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EXPERIMENT : 3
TOPIC : Types of Chemical Reactions
DATE : 17/10/2014
NAME : NABILAH BINTI AMINUDDIN
MATRIC NO : 2014805292
I/C NO : 950320145006
GROUP : AS2301M1
LECTURER NAME : DR. ZURAIDA KHUSAIMI
OBJECTIVE
To study the general types of chemical reaction and to write balanced equations for each time
of reaction.
THEORY
Chemical reactions have many ways to be classified and there are several types of them.
There are 4 different types of chemical reactions: combination, decomposition, displacement
and metathesis. These are the examples for the types of reaction:
(a) Combination reaction : When two substances ( elements or compounds ) combine to
form a single product:
A + B AB
Example: 2Na(s) +
2NaCl(s)
(b) Decomposition reaction : Single substance decomposes into two or more simpler
substances:
AB A + B
Example: Ca
(s) CaO(s) +
(g)
(c) Displacement reaction : An element reacts with a compound and displaces one of the
elements in the compound which is the original element becomes part of a new
compound with the displaced element as a byproduct:
A + XY AY + X
Example: Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq)
+ Zn
(aq)
(d) Metathesis reaction : An exchange of partners between two compounds:
AB + XY AY + XB
Example: 2KI(aq) + Pb
(aq) 2
(aq) + Pb
(s)
CHEMICALS AND APPARATUS
Magnesium ribbons 1.0M CuS
Bunsen burner
Copper 0.1 M Ag
Tripod stand
Iron nail 1.0M HCl Clay triangle
Zinc 1.0MPb
Test tubes
Litmus paper 1.0M
Wooden splint
KCl
(s) 1.0M
METHODOLOGY
A. Combination Reactions
1. A crucible and a cover is obtained.
2. A cleaned piece of magnesium ribbon is obtained and it is coiled until it formed a
piece that small enough to rest on the bottom of the crucible, but with enough air
to to get in between the coils or folds. It is very important to have as much as
magnesium ribbon as possible in contact with the bottom of the crucible, as this
will be the hottest part of the crucible and we want the magnesium to be really
hot.
3. The crucible and its content are heated at first with brushing motion then it is
heated to redness for three minutes.
4. The gas burner is switched off when the reaction is completed.
B. Decomposition Reactions
1. A small amount of potassium chlorate (
in test tube 2, 1 ml of
0.1M Ag
in test tube 3, and 1ml of 1.0 M HCL in each test tube 4 and 5.
2. An iron nail is sandpapered and it is placed in test tube 1.Three pieces of copper is
sandpapered and it is placed in test tube 2,3 and 4. A piece of zinc is sandpapered
and it is placed in test tube 5. The test tube is set aside for 10 minutes. The test
tubes is observed at the end of time. The nail from the test tube is removed and
examined. If there any evidence that a reaction taken place, a balanced equation
for the reaction is written. If there no such evidence, then write N.R.
D. Metathesis or Double Replacement Reactions
1. Precipitation Reaction
In a clean test tube, 1ml of 1.0 M Pb
solution is mixed. The mixture is stirred.
2. Acid-base neutralization
3ml of 1.0 M NaOH solution is put in a clean test tube. 3ml 1.0M
added
carefully.
3. Formation of gas
5 ml of 1.0 M
and solid
+ Fe
Test tube
2
Fe
+Cu
Test tube
3
Ag
+Cu
Test tube
4
HCl
+Cu
Test tube
5
HCl
+ Zn
iron is
deposited and
becomes
thicker
copper
corrodes and
becomes
thinner
copper is
deposited and
becomes
thinner
copper
corrodes and
becomes
thinner
bubble gas is
formed
Experiment D :
Metathesis
Observation/Chemical Equations
1. Precipitate Reaction
Canary yellow precipitate is formed
2. Acid-base neutralization
The base of the test tube feels warm
3. Formation of gas
Bubbles are formed
DISCUSSION
For experiment A, combination reaction, the magnesium is reacted with flame and
produced magnesium oxide. From the theory, A + B AB, which in experiment A is
2Mg(s) +
(g) 2MgO(s). The magnesium oxide produced is the powdery white observe
at the end of the experiment.
Next, for experiment B, decomposition reaction, potassium chlorate, K
is heated.
From theory, AB A + B, which in experiment B is 2K
(s) 3
(g) + 2KCl(aq). We
observed that when K
melted to
clear solution. A lighted wooden splinter is inserted to check the presence of oxygen gas.
When oxygen gas is released the clear solution turns to white solid.
In addition, for experiment C, displacement reaction, there is 5 test tubes being
observed. From theory, A + XY AY + X, is Fe(s) +
(aq)
(aq) Fe(s) +
(aq)
(aq) +
(aq) +
(aq) +
(aq)
(s) + 2
(aq)
2
(l) +
(aq) +
(aq)
(aq) +
O(l) + C
(g) for formation of gas. For formation of gas, the gas produced
is carbon dioxide gas, C
(aq) + C
(g)
(s) +
O(l).
There is errors occurred when conducting the experiments. One of the errors is the
test tube used is not fully dried .Next, the wooden splinter does not relights at first attempt as
the lighted wooden splinter is not immediately put into the test tube and this cause the oxygen
gas already released to the surrounding. Plus, the Ca
(s) 3
(aq)
(aq) + Cu(s)(
test tube 1), Cu(s) +
(aq) Fe(s) +
(aq)
(aq) +
(aq) +
(aq) +
(aq)
(s) + 2
(aq) 2
(l) +
(aq) +
(aq)
(aq) +
O(l) + C
(g) 2MgO(s)
Experiment B : 2K
(s) 3
(g) + 2KCl(aq)
Experiment C :
Test tube 1 : Fe(s) +
(aq)
(aq) + Cu(s)
Test tube 2 : Cu(s) +
(aq) Fe(s) +
(aq)
Test tube 3 : Cu(s) + 2AgN
(aq)
+ 2Ag(s)
Test tube 4 : Cu(s) + 2HCl(aq)
(aq) +
(g)
Test tube 5 : Zn(s) + HCl(aq)
(aq) +
(g)
Experiment D :
1.
(aq) +
(aq)
(s) + 2
(aq)
2. NaOH(aq) +
(aq) 2
(l) +
(aq)
3.
(aq) +
(aq)
(aq) +
O(l) + C
(g)
2. Test with blue litmus paper and test with calcium hydroxide, Ca
3. Generally, a chemical reaction has occurred if different compounds are produced. To
physically know that a chemical change has occurred there are few variables to
consider: if the substance changes colour, gives off heat, gives off light or produces
bubbles. If a substance is exposed to another substance and a reaction takes place,
then that is a chemical reaction.