MODIFICATION-SECTION B

Soalan ini berada di dalam Section B. Cadangan dan alasan dalam soalan ini juga boleh
digunakan di dalam Soalan Section C Making Decision. Dengan contoh yang diberikan ini
akan berupaya meningkatkan kemahiran berfkir pelajar di dalam membuat modifkasi dan
membuat keputusan bagi situasi yang diberikan di dalam soalan peperiksaan.Insyaallah.
CHAPTER 1
1. Suitable ruler to use in laboratory
Suggestion Explanation
Smallest size scale 0.1 cm More accurate
High accuracy Less error in measurement
High consistency Low relative deviations
Plastic material Avoid paralla error
!hin thic"ness Avoid paralla error
CHAPTER 2
#. $plain the suitability %eature o% arm eercise e&uipment.
Suggestion Explanation
Spring made o% steel 'an withstand higher %orce
!wo (( more spring arrange in parallel !he spring system is sti)er
Spring with tic"er wire *ire will not easily brea"
Smaller diameter coil o% spring !he smaller the diameter coil less elastic the
spring+ so the arm eercise would not so hard
'hoose large %orce constant spring *ill ma"e strong spring+ the spring will sti)er and
not bro"en easily
suggestion Explanation
,se tight and light suit Less air %raction
,se spi"es shoes -etter grip support while running and prevent
slippery
,se thic"er mattress .ncrease time impact + reduce impulsive %orce .
prevent bac" in/ury
!he athlete have to sprint be%ore /ump 'an increase "inetic energy
Athlete have to bend the body during
%all
.ncrease the time impact + reduce impulsive %orce
0. Suggest the suitable cloth + e&uipment and techni&ues to improve high /umper athlete
and their sa%ety .
1. $plain the characteristic o% spring to ma"e baby2s cradle.
Suggestion Explanation
'hoose large %orce constant spring *ill ma"e strong spring+ the spring will sti)er and
not bro"en easily.
'hoose large diameter o% wire !he larger diameter the sti)er the spring is.
Large diameter coil o% spring !he larger the diameter coil more elastic the spring
is
!he spring is made o% steel or alloy Steel and alloy is sti)er than iron
!he arrangement o% spring is two or
more line in parallel
!he spring is sti)er
3. $plain the most suitable design o% spring %or shoc" absorber %or motorcycles.
Suggestion Explanation
Small diameter o% spring coil $nough space %or the spring
'hoose large diameter o% wire !he larger the diameter the sti)er the spring
4orce constant is more than 10005 'an support motorcyclist and passenger up to
100"g
Higher spring constant Small compression o% the spring
Small natural %re&uency !o reduce bumping+ com%ortable %or user
6. $plain the simple characteristic o% the roc"et than can travel with greater acceleration.
Suggestions Explanations
'hoose metal with high strength and
hardness
$ven under pressure the shape will not change
easily
4rame o% roc"et is made o% low density
metal
Lighter+ can increase acceleration
Multistage roc"et invented $ach stage has burning %uel+ pump and combustion
chamber. .t will slip o) when %uel o% each chamber
completely burn. *hen the mass decreases+ the
acceleration increase
7oc"et need to carry a tan" o% oygen !o enable the combustion o% %uel in space
Silver color roc"et 7e8ect light e9ciently so the temperature o% the
roc"et will not rise
'over the body o% roc"et with heat
insulator
4riction between air and body will increase heat.
!he insulator will reduce heat conductivity
Aerodynamic shape 7educe air %riction+ move %aster
:. Suggest and eplain the build o% water bottle roc"et in school competition to move higher
altitude and has longer time on the air.
Suggestions Explanations
!he body o% roc"et must be tough ;o not brea" easily in high pressure and when
landing
Smaller mass 7oc"et will accelerate %aster
!he shape is streamline(aerodynamic 7educe air resistance
5ose cone or bullet shape on top o%
body
!o improve the aerodynamic o% roc"et
13 angle o% launching !he roc"et can travel maimum distance
!he volume o% water is hal% or 1(0 %rom
the whole volume
!o increase momentum and impulsive %orce
Attach 0 or 1 <ns at the tail o% roc"et
space e&ually
7oc"et will move smooth and stable
Attach parachute will ma"e the roc"et 8oating and has longer time
on the air be%ore landing((decrease the speed o%
%alling due to air resistance
=. >ive suggestion to improve the design o% /et engine so that it can be use %or larger
airplane at the higher speed.
Suggestions Explanations
.ncrease more %uel in/ectors More %uel to be burnt to produce greater %orce
.ncrease the size o% the combustion
chamber
More space %or %uel to burnt
;ecrease the diameter o% the nozzle $haust gas e/ected at higher velocity
.ncrease the speed o% blade(use bigger
blade
.ncrease the air inta"e
-lade and engine made o% strong
materials
'an withstand strong pressure and won2t brea"
easily
?. -ase on the physic principle+ suggest the design o% roller s"ate trac" so it can be use to
oscillate s"ate continuously.
Suggestions Explanations
Semi circular curve shape $change between "inetic energy and gravitational
potential easily
Smooth sur%ace 7educe %rictional %orce(easy to slide
!he slope slightly increase and
decrease
$asy to oscillates cause by changing o% energy
,se strong material such concrete o%
%oundation o% the trac"
*ithstand high impact such as high %orce o%
/umping and landing
So%t layer at the sur%ace 7educe impulsive %orce when landing+ low ris" i%
accident
10. $plain the most suitable design o% motorcycle that can move %ast+ sa%e and save time in
racing.
