Alcatel-Lucent GSM Basic Part-1

All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2009
Basic RF Overview Basic RF Overview

Created by
Pulok Sinha (Trainer, ALUMS)
09320096525
Objectives Objectives
In this session basic RF aspects will be covered:
Decibel(dB)
Decibel with respect to mW (dBm)
Propagation Mechanisms
Transmission Problems in RF Propagation
Antennas
Antenna Types
Radiation Pattern
Antenna Properties
Azimuth and requirement
Antenna tilt
Diversity
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3
Basic Definition Basic Definition
Decibel Decibel (dB) (dB)
dB is a relative unit of measurement used to describe power gain
or loss.
Decibel is logarithmic value that represent ratio of two given
power.
dB can be expressed as follows:
X dB = 10 log (P
o
/ P
in
)
The powers P
o
ad P
in
must be in the same units. If the units are
not compatible, then they should be transformed.
Equal power corresponds to 0dB.
Decibel(dB) Decibel(dB)
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Decibel with respect to milli Decibel with respect to milli- -watt ( watt (dBm) dBm)
dBm is a standard unit for measuring levels of power in relation
to a 1 milli-watt reference signal.
It is different from the dB because A dB has no particular
defined reference while a dBm is referenced to a specific
quantity: the milli-watt (1/1000 of a watt).
dBm can be expressed as follows:
dBm =10 log
10
(Signal Power / .001 watt )
Decibel with respect to mW (dBm) Decibel with respect to mW (dBm)
5
Free Space Loss Free Space Loss
Free Free- -space loss space loss ( (FSL FSL) ) is the loss in signal strength of an
electromagnetic wave that would result from a line-of-sight path
through free space (usually air), with no obstacles nearby to cause
reflection or diffraction.
It does not include factors such as the gain of the antennas used at
the transmitter and receiver, nor any loss associated with hardware
imperfections.
Formula for Free Space Loss is given by
Free Space Loss (dB) = 32.44 + 20log F + 20log D
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F is frequency in MHz
D is Dist in KM
7
Propagation Mechanisms Propagation Mechanisms
Reflection Reflection
Occurs when a wave impinges upon a smooth surface.
Dimensions of the surface are large relative to .
Reflections occur from the surface of the earth, from buildings,
walls, mountains, etc.
Diffraction Diffraction
Occurs when the path is blocked by an object with large
dimensions relative to and sharp irregularities (edges).
Diffraction gives rise to bending of waves around the obstacle.
Propagation Mechanisms Propagation Mechanisms
8
Scattering Scattering
Occurs when a wave impinges upon an object with dimensions
on the order of or less, causing the reflected energy to spread
out or scatter in many directions.
Small objects such as street lights, signs, & leaves cause
scattering
Propagation Mechanism Propagation Mechanism
Transmission Problems in RF Propagation Transmission Problems in RF Propagation
In radio communication the transmission quality varies from
one place to another.
Two major factors affecting quality of transmission are:
1. Distance between transmitter and receiver
2. Reflections or obstructions due to man made or
natural structures
General Transmission problems affecting Transmission
Quality:
Path Loss
Shadowing
Multi path Fading
Path Loss Path Loss
As the MS moves away from the Base Station the signal
strength reduces
strength reduces.
Path Loss Path Loss
strength reduces
Path Loss Path Loss
This decrease in strength is called PATH LOSS.
Power Loss d
2
f
2
, where d is the distance from the BTS and f is the
frequency
Thus power decreases with distance and frequency
But in the cellular system, due to the presence of Base Station this
problem does not occur as a new transmission path is established
before the previous is broken
As the MS moves away from the Base Station the signal strength
reduces
Path Loss Path Loss
More often we observe hills ,trees and buildings between MS and the BTS
This environmental attenuation of radio signal is called SHADOWING.
Thus signal strength increases or decreases depending on the presence
of obstacles between the Tx and Rx antenna
Thus a mobile subscriber experiences both PATH LOSS and
SHADOWING
Shadowing Shadowing
Multipath, is the result of reflections and scattering of radio
waves due to buildings, mountains and other objects, etc.
Multipath, in effect, creates multiple transmission path of the
signal which arrive at the receiver at different times
When the components are in phase, the signal gets added.
When they arrive out of phase, they cancel each other.
Give rise to
Rayleigh Fading
Ricean fading
15
Multipath Propagation Multipath Propagation
Rayleigh Fading Rayleigh Fading
The Rayleigh fading is applicable to obstructed propagation
paths.
All the signals are NLOS signals and there is no dominant direct
path.
Signals from all paths have comparable signal strengths.
The instantaneous received power seen by a moving antenna
becomes a random variable depending on the location of the
antenna.
Rayleigh Fading Rayleigh Fading
Ricean Fading Ricean Fading
This phenomenon is due to multipath propagation of the
signal.
In this case there is a partially scattered field.
One dominant signal.
Others are weaker.
Ricean Fading Ricean Fading
Antennas Antennas
Antenna is an essential part of a transmitting or receiving
system which is designed to radiate or to receive
electromagnetic waves.
An antenna can also be viewed as a transitional structure
between free-space and a transmission line (such as a coaxial
line).
An important property of an antenna is the ability to focus and
shape the radiated power in space e.g.: it enhances the power
in some wanted directions and suppresses the power in other
directions.
Many different types and mechanical forms of antennas exist
and each type is specifically designed for special purposes.
Antennas Antennas
Antenna Antenna Types Types
In mobile communications two main categories of antennas used
are:
Omni Omni directional directional antenna antenna
These antennas radiates equally in all horizontal direction.
Antenna Types Antenna Types
Directional Directional antenna antenna
These antennas are mostly used to get higher gain compared
