Mechanical Engineering Dept.

CEME NUST 1
Course: Heat and Mass Transfer (ME 330)
Course Designation Core
Credit 3
No. of Sessions/Week 2
Total Session Duration 3 hrs
Fall Semester- 2014
Instructor: Dr. Abdul Waheed Badar
Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST 2
Course: Heat Transfer (ME 330)
Recommended Books:

Heat Transfer by Yunus Cengel
Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer by Incropera
Heat and Mass Transfer by J.P Holman
Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST 3
Course Contents
S.No. Description
1. Introduction to Heat Transfer
2. Heat Conduction Equation
3. 1D Steady State Heat Conduction
4. Heat Transfer through Extended Surfaces
5. Transient Heat Conduction (Optional)
6. Convection (Free and Forced, Internal and External)
7. Thermal Radiation
8. Heat Exchangers
9. Mass Transfer (Optional)
Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST 4
Probable Grading Policy
1. Quizzes
2. Sessional Exam # 1
10 %
15 %
4. Projects/Presentations
3. Sessional Exam # 2
15 %
10 %
5. Final Exam 50 %
Total 100 %
Subject to Change
Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST 5
Introduction to Heat Transfer
Thermodynamics:
deals with the amount of heat transfer as a system undergoes a process from
one equilibrium state to another
Does not give information about:
o How long the process will take
o Mechanisms through with energy is transferred
we will learn
What is heat transfer
How is heat transferred
Relevance and importance
i.e. it deals only with the end states of the process during which an
interaction occurs
Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST 6
Introduction to Heat Transfer
What is Heat Transfer?
Energy in transit due to temperature difference (or gradient)
Thermodynamics tells us:
How much heat is transferred (Q)
How much work is done (W)
Final state of the system
Heat Transfer tells us:
How (with what modes) Q is transferred
At what rate Q is transferred
Temperature distribution inside the body
temperature difference is the driving force for heat transfer, just as:
o voltage difference is the driving force for electric current flow and
o pressure difference is the driving force for fluid flow
Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST 7
Introduction to Heat Transfer
Applications of heat transfer
The problem of determining the temperature distribution and the heat flow is of
interest in many branches of science and technology (or engineering)
o In power engineering heat exchangers, boilers condensers, burners, nuclear
reactor cores, radiators, solar energy conversion, steam power plants
o Domestic applications ovens, stoves, toaster
o In Heating and Air-conditioning building structure, estimate insulation, prevent
excessive heat losses
o In electronic and Electrical Engineering heat distribution, heat stress, dissipation
o Manufacturing / Materials Processing welding, casting, soldering, laser machining
o Automobiles / Aircraft Design
Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST 8
Introduction to Heat Transfer
Applications of heat transfer
Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST 9
Conduction Heat Transfer: Occurs when a temperature gradient exists
through a solid or a stationary fluid (liquid or gas)
Convection Heat Transfer: Occurs between a solid surface and an
adjacent moving fluid, when they are at different temperatures
Thermal Radiation: Heat transfer between two surfaces (that are not in
contact), often in the absence of an intervening medium in the form of
electromagnetic waves
Introduction to Heat Transfer
Modes of heat transfer
Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST 10
Introduction to Heat Transfer
Conduction
Transfer of energy from the more energetic to less energetic particles of a
substance by collisions between atoms and/or molecules
T
1
>T
2
T
2
T
1
x
x
o
T
2
q
x