Suggestions Explanations
Lower seat height Lower center o% gravity or more stable or sa%er to
turn.
-igger width o% tire -igger sur%ace area+ better support or low pressure
acts on the tires or more %riction when brea"s.
Less thread pattern !o decrease %riction o% tires to the road+ can move
%ast
Smaller mass Lighter+ can move %aster or low inertia
*ith A-S Motorcycle does not stop immediately or can be
controlled i% direction changes or does not move
sideways or more %riction with A-S
11. Suggest and eplain how to ma"e suitable beach motorcycle which able to move on the
sand smoothly and com%ortable.
Suggestions Explanations
;eep thread patter (( more de<nitive
pattern
-etter grip on sand+ able to move smoothly on
sand
Large tire @big sur%ace contact with
groundA
7educe total pressure o% car+ increase stability and
the car would not get stuc" in the sand
So%t seat and water resistance 'om%ortable %or cycles and would not get wet
easily
$cellent resistance to rusting $verlasting. *ould not rust easily
Attach shoc" absorber with higher
spring constant and small natural
%re&uency.
7educe bumping+ com%ortable to cycle with
Low density body Lighter+ would not stuc" in sand
1#. Suggest the suitable cloth and the best techni&ues to catch ball to prevent in/ury %or
goal"eeper.
Suggestion Explanations
*ear glove 7educe pain%ul o% the player2s hands when
touching the ball with big impulsive %orce.
,se so%t material %or glove Lengthen the time impact+ reduce impulsive %orce.
*ear cloth which is made %rom material
with moderate speci<c heat capacity
!he cloth can absorb more heat when the player is
sweating to maintain the temperature o% player.
-ase o% shoes has stud Player give great pressure to ma"e stud sin" into
ground and give stronger support without slipping.
*hen catching the ball+ the goal "eeper
should move his hand bac"wards
!his action lengthen the time impact between ball
and hand+ so it reduce the impulsive %orce.
!he ball should have enough air
pressure inside
Shorter the time impact between %oot and ball+ so
impulsive %orce increase then the ball will has high
speed and travel %ar away.

10. ,sing physics concept+ suggest and eplain suitable athlete2s attires+ running+ /umping+
landing techni&ues and other aspects to help the long /umper can /ump %urther.
Suggestion Explanation
,se tight and light suit Less air %riction
,se spi"e shoes -etter grip support while running and prevent
slippery
!he athlete have to sprint be%ore /ump 'an increase the "inetic energy((momentum
!he athlete have to push the body
in%ront while /umping
.ncrease the elastic potential energy((able to
increase longer distance o% /umping
Athlete have to bent the body during
%all
.ncrease the time impact+ reduce impulsive %orce+
less in/ured
11. Sa%ety %eature in car
Ca!a"te!isti" Explanation
!he bumper o% car is prone to crash .t will increase the time impact+ the impulsive %orce
will reduce
!he sitting space o% the passenger is
rein%orced
!o protect the passenger
,se sa%ety belt ;uring collision+ sa%ety belt will hold the
passengers %rom thrown in%ront due to inertia
,se air bag *ill in8ate when accident occurs+ the driver sa%e
%rom hitting steering
Antiloc" brea"ing system@A-SA Allow car to stop &uic"ly on slippery road and
prevent %rom s"idding
Strong steel struts >ive good protection %rom side on collision
!ire with tread 'an stays contact with road+ prever slippery
13. $plain the suitable loaded lorry which can carry li&uid+ such as petrol
Suggestion Explanation
!he load o% lorry should be divided into
many smaller tan"
!o reduce e)ect o% inertia
!he load must be tied So it will no %all o% %rom the lorry
4ar gap distances between tractor and
trailer
Prevent collision between tractor and trailer+ easier
when turning
,se more tire %or lorry Pressure will be separate to all tires+ able to carry
more loads. Lower pressure better support and
stability
Small belt behind lorry !o discharge spar"+ sa%ety reason to prevent %rom
burning the petrol
,se antiloc" brea" system @A-SA !he lorry can stop easily without s"idding
16. $plain the design o% and how "aya" which can travel %aster and sa%er.
Suggestion Explanation
Streamline (aerodynamic shape o% body 7educe water resistance
Smooth sur%ace body (coated with wa 7educe %riction o% body towards water
Low density material Lighter + easier to 8oat+ easy to carry and sail
%aster
Strong material body and peddle $verlasting + not easily bro"en
*ider peddle sur%ace >reater %orce because more water are peddled up
*ear sa%ety /ac"et Passenger can 8oat and sa%e i% they %all into water.
1:. >ive suggestion to design a sail boat which can travel %aster and smooth.
Suggestion Explanation
Streamline (aerodynamic shape o%
board
7educe water and air resistance+can increase
li%ting
Smooth sur%ace board(coated with wa 7educe %riction toward water
Low density material Lighter+ easier to 8oat and sail %aster
Strong material *ithstand strong wind+ not easily damage
*ider sail >reater li%ting %orce because more wind are
captured
1=. Modi<ed the ship that can carry more and heavier load+ move %aster and sa%e while
travelling.

Suggestion Explanation
Strong material 'an withstand great %orce
Low density material Light weight
Has more than two stage+plimsoll line Sa%e to travel on the %resh and salt water
-ig size 'an place more goods
Aerodynamic(streamline shape 7educe water %riction.
*aterproo% sail Sail would not get eBwet easily.
