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1 Key Concepts
6
5
Elements of a Petroleum System
3
Petroliferous Basins
Basin Modelling
Petroleum System Analysis
4
Conclusion
7
2 Petroleum System: Definition
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KEY CONCEPTS: THE ROCK CYCLE
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KEY CONCEPTS: SEDI MENTARY ROCKS
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0%
20%
40%
60%
Sandstone
Carbonate
Shale
Production from
Sedimentary Rocks
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KEY CONCEPTS: HOW A
ROCK SEQUENCE I S
FORMED:DEPOSI TI ON
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KEY CONCEPTS: HYDROCARBON OCCURANCES
AROUND THE WORLD
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PETROLEUM SYSTEM: DEFI NI TI ON
What is a Petroleum System?
A Petroleum Systemis defined as a natural
system that encompasses a pod of active source rock
and all related oil and gas which includes all of the
geologic elements and processes that are essential if a
hydrocarbon accumulation is to exist.

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2480
120 F 120 F
350 F 350 F
Generation Generation
Migration Migration
Seal Rock Seal Rock
Reservoi
Rock
Reservoi
Rock
Oil Oil
Water Water
Gas
Cap
Gas
Cap
Entrapment Entrapment
Source
Rock
r
PETROLEUM SYSTEM: DEFI NI TI ON
REQUI SI TES FOR HYDROCARBON ACCUMULATI ON
PETROLEUM SYSTEM
ELEMENTS
Source
Reservoir
Seal
Overburden
PROCESSES
Generation
Migration
Accumulation
Trap Formation
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ELEMENTS OF A PETROLEUM SYSTEM
Source Rock
A rock unit containing sufficient organic matter of suitable chemical
composition to biogenically or thermally generate and expel petroleum.
Pod of Active Source Rock
A contiguous volume of source rock that is generating and expelling
petroleum at the critical moment and is the provenance for a series of
genetically related petroleum shows, seeps, and accumulations in a
petroleum system. A pod of mature source rock may be active, inactive
or spent.
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ELEMENTS OF A PETROLEUM SYSTEM
Reservoir Rock
A subsurface volume of rock that has sufficient porosity and
permeability to permit the migration and accumulation of petroleum
under adequate trap conditions.
Seal
A shale or other impervious rock that acts as a barrier to the passage of
petroleum migrating in the sub-surface; it overlies the reservoir rock to
form a trap or conduit.
Also known as roof rock and cap rock.
Overburden Rock
The sedimentary rock above which compresses and consolidates the
material below. In a petroleum system the overburden rock overlies the
source rock and contributes to its thermal maturation because of higher
temperatures at greater depths.
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PETROLEUM SYSTEM PROCESSES: MIGRATION
Primary migration The process
of loss of hydrocarbons from the
source rock (also Expulsion).
Secondary migration Migration
from source to reservoir rock in
trap configuration along a carrier
system. Including the migration
within the reservoir rock itself.
Tertiary migration Migration
to the surface, either from the
reservoir or source rock
(dismigration).
MIGRATION IS THE PROCESS, WHEREBY HYDROCARBONS MOVE FROM
SOURCE ROCKS TO TRAPS.
Re-migration Migration from one reservoir system position through an
intervening section into another reservoir position (trap) in the same or a
different reservoir.
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PETROLEUM SYSTEM PROCESSES: TIMING
CriticalMoment
The time that best depicts the generation migration accumulation
of hydrocarbons in a petroleum system. A map and a cross section
drawn at the critical moment best shows the geographic and
stratigraphic extent of the System.
The four elements Source Rock, Reservoir Rock, Seal Rock and a
sufficient Amount of Overburden have to be in place before the Critical
Moment.
PetroleumSystemAge
The time over which the process of generation-migration-accumulation of
hydrocarbons in the system takes place on the events chart.
PreservationTime
The time after generation-migration-accumulation of petroleum takes
place and encompasses any changes to the petroleum accumulations up to
present day.
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ELEMENTS OF A PETROLEUM SYSTEM:TRAP
Oil Seeps
Source
Rock
Fault Trap
Anticlinal Trap
Unconformity Trap
STRUCTURAL TRAP
STRATI GRAPHI C TRAP
COMBI NATI ON TRAP
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The geologic and geometric
arrangement of the seal and
reservoir rock that permits
significant accumulation
of hydrocarbon, in the
subsurface
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ELEMENTS OF A PETROLEUM SYSTEM:TRAP
FAULT
FOLDED ANTI CLI NE
UNCONFORMI TY
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PETROLEUM SYSTEM ANALYSI S
Table of hydrocarbon
accumulations
Petroleumsource rock
geochemical correlation
Burial history chart
Events chart
Determination of
generationaccumulation
efficiency
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PETROLEUM SYSTEM ANALYSI S
PodofActive
SourceRock
Reservoirs
Petroleum
system map
Petroleum
system cross
section
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What i s a Sedi ment ar y Basi n?