Conduction can take place in solids,
liquids, or gases
o In gases and liquids: due to collisions and diffusion
of molecules during their random motion
o In solids, it is due to the combination of vibrations
of the molecules in a lattice and energy transport by
free electrons
Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST 11
Introduction to Heat Transfer
Conduction
Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST 12
Introduction to Heat Transfer
Conduction
Basic Heat Conduction LawFourier Law
Rate of heat conduction through a medium depends on:
o geometry of the medium,
o its thickness, and
o material of the medium, as well as
o temperature difference across the medium
heat conduction regularity is result of Biots experimental
observation and Fouriers analysis theory of heat
Rate of heat conduction through a plane layer is
proportional to temperature difference across the layer and
heat transfer area, but is inversely proportional to the
thickness of layer
constant of proportionality k is the thermal
conductivity of the material
Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST 13
Introduction to Heat Transfer
Conduction
Basic Heat Conduction LawFourier Law -- Contd--
In the limiting case of x 0
Fouriers Law Of Heat Conduction
o dT/dx is the Temperature Gradient, i.e., Slope of the temperature curve on a T-x
diagram (the rate of change of T with x), at location x
o Heat is conducted in the direction of decreasing temperature, and temperature
gradient becomes negative (-ve) when temperature decreases with increasing x
Heat Flux is then:

o Rate of heat transfer per unit area
heat rate by conduction, q
x
(W), through a plane
wall of area A is then the product of the flux and
the area, q
x
//
.A
T
1
(high)
T
2
(low)
x
q
x

x
1
x
2
Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST 14
The roof of an electrically heated home is 6 m long, 8 m wide, and 0.25 m thick,
and is made of a flat layer of concrete whose thermal conductivity is k 0.8 W/m
C. The temperatures of the inner and the outer surfaces of the roof one night are
measured to be 15C and 4C, respectively, for a period of 10 hours. Determine (a)
the rate of heat loss through the roof that night and (b) the cost of that heat loss
to the home owner if the cost of electricity is $0.08/kWh.
Introduction to Heat Transfer
Conduction
Example
Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST 15
Introduction to Heat Transfer
Conduction
Thermal Conductivity
Measure of a materials ability to conduct heat
k = 0.608 W/mC for water and
k =80.2 W/mC for Iron at Room Temp.
iron conducts heat more than 100 times faster than
water can
k is rate of heat transfer through a unit
thickness of the material per unit area per
unit temperature difference
k of pure copper at room temperature is 401 W/m
C,
a 1-m-thick copper wall will conduct heat at a rate
of 401 W per m
2
area per C temperature difference
across the wall
Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST 16
Introduction to Heat Transfer
Conduction
Thermal Conductivity contd --
o A layer of material of known thickness and area
can be heated from one side by an electric
resistance heater of known output
o If outer surfaces of the heater are well insulated, all
heat generated by the resistance heater will be
transferred through the material whose conductivity
is to be determined
Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST 17
Introduction to Heat Transfer
Conduction
Thermal Conductivity contd --
Range of thermal conductivity of various materials at room temp.
pure crystals and metals
have the highest thermal
conductivities, and gases
and insulating materials
the lowest
ks of a substance is
normally highest in the
Solid Phase and lowest in
Gas Phase
Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST 18
Introduction to Heat Transfer
Conduction
Thermal Conductivity contd --
variation of thermal conductivity
over certain temperature ranges is
negligible for some materials, but
significant for others
it is common practice to evaluate
the thermal conductivity k at av.
temp and treat it as a constant in
calculations
Further Detailed Discussion on
Thermal Conductivity: Ch-1, pp:
19-23, Book Cengel 2nd Ed.
Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST 19
Introduction to Heat Transfer
Conduction
Thermal Diffusivity
C
p
represent the heat storage capability of a material per unit mass (J /kgC)
whereas C
p
expresses it per unit volume (J /m
3
C)
Another material property that appears in transient heat conduction analysis is
Thermal Diffusivity represents how fast heat diffuses through a material
k represents how well a material conducts heat, and C
p
represents how much
energy a material stores per unit volume
Larger the thermal diffusivity, the faster the propagation of heat into the medium
A small value of Thermal Diffusivity means that heat is mostly absorbed by the
material and a small amount of heat will be conducted further
Note that the thermal diffusivity ranges from 0.14 X 10
-6
m
2
/s for water to 174 X
10
-6
m
2
/s for silver, which is a difference of more than a thousand times
Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST 20
Introduction to Heat Transfer
Convection
Energy transfer by random molecular motion (as in Conduction) plus bulk
(Macroscopic) motion of the fluid
o Convection: transport by random motion of molecules and by bulk motion of fluid
o Advection: transport due solely to bulk fluid motion
Convective Heat Transfer Fluid flows over a solid body or inside channel,
while temperature of fluid and solid surface are different, heat transfer between
the fluid and the solid surface takes place as a consequence of the motion of
fluid relative to the surface
o faster the fluid motion, the greater the convection heat transfer
o In the absence of any bulk fluid motion, heat transfer between a solid surface and
the adjacent fluid is by pure conduction
Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST 21
Hydrodynamic, or Velocity, Boundary Layer
Introduction to Heat Transfer
Convection
Boundary Layer Development in Convection Heat Transfer
consequence of the fluidsurface interaction is the development of a region in
the fluid through which the velocity varies from zero at the surface to a finite
value u