1?. Suggest how to increase the sa%ety %or motorbi"e racer to reduce in/uries ( accident
Suggestion Explanation
,se helmet !o protect the head
,se helmet with hard outer casing and
so%t inner liner
Helmet reduce head in/uries in a crash by
spreading the impact with hard outer casing and
absorb energy with so%t inner linear o% styro%oam
,se sa%ety /ac"et !o protect the %rom in/uries + cut +burn
,se gloves !o protect the hand
,se padded leathers suit *ill so%ten any impact and protect the s"in %rom
abrasion
#0. An earthCmonitoring satellite %alls into the earth2s atmosphere at a high velocity and
reaches a high temperature. !his is caused by the earth2s gravitational %orce and air
resistance.,sing the appropriate physics concepts+ suggest and eplain suitable designs
or ways to protect the satellite and its e&uipmentD
Suggestion Explanation
Aerodynamic shape !o reduce air resistance
Heat shield ( material that is hard to
burn
!o protect the capsule
High melting point ((ceramic ;o not melt
Landing in water (( air bag .ncrease time o% impact(( 7educe impulsive %orce
Light material ( ( small mass (( low
density
C7educe the inertia (( Creduce the momentum ((
Creduce impuls
Paracute ( (7etro roc"et !o reduce speed
Hard material (( sti) composite 5ot easy to bend
#1. $plain how you would design the pile driving system.Ethe ram hammer is li%ted to a
height by the crane and allowed to %all on the pile.
Mo#i$"ation Reason
Large hammer weight Large momentum when it hit the pile
7am hammer made %rom hard material
such as alloys
5ot brea" easily(last longer
Hammer raised at higher position .nrease the gravitational potential energy
Stronger $nd o% the top o% the concrete
pile
!o avoid brea" at the top couse by the hammer
Sharp $nd o% the bottom o% the
concrete pile
!o increase the pressure
CHAPTER %
##. $9cient bra"e system
Suggestions Explanations
!ype o% li&uidD oil ,ncompressible
!hic"ness o% bra"e line Dhigh !o counter the high pressure %rom the li&uid
!he ratio o% cross sectional area %or
wheel piston and master piston Dhigh
!o produce larger %orce on wheel piston
!he chosen o% type o% bra"e %or %ront
rear wheelD
4ront wheel C disc
;isc bra"e is more e9cient than drum bra"e
7ear wheel C drum
#0. $plain the design o% hydrometer which can be use to determine a wide range o%
densities o% li&uid.
Suggestions Explanations
Small stem and long .ncrease sensitivity where the scale division are %ar
apart so that small changes in density can be
detected
>lass wall ;o not erode and small adhesive %orce
Large diameter o% bulb High up thrust ( displaces more li&uid ( able to 8oat
easily
Scale can be made bigger or smaller
than the density o% water.EcalibrationF
- !he hydrometer is 8oated in
alcohol. !he li&uid level at the
stem is mar"ed @upper levelA
- !hen+ the hydrometer is 8oated
in higher density li&uid li"e
mercury and mar"ed @lower
levelA
Ability to measure a wide range o% densities o%
li&uids.
Lead shots Hydrometer can stay upright
#1. ;escribe the suitable design to build mobile tent %or Sure Heboh event which will be
construct at open space %or a wee". ,sing appropriate physics concept+ suggests and
eplain.
Suggestion $planation
'hoose low density metal %or %rame Light weight and strong
,se hollow rod which can assemble easily Hollow rod is not heavy+ but e&ually strong+
easy to mobile anywhere+ %aster to build+ can
reduce the cost o% construction and transport
*ater proo% canvas .% raining+ would not getting wet
Anti rust rod 'an withstand rain and long lasting
Sharp end rod Small sur%ace area+ so higher pressure to
ground+ yet the tent can be planted into ground
<rmly and stand still
#3. $plain the necessary modi<cation %or the structure o% dentist chair %or children that are
suitable and save %or the adult.
Suggestion Explanation
.ncrease the crossCsectional area o% big
piston and decrease the crossCsectional
area o% small piston
!o increase the output %orce acting on big piston
( to li%t havier adult ( to increase %orce multiplier
o% system
!he wall o% pipe is made up o% strong alloy
to hold the 8uid
!o withstand the strong pressure that might
cause crac"ing in the channel
'hange the less control into electric touch
control
!o li%t or lowered the chair to the desire weight
more easily and sa%ety
!he sur%ace area o% the seat enlarged !o support the people with the large bodies
,se nonCcorrosive oil in /ac" So that the wall o% the pipe will not be controlled
and cause lea"age
#6. $plain the build and design o% hot air ballon wich can 8y higher altitude %aster and
suggest some sa%ety aspect.
Suggestion Explanation
Large ballon Produce bigger buoyant ( upthrust %orce+
increase the volume o% air displacement
Many hot air burner Heat up the gas inside %aster
Synthetic nylon ballon Air proo%+ light weight and strong material
>as temperature is high 7educe the density o% air in ballon
!otal o% mass is low -allon move upward %aster
7attan bas"et Longer the time impact+ reduce the impulsive
%orce to passanger when landing
4ly on early morning or late a%ternoon !he temperature outside the ballon is cooler
compare to the inside o% ballon+ so the ballon
will rise higher
#:. $plain the basic structure o% small submarine that can be use %or underwater
eploration.
Suggestion Explanation
Strong material ;oes not brea" easily
Aerodynamic shape 7educe water resistance
!hic" wall *ater pressure increase with depth
High density materials .ncrease mass ( can submerge easily
-allast tan" !o increase or reduce weight
Sonar transmitter and receiver !o estimate and depth
#=. Suggest the design o% submarine which can submerge and 8oat in the sea.
