!ntry.
Where does India Stand?
(a) State of human development in India
*eflecting a little ipro"eent in li"ing standard of
people% India0s '(I "al!e for 2113 is 1.234 #hich falls in
edi! h!an de"elopent category as stated earlier
in coparison of 5*I6S co!ntries *!ssia% 5ra,il and
6hina fall in high '(I category and their ran&s are 27%78
and 81. So!th 9frica and India ran&s in edi! '(I
category sec!ring 113
th
and 132
th
ran& respecti"ely.
(b) Gender inequalit in India
.ender ine-!ality refers to ine-!ality $et#een en and
#oen in India on $ehalf of health% ed!cation% econoic
and political ine-!ality. India has a .II "al!e of 1.243%
ran&ing it 127 o!t of 122 co!ntries. In India, 10.9 per
cent of parliamentary seats are held by women, and
26.6 per cent of that women who have reached at least
some secondary education compared to 50.4 per cent of
their male counterparts.
(c)State of human poverty in India
/o"erty in India is eas!red $y different ethods.
.o"ernent !ses ethod $efore 2112 #as $ased on
food sec!rity and it #as defined fro per capita
expendit!re for a person to cons!e eno!gh calories.
5!t after 2112 Indian go"ernent adopted Tend!l&ar
ethodology #hich depends !pon goods and r!ral%
!r$an and regional ini! expendit!re per capita
necessary to s!r"i"e.
6a!ses of po"erty in India is high pop!lation gro#th
rate% ser"ices and ind!stry ha"e gro#n do!$le digit
fig!re $!t agric!lt!re gro#th rate is red!ced to :.2; to
2;. The fact is that alost 41; pop!lation is eployed
in agric!lt!re #hereas contri$!tion of agric!lt!re to .(/
is only 13;. There are soe contro"ersial points
regarding red!cing the po"erty #hich needs to ention.
<irst% =nited nations #orld food prograe says that in
india 11 &ilogras grain per onth per person is
s!fficient. The political de$ate follo#ed $y indian
go"ernent in >ational food sec!rity act 2113 says that
food grains #ill $e a"aila$le at "ery lo# cost to 321
illion poor indian.
!or what reason India "ot decline in #$I
There are se"eral reasons #here India got lo# score in
calc!lating paraeters and finally india got the sae
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Registration number: CUPB/MTECH/SET/CST/2014-2015/04
ran& as pre"io!s year. <irst one is insertion of ine-!ality
ad?!sted '(I #here india got "ery lo# score as india has
ine-!ality aong ale and feale in political% $!siness
and ser"ice areas. @ne aa,ing factor #hich is
necessary to ention that as =>(/ reports that
re"ol!tionary o"eent s!ch as 9>>9 '9A9*E
o"eent to change to press!ri,e the go"ernent for
changing the policy for de"elopent has gi"en negati"e
effect.
6oncl!sion
This paper sho#s in #hich paraeters '(I "al!es are
calc!lated and #hy india is facing slo#do#n in
de"elopent after spending $illions and illions r!pees
on the nae of de"elopent. +hich factors are
responsi$le in respect of '(I paraetersB 9 criticis is
try to sho# against =>(/0s report as there sho!ld $e
ore paraeters to eas!re the de"elopent of
co!ntry and ost significant one is changing of for!la
#hich needs of re"ision as o!r forer planning
coissions "iceCchairan M*. M@>TED SI>.'
9'L=+9LI9 has s!ggest soe paraeters to =>(/ for
calc!lating the index and e"al!ating the co!ntry
de"elopent.
A
!age "a#out
Aour /a/er must use a /age siCe ,orres/on6ing to #4 >-i,-
is 210mm 7G+2?K8 >i6e an6 2=?mm 711+F=K8 1ong+ T-e
margins must be set as .o11o>s:
To/ E 1=mm 70+?5K8
Bottom E 4@mm 71+F=K8
(e.t E Rig-t E 14+@2mm 70+5FK8
Aour /a/er must be in t>o ,o1umn .ormat >it- a s/a,e o.