associated with the flow

Thermal Boundary Layer
if the surface and flow temperatures differ, there will be a region of the fluid
through which the temperature varies from T
s
at y = 0 to T

in the outer flow
Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST 22
Introduction to Heat Transfer
Convection
Boundary Layer Development in Convection Heat Transfer
contribution due to random molecular motion (Diffusion) dominates near the
surface where the fluid velocity is low
contribution due to Bulk Fluid Motion originates from the fact that the Boundary
Layer grows as the flow progresses in the x-direction
Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST 23
Introduction to Heat Transfer
Convection
o Heat transfer processes involving change of
phase of a fluid are also considered to be
convection
o There is also fluid motion induced during the
process of rise of the vapor bubbles during
boiling or the fall of the liquid droplets during
Condensation
Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST 24
Forced Convection
Introduction to Heat Transfer
Convection
Natural
Convection
Boiling
Condensation
Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST 25
Introduction to Heat Transfer
Convection
Newtons Law of Cooling
) (
"

T T q
S x
Convective Heat Flux is proportional to:
proportionality constant is the Convection Heat Transfer Coefficient, h (W/m
2
.K)
) (
"

T T h q
S x

h: Convection Heat Transfer Coefficient in W/m
2
C or Btu/hft
2
F
A
s
: Surface Area through which convection heat transfer takes place, m
2
T
s
: Surface Temperature

: temperature of the fluid sufficiently far from the surface

T
o h is not a property of the fluid
o h is an experimentally determined parameter whose value depends on many variables:
surface geometry,
nature of fluid motion,
properties of the fluid, and
bulk fluid velocity
Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST 26
Introduction to Heat Transfer
Convection
Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST 27
Introduction to Heat Transfer
Convection
A 2-m-long, 0.3-cm-diameter electrical wire extends across a room at 15 C, as
shown in Fig. Heat is generated in the wire as a result of resistance heating, and
the surface temperature of the wire is measured to be 152 C in steady operation.
Also, the voltage drop and electric current through the wire are measured to be 60
V and 1.5 A, respectively. Disregarding any heat transfer by radiation, determine
the convection heat transfer coefficient for heat transfer between the outer
surface of the wire and the air in the room.
Example
Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST 28
Introduction to Heat Transfer
Radiation
Radiation is the energy emitted by matter in the form of Electromagnetic Waves
(or photons) as a result of the changes in the electronic configurations of the
atoms or molecules
Unlike conduction and convection, transfer of energy by radiation does not
require the presence of an intervening medium
energy transfer by radiation is fastest (at the speed of light) and it suffers no
attenuation in a vacuum
Can occur from solid surfaces, liquids and gases
Thermal Radiation is the form of radiation emitted by bodies because of their
Temperature
All bodies at a temperature above Absolute Zero emit Thermal Radiation
Radiation is a Volumetric Phenomenon, and all solids, liquids, and gases emit,
absorb, or transmit radiation to varying degrees
Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST 29
Introduction to Heat Transfer
Radiation
Radiation usually considered to be a Surface Phenomenon for solids that are
opaque to thermal radiation such as metals, wood, and rocks
maximum rate of radiation that can be emitted from a surface at an absolute
temperature T
s
(in K or R) is given by the StefanBoltzmann Law as:
= StefanBoltzmann Constant
= 5.67 X 10
-8
W/m
2
K
4
or 0.1714 10
-8
Btu/h ft
2
R
4
o idealized surface that emits radiation at this maximum rate is called a
Blackbody, and the radiation emitted by a Blackbody is called Blackbody
Radiation
o radiation emitted by the interior regions of such material can never reach the surface
o radiation incident on such bodies is usually absorbed within a few microns from the
surface

Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST 30
Introduction to Heat Transfer
Radiation
Radiation emitted by all real surfaces is less than the radiation emitted by a
blackbody at the same temperature
= Emissivity of the surface
0 1
Radiation may also be incident on a surface from
its surroundings, such as Sun
o rate at which all such radiation is incident on a unit
area of the surface as the Irradiation G
o Radiant Energy absorbed
per unit surface area:
Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST 31
A Blackbody is a perfect absorber ( =1) as it is a perfect emitter. ( =1)
Blackbody absorbs entire radiation incident on it

If < 1 and surface is opaque, portions of the irradiation are reflected
If surface is semi-transparent, portions of the irradiation may also be
transmitted
Absorptivity (): Fraction of radiation energy incident on a surface that is
absorbed by the surface
0 1
Introduction to Heat Transfer
Radiation
depends on the nature of the irradiation, as well as on the surface itself
E.g. Absorptivity of a surface to solar radiation may differ from its absorptivity to
radiation emitted by the walls of a furnace
Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST 32
Introduction to Heat Transfer
Radiation
When a surface of emissivity and surface area A
s
at an absolute temperature T
s

is completely enclosed by a much larger (or black) surface at absolute
temperature T
surr
separated by a gas (such as air) that does not intervene with
radiation
Net rate of Radiation Heat Transfer between these two surfaces is:
Here, emissivity and the surface area of the surrounding surface
do not have any effect on the net radiation heat transfer
For per unit area of the surface (Heat Flux):
Where, h
r
= Radiation Heat Transfer Coefficient
OR

Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST 33
o Q
rad
to or from a surface surrounded by a gas such as air occurs parallel to Conduction
(or Convection, if there is bulk gas motion) between the surface and the gas
Introduction to Heat Transfer
Radiation
Total rate of heat transfer from the surface is then:
Radiation is usually significant relative
to conduction or natural convection, but
negligible relative to forced convection

Thus radiation in Forced Convection
applications is usually disregarded,
especially when surfaces involved have
low emissivities and low to moderate
temperatures
Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST 34
Introduction to Heat Transfer
Radiation
Example
An uninsulated steam pipe passes through a room in which the air and walls are
at 25
o
C. The outside diameter of the pipe is 70 mm, and its surface temperature
and emissivity are 200
o
C and 0.8, respectively. What are the surface emissive
power and irradiation? If the coefficient associated with free convection heat
transfer from the surface to the air is 15 W/m
2
K, what is the rate of heat loss from
the surface per unit length of pipe?
Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST 35
Introduction to Heat Transfer
Simultaneous Heat Transfer Mechanisms
Heat Transfer is only by conduction in opaque solids, but by conduction and
radiation in Semi-transparent solids
a solid may involve conduction and radiation but not convection
A solid may involve heat transfer by convection and/or radiation on its surfaces
exposed to a fluid or other surfaces
o outer surfaces of a cold piece of rock will warm up in a warmer environment as a
result of heat gain by convection (from air) and radiation (from sun or warmer
surrounding surfaces)
But inner parts of the rock will warm up as this heat is transferred to the inner region
of the rock by conduction.
Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST 36
Introduction to Heat Transfer
Simultaneous Heat Transfer Mechanisms
Gases are practically transparent to radiation, except that some gases are
known to absorb radiation strongly at certain wavelengths
E.g., Ozone strongly absorbs Ultraviolet Radiation
In most cases, a gas between two solid surfaces does not interfere with
radiation and acts effectively as a vacuum
Liquids are usually strong
absorbers of radiation
Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST 37
Introduction to Heat Transfer
Simultaneous Heat Transfer Mechanisms
Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST 38
Consider steady heat transfer between two large parallel plates at constant
temperatures of T
1
300 K and T
2
200 K that are L 1 cm apart, as shown in Fig.
Assuming the surfaces to be black (emissivity 1), determine the rate of heat
transfer between the plates per unit surface area assuming the gap between the
plates is
(a) filled with atmospheric air,
(b) evacuated,
(c) filled with urethane insulation, and
Example
Introduction to Heat Transfer
Simultaneous Heat Transfer Mechanisms
(d) filled with superinsulation that has
an apparent thermal conductivity of
0.00002 W/m C.
Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST 39
Example contd--
Introduction to Heat Transfer
Simultaneous Heat Transfer Mechanisms
Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST 40
Introduction to Heat Transfer
Conservation of Energy
1
st
Law of Thermodynamics
For a closed system (a region of fixed mass)
E
st
tot
: change in the total energy stored in the system
Q: net heat transferred to the system
W: net work done by the system
For a Control Volume (or open system)
Mass entering and leaving the control volume carries energy with it
E
st
=change in thermal and mechanical
energy stored over the time t
E
in
, E
out
= Thermal and mechanical energy transport across
the control surfaces, i.e., inflow and outflow terms
E
g
= Thermal and mechanical energy generation
Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST 41
Introduction to Heat Transfer
Conservation of Energy
1
st
Law of Thermodynamicscontd--
Energy conservation on a rate basis: (may be applied at any instant of time)
Inflow and outflow are surface phenomena
Generation and accumulation are volumetric phenomena