Suggestion Explanation
-allast tan" are partially <lled with water !he submarine will partially 8oat
Aerodynamic (( streamline body !o reduce water resistance
,se hard and sti) materials %or body !o overcome the pressure o% water in the sea
Attach periscope !o view surrounding area when submarine 8oat
,se nuclear power sources to generate
power
'heap and lasting power
#?. $plain the characteristic o% material to be use %or ma"ing the sole o% /ungle tre""ing
shoes.
Suggestion Explanation
7ubber sole >ood impact absorber
Low density Light weight
Many stud >ive etra grip
Low epansion e)ect 5ot loose easily
$cellent ability o% stretch 'om%ortable to %eet+ %oot can move unstressed
00. ,sing physics concept+ eplain necessary deep sea diving suit and other accessory to
carry.
Suggestion Explanation
'hoose strong helmet with thic" metal and
glass to cover head
!o withstand high pressure o% water and protect
the head
,se thic" glass in %ront o% diver %ace $nable the diver to see surrounding and at the
same time able to withstand the pressureo%
water
,se water proo% suit and able to withstand
pressure
;ue to depth+ the pressure under water is very
high
-ring along gas containing miture o%
oygen
!o provide oygen to diver %or breath
,se very heavy suit !he diver enable to stand on the 8oor o% ocean
and able to <ght buoyancy o% water
01. Modi<ed the passanger airplane to cargo airplane that needs to carry more laod+ less use
o% %uel+ e)enciency and sa%ety to travel.
Suggestion Explanation
.ncrease the size o% the body !o increase the space
.ncrease the length o% the wing !o increase the upthrust
.ncrease the thic"ness o% the body !o stand higher pressure di)erence
,se a more power%ul engine !o overcome bigger inertia and do more wor"
per unit time
.ncrease the number o% tyres !o support higher mass or pressure while
landing
Protective bar between the cabin and the
pilot
!o prevent moving ob/ect to "noc" at the pilot
while landing
Pilot has e/ected seat during emergency !o save the pilot i% plane crash happened
0#. ;esign Gacuum 'leaner
Suggestion Explanation
Large %an driven .nrease the spped and amaunt o% air8ows
Power%ull o% lectric motor .nrease the spped and amaunt o% air8ows
5arrower inlet opening .nrease the velocity(decrease air pressure
,sing a very large <lter to bloc" dust
particles while allowing air moleculs to pass
through
!o have a lots o% sur%ace area and many pores
%or air to 8ow through
Larger spaced %or depositing and collecting
the dust particles
$nsure that the air 8ows through the <lter is
not bloc" by too many dust particles
00. ;esign paint sprayer
Suggestion Explanation
Large size o% air vessel 'ompress more air(can eert large pressure
7ubber material %or the vessel More elastic(easier to s&ueeze
5arrow shape o% the tube Air can move with high speed
4ibre glass material %or the rod Stronger and last longer
Size o% nozzle is narrow at the end !he paint can be sprayed evenly
01. ;esign hidraulic /ac"
Suggestion Explanation
-igger crossectional area o% slave piston@big
pistonA
Produced higher %orce
Small crossectional area o% master
piston@small pistonA
Less %orced is needed(produced bigger
pressurre
Longer handle Less %orced is needed to press small
piston@master pistonA
Low density o% a body Lighter
Hil %or li&uid 5onCcompressable
7elease valve between small and main
reservoir@resetA
Li&uid can 8ows into small reservoir easily
when push the reset button.
03. ;esign hydrometer
Suggestion Explanation
-ulb with lead shot at the lower section !o submerge the hydrometer and not overturn
'ylinder with bigger diameter at the bottom not overturn(increase stability
'ylinder with smaller diameter at the upper
section
A small reading scale can be
incorporated(inrease the sensitivity
Smaller scale inrease the sensitivity
4illed with air .nrease the beyoncy %orce
>lass wall 5ot corrode easily
CHAPTER &
06. Most suitable design o% thermometer to use in Antarctica
Suggestion Explanation
,se alcohol as li&uid I in glass thermometer 4reezing point o% alcohol is C113
o
' .So + it will
not %reeze at low temperature
,se thin wall o% bulb So it will sensitive to the change o% heat
,se small diameter o% capillary tube Alcohol can epand at high rate %or the small
change in temperature
,se thic" glass wall !he loss o% heat to surrounding is small
,se round glass stem 'an act as magni%ying glass + so the alcohol
level can be seen clearer
0:. Most suitable design o% clinical thermometer
Suggestion Explanation
,se mercury $asy to read because it colour and opa&ue
!he scale range %rom 03
o
' to 1#
o
' !o measure human body heat
Small diameter o% capillary tube(( etra <ne
bore tube
Mercury can epand at high rate %or a small
change in temperature
,se thin glass wall o% bulb Sensitive to change o% temperature
,se round glass stem and wall 'an act as +magni%ying glass. So+ mercury can
be seen clearly
0=. $plain the design and the characteristics o% the coo"ing pan
Suggestion Explanation
-ase is made o% a copper 'opper has a lower heat capacity it become hot
very &uic"ly
High density o% base Heavier base ma"e the pot stable and not topple
over easily
-ody is made o% aluminium Low speci<c heat capacity becomes hot very
&uic"ly but it low density ma"e it overall weight
o% weight lighter
Handle is made o% wood or plastic High speci<c heat capacity so the handle do not
become hot . Sa%e
'hoose low density material %or handle ;oes not add much to the total weight o% pot
!ransparent pot cover Able to coo"er to see the %ood. 4ood cover will
trap the heat
0?. Suggest and eplian the design o% water heater to boil a large &uantity o% water %aster
+e9cient and sa%ely
Suggestion Explanation
,se tungsten High melting point+high heat energy
'oiled Longer wire+increase the resistance
High melting point 5ot easy to melt at high temperature
Lower rate o% rusting ;oes not get rust easily
,se thermostat *hen temperatures reach 100 'elsius+ the
water heater will automatically turn o)
10. ;etermine the modi<cation to be made %or container+so the cut %ruit will "eep cool+
remain %resh and easily seen by customers.