4+22mm 70+1?K8 bet>een ,o1umns+
+ P#%E STA(E
#11 /aragra/-s must be in6ente6+ #11 /aragra/-s must be
4usti.ie65 i+e+ bot- 1e.t-4usti.ie6 an6 rig-t-4usti.ie6+
A $e%t Font of &ntire Document
T-e entire 6o,ument s-ou16 be in Times !e> Roman or
Times .ont+ T2/e @ .onts must not be use6+ )t-er .ont t2/es
ma2 be use6 i. nee6e6 .or s/e,ia1 /ur/oses+
Re,ommen6e6 .ont siCes are s-o>n in Tab1e 1+
' $itle and Author Details
Tit1e must be in 24 /t Regu1ar .ont+ #ut-or name must be
in 11 /t Regu1ar .ont+ #ut-or a..i1iation must be in 10 /t
ta1i,+ Emai1 a66ress must be in = /t Courier Regu1ar .ont+
T#B(E
B)!T SLES B)R P#PERS
$ont
)i*e
+ppearance ,in Time New -oman or Times.
-egular #old "talic
G Tab1e ,a/tion 7in
Sma11 Ca/s85
Bigure ,a/tion5
Re.eren,e item
Re.eren,e item
7/artia18
= #ut-or emai1 a66ress
7in Courier85
Ce11 in a tab1e
#bstra,t
bo62
#bstra,t -ea6ing
7a1so in Bo168
10 b (e3e1-1 -ea6ing 7in
Sma11 Ca/s85
Paragra/-
(e3e1-2 -ea6ing5
(e3e1-@ -ea6ing5
#ut-or a..i1iation
12 #ut-or name
24 Tit1e
#11 tit1e an6 aut-or 6etai1s must be in sing1e-,o1umn .ormat
an6 must be ,entere6+
E3er2 >or6 in a tit1e must be ,a/ita1iCe6 e:,e/t .or s-ort
minor >or6s su,- as MaN5 ManN5 Man6N5 MasN5 MatN5 Mb2N5 M.orN5
M.romN5 Mi.N5 MinN5 MintoN5 MonN5 MorN5 Mo.N5 Mt-eN5 MtoN5 M>it-N+
#ut-or 6etai1s must not s-o> an2 /ro.essiona1 tit1e 7e+g+
Managing "ire,tor85 an2 a,a6emi, tit1e 7e+g+ "r+8 or an2
members-i/ o. an2 /ro.essiona1 organiCation 7e+g+ Senior
Member EEE8+
To a3oi6 ,on.usion5 t-e .ami12 name must be >ritten as t-e
1ast /art o. ea,- aut-or name 7e+g+ Oo-n #+&+ Smit-8+
Ea,- a..i1iation must in,1u6e5 at t-e 3er2 1east5 t-e name o.