g
is associated with rate of conversion from some other energy form

st
due to internal, kinetic and/or potential energies
Further Detailed Discussion on
Relationship to Thermodynamics:
Ch-1, Book: Cengel 2nd Ed. Or
Incropera
Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST 42
Introduction to Heat Transfer
Surface Energy Balance
A surface contains no volume or mass, and thus no energy
We will frequently have occasion to apply the Conservation of Energy
requirement at the surface of a medium
Control Surfaces are located on either side of the physical boundary and
enclose no mass or volume
generation and storage terms of the
conservation are no longer relavent
For this case, the conservation
requirement becomes
q

cond
: conduction from medium to
control surface
q

conv
: convection from surface to fluid
q

rad
: Radiation from surface to surrounding
Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST 43
Introduction to Heat Transfer
Example
A closed container filled with hot coffee is in a room whose air and walls are
at a fixed temperature. Identify all heat transfer processes that contribute to
the cooling of the coffee. Comment on features that would contribute to a
superior container design.
Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST 44
q
1
: free convection from the coffee to the flask
q
2
: conduction through the flask.
q
3
: free convection from the flask to the air
q
4
: free convection from the air to the cover
q
5
: net radiation exchange between outer surface of flask and inner surface of the cover
q
6
: conduction through the cover
q
7
: free convection from the cover to the room air
q
8
: net radiation exchange between the outer surface of the cover and the surroundings
Introduction to Heat Transfer
Example contd--
Design Improvements
(1) use of aluminized (Low Emissivity) surfaces for flask and cover to reduce Net Radiation
(2) evacuating the air space or using a filler material to retard free convection
Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST 45
Introduction to Heat Transfer
Consider a flat plate solar collector placed horizontally on the flat roof of a house.
The collector is 5 ft wide and 15 ft long, and the average temperature of the
exposed surface of the collector is 100 F. The emissivity of the exposed surface
of the collector is 0.9. Determine the rate of heat loss from the collector by
convection and radiation during a calm day when the ambient air temperature is
70F and the effective sky temperature for radiation exchange is 50F. Take the
convection heat transfer coefficient on the exposed surface to be 2.5 Btu/hft
2
F.
Example 5.1
Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST 46
Introduction to Heat Transfer
Practice Problems:
Examples: 1.5, 1.6, 1.8, 1.9, 1.10, 1.11
Problems: 1.43, 1.65, 1.67, 1.85, 1.88, 1.102, 1.109E, 1.105, 1.104, 1.84,
1.128, 1.137,
Book: Yunus Cengel 2
nd
Ed.