Suggestion Explanation
,se container with high speci<c heat
capacity
Able to slow down the loss o% heat %rom the
container
Place small ice pac"et below the bottom o%
the cut %riuts
!he cut %ruits is chill and /uicy+ ice able to
absorb a large amount o% latent heat when
melt
Add salt to the pac"et o% ice 4oreign matter will increase the %reezing point
o% ice+ so this will slow down the ice %rom
melting
*hite wall colour o% container 'an avoid absorbtion o% heat %rom the
surrounding
!he container has double wall Avoid heat %rom surrounding trans%erred easily
to container. !he inside container remains cool
!ransparent wall o% container in %ront o%
customer
!he customer can see and choose the cut %ruits
easily
11. .nvestigate the most suitable li&uid that can be use as coolant %or car engine using
physics concept.
Suggestion Explanation
Low %reezing point li&uid *ill not %reeze easily during winter weather
High boiling point li&uid ;o not easily boil when absorbing heat %rom
the engine
High speci<c heat capacity li&uid 'an trans%er large contain o% heat with a small
rise in temperature. Able to cool up the engine
Low ability to react with metal !he metal part o% the engine will not corrode
easily
1#. Most suitable thermometer %or laboratory to measure the temperature o% ice and boiling
point o% water
Suggestion Explanation
Size o% the bulb is small ;oes not need a lot o% heat to heat up the
mercury to epand
,se thin wall o% bulb So it is sensitive to change o% heat
,se mercury 4reeezing point o% the mercury is C0? degree
celsius and boling point 03: degree celsius .
Able to has a range %rom C10 to 110 degree
'elsius. Mercury can epand a high rate %or
small change o% temperature
,se thin wall capillary Able &uic" heat trans%er %rom the surrounding
to the mercury. So+ the thermemeter is more
sensitive
Has minimum size scale with small
division
Ma"ing thermometer a sensitive instrument
10. Modi<ed and eplain the design o% an e9cient solar waterCheating system on the roo%.
Suggestion Explanation
Pipe embedded in plate must be long Longer pipe will has greater sur%ace area
which can absorb heat %aster
,se metal pipe as pipe inside the plate Metal is good heat conductor + so heat will
easily transmit to water
,se insulator behind the absorber panel .nsulator will prevent the heat loss
,se blac" absorber panel -lac" is good heat absorber
'over the top o% the panel with glass Heat will trap inside due to green house e)ect
Put the tan" at higher level !o give higher pressure
11. $plain the build o% solar coo"er oven that been use in science month competition at your
school to boil 300ml water in short time.
Suggestion Explanation
-uild the solar coo"er with shiny(( silver
colour re8ector inside
!he light will re8ect to the coo"er and heat up
the water
,se metal coo"er >ood conductor
Paint the outside part o% the solar coo"er
and the coo"er @ contain water A with
blac" colour
!o absorb
*rap the coo"er with plastic or glass Avoid heat %rom release to sorrounding
!o trap heat+ the temperataure will
increase
!o absorb heat+ the water boil %aster
13. Suggest the design o% heating system in the house and characteristics o% heating agent.
!he house use central heating system with boiler+ radiator and pipelines.
Suggestion Explanation
,se strong material 5ot easily brea"
,se metal pipe with good heat conductor .ncrease the rate o% heat trans%er
.ncrease length o% cooling coil 'an trans%er the heat %aster to surrounding
,se greater boiling point li&uid Li&uid not easily change into vapour
Low rate o% rusting material Long lasting+ not easily rust
!he bigger size o% radiator %an 'an blow and cool down larger area
Pipe in coil structure is used .ncrease the time o% 8oe and increase the
&uantity o% heat trans%erred.
16. Suggest the characteristic o% material to build %ood container which can "eep the
%ood warm.
Suggestion Explanation
4ood container should made o% low
density material
Lighter + the container able to be move %rom
one place to another.
Melting point o% container should be
high
!o prevent the container %rom melting up
when hot %ood is store inside
Speci<c heat capacity should be high So the container will not get hot easily. Sa%e
to touch and handle.
!hermal conductivity is low.i >ood heat insulator + to ensure the heat not
loss and the %ood remain hot.
;ouble wall !o prevent hest loss.
1:. $plain the characteristic and design o% thermos 8as"s to maintain hot water.
Suggestion Explanation
,se hollow plastic stopper Able to trap air as air is poor heat
conductor.so+less heat loss through stopper.
Gacuum space Prevent heat loss through conduction or
convection
Has double wall Has vacuum in between heat not easier pass
through the wall o% thermos.
;ouble walled tube coated with shiny
paint
Shiny sur%ace re8ect heat %rom the wall o%
thermos 8as"s bac" to water.so the water
remain hot.
;ouble walled made o% glass >lass is bad conductor.it will reduce heat loss.