t-e ,om/an2 an6 t-e name o. t-e ,ountr2 >-ere t-e aut-or is
base6 7e+g+ Causa1 Pro6u,tions Pt2 (t65 #ustra1ia8+
Emai1 a66ress is ,om/u1sor2 .or t-e ,orres/on6ing aut-or+
( )ection *eadings
!o more t-an @ 1e3e1s o. -ea6ings s-ou16 be use6+ #11
-ea6ings must be in 10/t .ont+ E3er2 >or6 in a -ea6ing must
be ,a/ita1iCe6 e:,e/t .or s-ort minor >or6s as 1iste6 in
Se,tion -B+
1) "evel+1 *eading: # 1e3e1-1 -ea6ing must be in Sma11
Ca/s5 ,entere6 an6 numbere6 using u//er,ase Roman
numera1s+ Bor e:am/1e5 see -ea6ing M+ Page St21eN o. t-is
6o,ument+ T-e t>o 1e3e1-1 -ea6ings >-i,- must not be
numbere6 are M#,;no>1e6gmentN an6 MRe.eren,esN+
2) "evel+2 *eading, # 1e3e1-2 -ea6ing must be in ta1i,5
1e.t-4usti.ie6 an6 numbere6 using an u//er,ase a1/-abeti,
1etter .o11o>e6 b2 a /erio6+ Bor e:am/1e5 see -ea6ing MC+
Se,tion Hea6ingsN abo3e+
-) "evel+- *eading, # 1e3e1-@ -ea6ing must be in6ente65
in ta1i, an6 numbere6 >it- an #rabi, numera1 .o11o>e6 b2 a
rig-t /arent-esis+ T-e 1e3e1-@ -ea6ing must en6 >it- a ,o1on+
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Registration number: CUPB/MTECH/SET/CST/2014-2015/04
T-e bo62 o. t-e 1e3e1-@ se,tion imme6iate12 .o11o>s t-e 1e3e1-
@ -ea6ing in t-e same /aragra/-+ Bor e:am/1e5 t-is /aragra/-
begins >it- a 1e3e1-@ -ea6ing+
D Figures and $ables
Bigures an6 tab1es must be ,entere6 in t-e ,o1umn+ (arge
.igures an6 tab1es ma2 s/an a,ross bot- ,o1umns+ #n2 tab1e
or .igure t-at ta;es u/ more t-an 1 ,o1umn >i6t- must be
/ositione6 eit-er at t-e to/ or at t-e bottom o. t-e /age+
%ra/-i,s ma2 be .u11 ,o1or+ #11 ,o1ors >i11 be retaine6 on
t-e C"R)M+ %ra/-i,s must not use sti//1e .i11 /atterns
be,ause t-e2 ma2 not be re/ro6u,e6 /ro/er12+ P1ease use on12
)O".D F."" ,o1ors >-i,- ,ontrast >e11 bot- on s,reen an6 on
a b1a,;-an6->-ite -ar6,o/25 as s-o>n in Big+ 1+
Big+ 1 # sam/1e 1ine gra/- using ,o1ors >-i,- ,ontrast >e11 bot- on s,reen
an6 on a b1a,;-an6->-ite -ar6,o/2
Big+ 2 s-o>s an e:am/1e o. a 1o>-reso1ution image >-i,-
>ou16 not be a,,e/tab1e5 >-ereas Big+ @ s-o>s an e:am/1e o.
an image >it- a6e<uate reso1ution+ C-e,; t-at t-e reso1ution
is a6e<uate to re3ea1 t-e im/ortant 6etai1 in t-e .igure+
P1ease ,-e,; a11 .igures in 2our /a/er bot- on s,reen an6 on
a b1a,;-an6->-ite -ar6,o/2+ D-en 2ou ,-e,; 2our /a/er on a
b1a,;-an6->-ite -ar6,o/25 /1ease ensure t-at:
t-e ,o1ors use6 in ea,- .igure ,ontrast >e115
t-e image use6 in ea,- .igure is ,1ear5
a11 te:t 1abe1s in ea,- .igure are 1egib1e+
& Figure (aptions
Bigures must be numbere6 using #rabi, numera1s+ Bigure
,a/tions must be in G /t Regu1ar .ont+ Ca/tions o. a sing1e
1ine 7e+g+ Big+ 28 must be ,entere6 >-ereas mu1ti-1ine ,a/tions