Any geographical feature exhibiting a depression in the crust
of the Earth which now or some time in the past been sites
of accumulation of sediments and subsequent burial.
Repository for sediments
Formed by crustal subsidence relative to surrounding area
Many different shapes, sizes and mechanism of formation
Epi sodes i n a Sedi ment ar y Basi n
Subsidence
Sediment Accumulation
Deformation
SEDI MENTARY BASI N
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SEDI MENTARY BASI N : EARTHS I NTERNAL
STRUCTURE
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SEDI MENTARY BASI N: DI STRI BUTI ON OF MAI N
PLATE TECTONI C ELEMENTS
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SB = Suture Belt
RMP = Rifted margin prism
SC = Subduction complex
FTB = Fold and thrust belt
RA = Remnant arc
SEDI MENTARY BASI N: BASI N TYPES
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The Processes divergence (extension), convergence (compression
and extension) and strike-slip (or wrench)can lead to the formation
of basins.
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SEDI MENTARY BASI N: DI STRI BUTI ON OF
BASI N TYPES
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SEDI MENTARY BASI NS OF I NDI A
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BASI N TYPES
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BASI N TYPES
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BASI N TYPES
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BASI N TYPES
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Intracontinental Basin
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BASI N ANALYSI S
Bur i al Hi st or y Model l i ng
Ther mal Hi st or y Model l i ng
Ther mal Mat ur i t y Model l i ng
Fl ui d Mi gr at i on Pat h Det ec t i on
Subsi denc e Anal ysi s
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BASI N ANALYSI S
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BASI N ANALYSI S
Sequenc e St r at i gr aphi c Appr oac h
Pr ospec t Assessment
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A PETROLI FEROUS BASI N
SIBSAGAR
MECHAKI
NORTH LAKHIMPUR
DHAKUAKHA
NA
MAJDEURI GAON
GARMUR
BIHPURIA
BIHPURIA
NIJLALUK
PANIGAON
MADHUPUR
GOLAGHAT
JORHAT
DIBRUGARH
Nearest Airport
DIK
OM
KHAGORIJAN
HAPJAN
MORAN
NAMRUP
DULIAJAN
Field Head Quarter
KATHALONI
JORAJAN
DHEMAJI
KHARSANG
MANABHUM
KUMCHAI
JONAI
JONAI
SIMEN CHAPORI
EXPLORED & DRILLED
STRUCTURE UNDER EXPLORATION/
TO BE EXPLORED
ASSAM
LAKWA
GELEKI
NAHORKATIYA
0 10
20
K
M
BAGHJ AN
CHANDMARI
DIGBOI
GOLAGHAT
NUMALIGARH
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PETROLEUM SYSTEM ANALYSI S: UPPER
ASSAM BASI N
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PETROLEUM SYSTEM ANALYSI S: UPPER ASSAM BASI N
Excellent source rocks in Barail. Although immature in shelf area but likely
to be mature in Schuppen Belt.
Moderately mature to mature Sylhet/Tura sediments have fair SR
characteristics whereas moderately mature Kopili sediments have fair to
good SR characteristics.
Excellent reservoir rocks include the Sands in Barail Arenaceous, Tipam
Group massive sandstones, Sylhet Limestones, Kopili interbedded
sandstones, LK + TH and Langpar sandstones.
Effective seals include interbedded Oligocene & Miocene shales and clays
and the thick clays of the Pliocene Girujans
Anticlines and faulted anticlinal structures are the primary traps. Subthrust
traps probably present below the Naga thrust sheet.
The major trap formation has happened during the close of Girujan
deposition nearly 1.8Ma.
Critical moment for hydrocarbon accumulation is 1.8Ma.
Some of the major faults have acted as conduits for the vertical migration.
Shore face sands within Barail Argillaceous, are likely to have acted as
carrier beds for lateral migration of oils for the Barail and Tipam
accumulations.
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CONCLUSI ON
A petroleum system comprises the crucial elements and processes
that have to work together to create a hydrocarbon bearing basin
Basins can have one or more successful petroleum system.
Assimilate available seismic, stratigraphic/structural data,
geochemistry, reservoir performance and production data to
assess specific oil and gas field distribution patterns
Understanding the petroleum system is crucial to tracking the flow
of fluids through the basin and defining prospective exploration
targets.
Petroleum System Analysis plays an important role in previous
exploration campaigns
Can also help identify additional or overlooked hydrocarbon
Basin analysis aims to provide a quantitative assessment of the
amount of oil and gas that has been generated in a basin
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