1=. $plain how the design o% radiator o% the car and characteristic o% cooling agent which
can absorb heat at short time+
Suggestion Explanation
.ncrease the length(area o% cooling coil 'an trans%er the heat %aster to the surrounding
.ncrease the number o% <n blades 'an cool down %aster
,se larger %an 'an cool down larger area
,se cooling agent li&uid with greater
boiling point
.t won2t boild easily in high temperature
,se cooling agent li&uid with higher
speci<c heat capacity
Able to absorb large amount o% heat
CHAPTER '
1?. ;etermine and eplain in the build o% magni%ying glass to be use %or enlarging the image
o% stamp
Suggestion Explanation
'hoose conve lens !he image will magni%y
$cellent clarity o% lens !he image is clearer
Small %ocal length Able to %ocus nearer
Medium diameter o% lens Able to be hold by hand to identi%y the stamps
!he ob/ect is place less distance than
%ocal length
!he image %orm is magni%y+ virtual and upright
30. $plain the suitability o% the mirror that be use in shop to watch over the customer
Suggestion Explanation
,se conve mirror *ider <eld o% view
>reater re8ectivity o% material 'learer image
'hoose a bigger size o% mirror $nable wider view and sharper image
Place the mirror at the corner o% shop
ceiling
$asier to loo" at and won2t disturb the
customer pathway
Low density Lighter to hang up
31. ;esign <bre optic
Suggestion Explanation
,se re%ractive inde o% outer layer is less
than the re%ractive inde o% inner layer
So that total internal re8ection can happen in
the <ber optic.
,se high 8eibility material so that it can be bend easily
,se strong material do not brea" easily
,se thin material Lighter (( can be use in small area
Low density material Lighter
3#. ;etermine and eplain the build o% microscope using lens P and J with %ocal length o% 13
cm and 3 cm respectively. Suggest modi<cation that need to be done to get brighter ang
bigger image.
Suggestion Explaination
P as eye piece and J as ob/ective lens 4ocal length o% P is longer than J
4o K u K#%o !o produce real+ inverted and magni<ed image
Ad/usted so that u K %e !o produce virtual. .nverted and bigger image((
to acts as a magni%ying glass
;istance between lenses L %o M %e !o produce bigger image %rom the eyepiece (( to
increase the magni<cation
Store in a cool and dry place !o avoid %ormation %ungus at the lenses
,se more power%ul(( shorter %ocal length
lenses
!o produce bigger image
,se a lamp near the ob/ect(( use bigger
diameter o% ob/ective lens
!o produce brighter image
30. $plain the suitable characteristic o% the mirror to be use as outdoor sa%ety mirror at the
corner o% the road
Suggestion Explanation
,se conve mirror *ider <eld o% view
$cellent weather resistance Able to withstand bad weather
$cellent impact resistance o% material Save cost+ everlasting
-igger size mirror !o enable a wider view and sharper image
>reater re8ectivity o% material 'learer image even in bad weather
Place at the sharp road corner + at
bending road
!o minimize %rom accident occur+ to enable
motorist see the oncoming tra9c
Small roo% Protect %rom rain drop %or better image
31. ;etemine and eplain the build o% Astro disc using appropriate physics concepts.
Suggestion Explanation
'hoose conve curve parabolic !he signals come can be %ocus at one point
All signal are %ocus on %ocal point -etter reception
Smooth sur%ace o% disc -etter re8ection
Locate the disc at high and %acing towards
satellite
5o obstacle+ better signal
'lean sur%ace o% disc+ no water drop or dirt -etter re8ection+ almost 100N reception
receive by %eed horn
33. Modi<ed the slide pro/ector that need to be place in school hall and can be seen by many
student with clearer image.
suggestion $plaination
,se higher power bulb Higher intensity o% light or more light produced
!he <lament o% the bulb is at the %ocus
point o% the concave mirror
!he light %ocuses at one point. (( parallel ray
can be obtained a%ter re8ection by concave
mirror
More curvature More light to be re8ected @upwardA (( less light
toward other direction other than upward
Lens between % and #% !o produce real ang enlarge or bigger images
.ncrease the distance or %urther away the
screen
Larger image produced
$lectric %an operates during and a%ter the
lamp is switches on
'ooling system to stabilized the temperature
@heat energy produced by <lament bulbA to
increase the pro/ector li%etime
,se condenser mirror !o concentrate more light to the slide
,se a concave mirror instead o% plane
mirror
4ocus the light directly to the lens (( increase
the intensity og light
Place the <lament at centre o% curvature
o% the converging mirror (( use high
powered lens
Light goes directly %rom the lamp and re8ect
bac" on the same path (( increase the intensity
o% light toward the transparency (( to get
brighter image
,se heat <lter !o absorb ecess heat to the transparency
36. ;etermine and eplain the build o% telescope using lens O and P with lens P is thic"er than
lens O which produce bigger and clearer image.
Suggestion Expalanation
' hoose lens P as eyepiece lens
Lens P is thic"er than lens O
Light ray is re%racted more in lens P than
lens O+ %ocal length o% lens P is shorter than
lens O
!here%ore the thic"erthe lens+ the greater
the re%raction o% light and with that the
shorter the %ocal length o% a lens will be
'hoose lens O as ob/ective lens
,se bigger diameter lens as ob/ective
lens
'haracteristics o% ob/ective lens %or telescope
is
Has larger sur%ace area which allow
more light enter
Has a longer %ocal length
,se low power conve lens as the
ob/ective lens
Magni<cation o% telescope B%0(%e
Low power lens has a longer %ocal length +%o
higher+ magni<cation higher
,se high power conve lens as the eye
lens
High power lens has a shorter %ocal length+%e
higher+ magnni<cation higher
,se bigger diameter o% ob/ective lens More light permitted to enter the telescope
and a clearer image is seen
CHAPTER (
3:. ;esign a good beach
Suggestion Explanation
near the bay divergence o% the waves energy (calmer
High retaining walls Hver 8ow
!o re8ect the waves %rom the shore
7educe direct impact o% the waves on the
shore
*all %rom concrete reduce erosion are built
'oncrete barrier structure with a gap *aves passing through the gap will be
di)racted in the children2s area.