must be 4usti.ie6 7e+g+ Big+ 18+ Ca/tions >it- .igure numbers
must be /1a,e6 a.ter t-eir asso,iate6 .igures5 as s-o>n in
Big+ 1+
Big+ 2 E:am/1e o. an una,,e/tab1e 1o>-reso1ution image
Big+ @ E:am/1e o. an image >it- a,,e/tab1e reso1ution
F $able (aptions
Tab1es must be numbere6 using u//er,ase Roman
numera1s+ Tab1e ,a/tions must be ,entre6 an6 in G /t Regu1ar
.ont >it- Sma11 Ca/s+ E3er2 >or6 in a tab1e ,a/tion must be
,a/ita1iCe6 e:,e/t .or s-ort minor >or6s as 1iste6 in Se,tion
-B+ Ca/tions >it- tab1e numbers must be /1a,e6 be.ore
t-eir asso,iate6 tab1es5 as s-o>n in Tab1e 1+
/ !age 0umbers1 *eaders and Footers
Page numbers5 -ea6ers an6 .ooters must not be use6+
* "in2s and 'oo2mar2s
#11 -2/erte:t 1in;s an6 se,tion boo;mar;s >i11 be remo3e6
.rom /a/ers 6uring t-e /ro,essing o. /a/ers .or /ub1i,ation+
. 2ou nee6 to re.er to an nternet emai1 a66ress or UR( in
2our /a/er5 2ou must t2/e out t-e a66ress or UR( .u112 in
Regu1ar .ont+
5
Registration number: CUPB/MTECH/SET/CST/2014-2015/04
. References
T-e -ea6ing o. t-e Re.eren,es se,tion must not be
numbere6+ #11 re.eren,e items must be in G /t .ont+ P1ease
use Regu1ar an6 ta1i, st21es to 6istinguis- 6i..erent .ie16s as
s-o>n in t-e Re.eren,es se,tion+ !umber t-e re.eren,e items
,onse,uti3e12 in s<uare bra,;ets 7e+g+ P1Q8+
D-en re.erring to a re.eren,e item5 /1ease sim/12 use t-e
re.eren,e number5 as in P2Q+ "o not use MRe.+ P@QN or
MRe.eren,e P@QN e:,e/t at t-e beginning o. a senten,e5 e+g+
MRe.eren,e P@Q s-o>s RN+ Mu1ti/1e re.eren,es are ea,-
numbere6 >it- se/arate bra,;ets 7e+g+ P2Q5 P@Q5 P4QSPFQ8+
E:am/1es o. re.eren,e items o. 6i..erent ,ategories s-o>n
in t-e Re.eren,es se,tion in,1u6e:
e:am/1e o. a boo; in P1Q
e:am/1e o. a boo; in a series in P2Q
e:am/1e o. a 4ourna1 arti,1e in P@Q
e:am/1e o. a ,on.eren,e /a/er in P4Q
e:am/1e o. a /atent in P5Q
e:am/1e o. a >ebsite in PFQ
e:am/1e o. a >eb /age in P?Q
e:am/1e o. a 6ataboo; as a manua1 in PGQ
e:am/1e o. a 6atas-eet in P=Q
e:am/1e o. a master$s t-esis in P10Q
e:am/1e o. a te,-ni,a1 re/ort in P11Q
e:am/1e o. a stan6ar6 in P12Q
+ C)!C(US)!S
T-e 3ersion o. t-is tem/1ate is '2+ Most o. t-e .ormatting
instru,tions in t-is 6o,ument -a3e been ,om/i1e6 b2 Causa1
Pro6u,tions .rom t-e EEE (aTe* st21e .i1es+ Causa1
Pro6u,tions o..ers bot- #4 tem/1ates an6 US (etter tem/1ates
.or (aTe* an6 Mi,roso.t Dor6+ T-e (aTe* tem/1ates 6e/en6
on t-e o..i,ia1 EEEtran+,1s an6 EEEtran+bst .i1es5 >-ereas
t-e Mi,roso.t Dor6 tem/1ates are se1.-,ontaine6+ Causa1
Pro6u,tions -as use6 its best e..orts to ensure t-at t-e
tem/1ates -a3e t-e same a//earan,e+
Causa1 Pro6u,tions /ermits t-e 6istribution an6 re3ision o.