to Omni-directional antenna and to minimise interference
effects in the network.
In these type of antennas, the radiation is directed at a
specific angle instead of uniformly across all azimuth angles
in case of Omni antennas.
Antenna Types Antenna Types
Radiation Radiation Pattern Pattern
The main characteristics of antenna is the radiation pattern.
The antenna pattern is a graphical representation in three
dimensions of the radiation of the antenna as a function of
angular direction.
Antenna radiation performance is usually measured and
recorded in two orthogonal principal planes (E-Plane and H-
plane or vertical and horizontal planes).
The pattern of most base station antennas contains a main
lobe and several minor lobes, termed side lobes.
A side lobe occurring in space in the direction opposite to the
main lobe is called back lobe.
Radiation Pattern Radiation Pattern
Radiation Radiation Pattern Pattern
Radiation Pattern Radiation Pattern
Directivity of Antenna: Directivity of Antenna:
Directivity is the ability of an antenna to focus energy in a
particular direction when transmitting or to receive energy
better from a particular direction when receiving.
Gain of Antenna: Gain of Antenna:
The gain is a measure of how much of the input power is
concentrated in a particular direction.
It is expressed with respect to a hypothetical isotropic
antenna, which radiates equally in all directions.
The relation between gain and directivity includes a new
parameter which describes the efficiency of the antenna.
G=.D
Antenna Properties Antenna Properties
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Beamwidth of an Antenna: Beamwidth of an Antenna:
Beamwidth is usually understood to mean the half-power
beamwidth.
Half power Beamwidth (HPBW) is the angle between the half-
power points of the main lobe, referenced to the peak power of
main lobe.
Beam width is categorized as:
Horizontal Beamwidth
Vertical Beamwidth
Beamwidth is measured in degrees.
Beamwidth
24
Horizontal Beamwidth: Horizontal Beamwidth:
Horizontal beamwidth is the beamwidth of the radiation pattern
in Horizontal Plane .
Generally, in City, antenna with 65 Horizontal Beamwidth is
used and in highway antenna with 33 Horizontal Beam width
is used.
Vertical Beamwidth: Vertical Beamwidth:
Vertical Beamwidth of an antenna is the beamwidth of the
radiation pattern in vertical plane.
Vertical beamwidth Varies from 4 - 8 depending upon the
model of the antenna
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26
Relation between Beam width, Gain and Directivity Relation between Beam width, Gain and Directivity
Beamwidth Gain Directivity
27
Relation Between Antenna Properties Relation Between Antenna Properties
Azimuth: Azimuth:
An azimuth is an angular measurement in a spherical
coordinate system. It gives apparent direction of an object
It is measured in degrees.
Measured with help of compass
Azimuth Azimuth
28
Obstacle requirement Obstacle requirement
Obstacle requirement for Azimuth Obstacle requirement for Azimuth
Antenna Tilt: Antenna Tilt:
The tilting of the vertical main lobe towards the ground by
specific angle with respect to horizon is known Antenna tilting.
The Maximum power of the lobe is at zero and can be place
within the cell by down tilting the antenna.
Down tilt can be use to:
Improve the coverage
Reduce interference
Adjust the cell radius
Basically there are two types of Down tilting
Mechanical Tilt
Electrical Tilt
Antenna Tilt Antenna Tilt
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Mechanical Down tilt Mechanical Down tilt
In Mechanical down tilting,
antenna is physically down
tilted towards the ground.
In a mechanical down tilt as
the front lobe moves downward
the back lobe moves upwards.
Side lobe increase with
mechanical down tilting
Mechanical tilt have no impact
on the gain.
Electrical Down Tilt Electrical Down Tilt
In Electrical down tilt, the
beam is tilted by altering the
signal phasing.
Electrical tilting is done by
using the tilt knob integrated in
the antenna
In Electrical down tilting, all
the lobes (main, back as well as
side) has distinct advantage of
tilting
In electrical down tilting, gain
also reduces in all direction
Comparison between Comparison between Mech Mech & & Elec Elec Tilt Tilt
31
32
Mechanically tilted Antenna Electrically tilted Antenna
33
Diversity: Diversity:
Diversity techniques is an effective means which enhances the
immunity of the communication system to the multipath fading.
Diversity reception is a way to improve the quality and strength
of the signal arriving at the base station, by receiving it in several
independent ways
Two forms of diversity reception often employed are:
Space diversity
Polarization diversity
Diversity Diversity
34
Spatial (Space) Diversity Spatial (Space) Diversity
The spatial diversity antenna system is constructed by physically
separating two receiving base station antennas.
If they are far apart, the received signals will be independent of
each other.
If one has suffered fading, the other may not.
A suitable distance is generally about 10 wavelengths (10)
Plan views of two possible tri-sectored site antenna systems
Spatial Diversity Spatial Diversity
35
Polarisation Polarisation
Polarisation is the propagation of the electric field vector .
Antennas used in cellular communications are usually vertically
polarised or cross polarised.
Dual Polarised Antennas Dual Polarised Antennas
A dual-polarisation antenna consists of two sets of radiating
elements which radiate or, in reciprocal, receive two orthogonal
polarised fields.
Dual Polarised antenna are of 2 types
Vertical Polarised
Crossed Polarised
Polarization Polarization
36
Vertical Polarized antenna: Vertical Polarized antenna:
Good diversity performance only in cities
Horizontal termination cannot be used for Tx
Cross Polarized antenna Cross Polarized antenna
Equivalent diversity results compared to space diversity either in
cities or in rural areas
Both terminations are suitable for Rx and Tx
Polarization Polarization
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Questions Questions

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Basic RF Overview Basic RF Overview

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