Creduce amplitude
!amba" laut supaya lebih cete" 7educe speed
More number o% tree ;i)raction occur will reduce tha amplitude
,neven sur%ace o% retaining wall 7educe energy
3=. Suggest and eplain how ordinary <shing boat can be upgrade to the new boat which
complete e&uipment to detect the crowd o% <sh.
Suggestion Explanation
Attach radar system to the ship
aA ,ltrasonic transmitter
!his e&uipment needs to detect crowd o% <sh
and %or measurement the depth o% the crowd
o% <sh
C,se to produce ultrasonic pulses
aA Micro%one reciever !o detect ultrasonic pulses
bA '7H C!o measure the depth o% <sh by calculating
dBvt(#Q dBdepth+ vBvelocity+ tBtime
,se ultrasonic wave C,ltrasound not produce sound
C,ltrasonic wave has higher %re&uency+ more
energy+ so it can move %urther
,se high energy wave !he penetrating power is higher
3?. $plain the suitable design or method to build &uality concert hall.
Suggestion Explanation
'over the hard wall with so%t board or
thic" curtain
So%t sur%ace can absorb sound and reduce
re8ection o% sound
Place the wall with hole or egg carton
design
'an reduce re8ection o% sound so sound will
be clearer(reduce echo
4ied # loud spea"er in concert hall Loud spea"er can act as coherent sources %or
constructive inte%erence
Arranged the sit at antinodal place Strong sound can be heard
,se glass or mirror hall which is the type
which are not easily bro"en
Sound with high %re&uency might brea" the
glass
,se special computer to generate sound
wave which produce destructive
inte%erence
Audience can en/oy better presentation
without disturbance
60. $plain the suitable design o% retaining wall to protect the ship at the harbor
Suggestion Explaination
-uild concrete retaining wall 'an withstand impact o% the wave+ di9cult to
crac"
7etaining wall should be curved and
uneven sur%ace
Prevent re8ection o% wave bac" to the ship
-uild retaining wall in %ront o% the bay !he wave are calmer at thr region
7etaining wall has gap ;i)raction will occur
!he gap at retaining wall is
narrow@ smaller than wave lengthA
!he greater the curvature o% wave%ront will
occur. Amplitude a%ter passing gap is smaller
!here are slope at the bottom o% retaining
wall
At shallow region+ the wavelength o% wave is
smaller+ so the velocity o% the wave smaller
7etaining wall should be build higher !o ensure no spill over o% wave
-uild the /etty at bay !he wave at bay is calmer
61. $plain the characteristics o% parabolic radar system to detect signal %rom satellite
communication.
Suggestion Explanation
Large diameter size o% parabolic disc Able to receives more electric signal
!ype o% wave transmited is Microwave Has high %re&uency+ high energy+ short
wavelength so it is easy to be re8ected
!he distance o% the signal receiver %rom
the centre o% parabolic disc is the same as
the %ocal length
!he signal can be %ocus to the centre o% the
parabolic disc
Place parabolic disc higher %rom the
ground
!he signal with not be bloc" by trees or
anything and the signal easy to be detected
Place parabolic disc at clearplace 5o signal disturbance
CHAPTER )
6#. Suggest the suitable lamp that can be use in the library+ cheaper yet become the room
brighter
Suggestion Explanation
Lamp with parallel circuit .% any lamp were burn out+ others can still be
used
Attach shiny re8ector 'an re8ect light more+ no need to install more
lamp+ the room will become brighter.
Low power lamp Sa%e cost
High e9ciency lamp (( 8uorescent !he room loo"s brighter
Long li%e span lamp 5o need to replace o%ten
Low price lamp Save money
60. $plain the modi<cation o% menthol bulb lamp to e9cient lamp to be use in study room.
Suggestion Explanation
,se the 8uorescent lamp not a
<lament bulb
4luorescent lamp use less power and economic
@consume less powerA compare to <lament bulb.
-igger cover with white colour Less re8ection on eyes and absorb less heat
energy and good heat re8ector
,se the ad/ustable stand or portable !he height o% the lamp can be ad/usted can be
used anywhere
'onnect with the earth wire Avoid short circuit and damage on the bulb
,se an energy saver lamp Produce same brightness with less power
consumption
61. Suggest the suitable design o% %use to protect an electrical e&uipment which is label
#10G+#100*
Suggestion Explanation
!hin %use wire Less space(to carry a limited electrical current(less
mass hence low heat capacity(shorter time to
heat up to melting point and blow
'eramic cartridge 'an withstand higher temperature because spar"
created by high voltage.#10G can be huge
4use rating is 10A Maimum rating must be sligthly higher than
normal current
Low melting point 4or %ast blow(melting %aster when ecessive
current 8ow(easy to cut the current 8ow
Low speci<c heat capacity !he %use wire easily heated+melt and brea" the
circuit
Metal is used >ood electric conductor
7esistance to oidation ;oes not inter%ace with other %unction
63. Rou have to choose one o% the cables to be used in the 5ational >rid 5etwor". $plain the
suitability o% each o% the characteristics o% the cables.