t-ese tem/1ates on t-e ,on6ition t-at Causa1 Pro6u,tions is
,re6ite6 in t-e re3ise6 tem/1ate as .o11o>s: Morigina1 3ersion
o. t-is tem/1ate >as /ro3i6e6 b2 ,ourtes2 o. Causa1
Pro6u,tions 7>>>+,ausa1/ro6u,tions+,om8N+
#C&!)D(E"%ME!T
T-e -ea6ing o. t-e #,;no>1e6gment se,tion an6 t-e
Re.eren,es se,tion must not be numbere6+
Causa1 Pro6u,tions >is-es to a,;no>1e6ge Mi,-ae1 S-e11
an6 ot-er ,ontributors .or 6e3e1o/ing an6 maintaining t-e
EEE (aTe* st21e .i1es >-i,- -a3e been use6 in t-e
/re/aration o. t-is tem/1ate+ To see t-e 1ist o. ,ontributors5
/1ease re.er to t-e to/ o. .i1e EEETran+,1s in t-e EEE (aTe*
6istribution+
REBERE!CES
P1Q S+ M+ Mete3 an6 '+ P+ 'ei;o5 "aser Assisted 3icrotechnolog#5 2n6 e6+5
R+ M+ )sgoo65 Or+5 E6+ Ber1in5 %erman2: S/ringer-'er1ag5 1==G+
P2Q O+ Bre,;1ing5 E6+5 $he Anal#sis of Directional $ime )eries,
Applications to 4ind )peed and Direction5 ser+ (e,ture !otes in
Statisti,s+ Ber1in5 %erman2: S/ringer5 1=G=5 3o1+ F1+
P@Q S+ L-ang5 C+ L-u5 O+ &+ )+ Sin5 an6 P+ &+ T+ Mo;5 M# no3e1 u1trat-in
e1e3ate6 ,-anne1 1o>-tem/erature /o12-Si TBT5N .&&& &lectron Device
"ett5 3o1+ 205 //+ 5F=S5?15 !o3+ 1===+
P4Q M+ Degmu11er5 O+ P+ 3on 6er Dei65 P+ )berson5 an6 !+ %isin5 MHig-
reso1ution .iber 6istribute6 measurements >it- ,o-erent )B"R5N in
!roc &(O(5005 20005 /a/er 11+@+45 /+ 10=+
P5Q R+ E+ Sora,e5 '+ S+ Rein-ar6t5 an6 S+ #+ 'aug-n5 MHig--s/ee6 6igita1-
to-RB ,on3erter5N U+S+ Patent 5 FFG G425 Se/t+ 1F5 1==?+
PFQ 720028 T-e EEE >ebsite+ P)n1ineQ+ #3ai1ab1e: -tt/://>>>+ieee+org/
P?Q M+ S-e11+ 720028 EEEtran -ome/age on CT#!+ P)n1ineQ+ #3ai1ab1e:
-tt/://>>>+,tan+org/te:-
ar,-i3e/ma,ros/1ate:/,ontrib/su//orte6/EEEtran/
PGQ F"&6(hip )ignal !rocessor (3(7819:;D)5 Motoro1a5 1==F+
P=Q MP"C#12-?0 6ata s-eet5N )/to S/ee6 S#5 MeCCo3i,o5 S>itCer1an6+
P10Q #+ &arni;5 MPer.orman,e o. TCP ,ongestion ,ontro1 >it- rate
.ee6ba,;: TCP/#BR an6 rate a6a/ti3e TCP/P5N M+ Eng+ t-esis5 n6ian
nstitute o. S,ien,e5 Banga1ore5 n6ia5 Oan+ 1===+
P11Q O+ Pa6-2e5 '+ Biroiu5 an6 "+ To>s1e25 M# sto,-asti, mo6e1 o. TCP Reno
,ongestion a3oi6an,e an6 ,ontro15N Uni3+ o. Massa,-usetts5 #m-erst5
M#5 CMPSC Te,-+ Re/+ ==-025 1===+
P12Q 4ireless "A0 3edium Access (ontrol (3A() and !h#sical "a#er
(!*<) )pecification5 EEE St6+ G02+115 1==?+
F