Suggestion Explanation
;iameter should be large !o reduce the resistance o% the cable
density should be low !he cables will be lighter and can be
supportedsecurely
!he rate o% epansion should be low So thre is less epansion and less sagging in the
cables during hot days
!he melting point should be high So the cables does not melt in high temperature
66. $plain the characteristic o% electric pylon and the cable taht been use %or electric
transmission
Suggestion Explanation
MaterialD steel alloy Strong+will not brea" easily
G shape steel alloy 5ot too heavy
!rust and supprt /oin 'an support bigger weight
Made %rom small diameter and laminated
wire
7educe addy current
'able made %rom low density material 'able is not heavy( light weight
6:. .nvestigate the characteristic o% electric oven that can toast more cupca"es at less time
Suggestion Explanation
!he space inside oven is build bigger .t can <l up 1=0 slices o% bread
.ncrease the number o% resistance heater
at the top and bottom
So it can supply enough heat
!he wall is made o% good insulator !yhe heat will not lost to surrounding
4i a %an inside the oven Heat energy releaswed can spread uni%ormly
in oven
.nternal space o% oven is painted silver So the heat will radiated at wall and re8ected
bac" completely
4i the step up trans%ormer Hven can receive higher voltage and can
%unction with higher power

6=. $plain the designo% electric "ettle
Suggestion Explanation
Material o% heating is made %rom nichrome !o produces high heat energy
High number o% loop !o increase sur%ace area so that more heat is
released
,se high power !o produce more heat energy in the coil
High melting point coil 5it easy melt under high temperature
Low rate o% rusting ;oes not get rust easily
,se thermostat *hen temperatures reach 100
o
'
0 plug in .% short circuit the overload current 8ows to
earth@%or sa%ety reasonA
6?. ;esign incubator used to hatch eggs
Suggestion Explanation
Parallel circuit *hen one bulb damage the another bulb still
%unction(heat can distributed uni%ormly
Multi storey rac" More eggs can be arranged
,sing %an heat can distributed uni%ormly
-ulb with same brigthness and
power
heat can distributed uni%ormly
,sing alarm !o ensure that correct timing is employed in the
hatching o% eggs
:0. ;esign circuit %or cabin or house
Suggestion Explanation
connected in parallel Allow each electric appliances to be switched on
and o) independently
4it %use at the live wire in the %use
bo
!o stop the 8ow o% current by melting when a
high voltage o% electric current 8ows through the
circuit (( switches itsel% o) very &uic"ly i% the
current eceeds e.g. 13A @%or 13A mcbA
$arth connection to the metal case o%
electrical appliances
$arth wire connected to earth+ so that when a %ault
occurs and a current 8ows through the live wire
and the earth wire+ the %use in the live wire will
blow and cut o) the supply. .t will protect a person
who may touch a %aulty or live appliance
,se low power lamps ( install
8uorescent lamp
!o save the energy
7egularly cleaning and removing dust
%rom the air <lters o% air conditioners((
;o not put more water in a "ettle
than needed %or hot drin"s
!o save the energy
CHAPTER *
:1. Suggest modi<cation that need to be done on dc motor to increase e9ciency o% the
motor.
Suggestion Explanation
Low density material 'oil hass smaller mass( lighter
.ncrease the number o%
turns in the coil
'an increase magnitude o% %orce( higher electromagnetic <eld
strength
,se high strength o%
magnets( Add more
magnets
.ncrease the strength o% magnetic <eld
More segments 'oil rotates smoothly
.ncrease the magnitude o%
current
'an increase the magnitude o% %orce( can increase the
strength o% magnetic <eld
:#. .nvestigate the design and the characteristic to improve the e9ciency o% trans%ormer.
Suggestion Explanation
,se so%t iron core $asy to magnetized and demagnetized
Laminated core Less eddy current or reduce energy lost
,se thic" wire 7educe the resistance or more current 8ow
,se copper wire to ma"e coil Low resistance or reduce the lost o% heat
*ind the secondary coil on top o% the
primary coil
7educe lea"age o% <eld lines
:0. How to design a moving coil ammeter that can %unction better and able to detect small
change o% currentS
Suggestion Explanation
,se stronger magnet Strong magnetic <eld or larger rotation
,se curve magnet or concave Produce radial magnetic <eld(to get linear scale
,se cylindrical core !o supply uni%orm magnetic <eld
,se so%t iron core !o concentrate the magnetic <eld
,se linear scale !he angle o% rotation is linear
!he sensitivity o% moving coil
galvanometer can be increased
by increasing the strength o% the
radial magnetic <eld
.ncrease the %orce between the current carrying coil and
magnetic <eld
,sing hairspring o% lower
sti)ness
Smaller opposing %orce to stop turning o% coil
,se lighter pointer Smaller inertia easier to move
,se a coil o% a lighter mass Smaller inertia able to move easily
.ncrease the area o% coil More changes o% magnetic 8u+a bigger %orce are
produce
:1. Suggest and eplain the build o% adaptor to charge the =G handphone %rom #10G power
supply.
Suggestion Explanation
,se step down trans%ormer Able to reduce voltage
7atio o% turns 00 D 1 (( #10GD=G 'an reduce voltage %rom #10G to =G
,se %our diodes 4ull wave recti<cation
4ull wave recti<er !o convert au current to dc current
,sing a capacitor !o smooth output current @steady direct current

CHAPTER +
:3. Suggest and eplain the build o% adaptor to charge the =G handphone %rom #10G power
supply
Suggestion Explanation
,se step down trans%ormer Able to reduce voltage
7atio o% turns 00 D 1 (( #10GD=G 'an reduce voltage %rom #10G to =G
,se %our diodes 4ull wave recti<cation
4ull wave recti<er !o convert au current to dc current
,sing a capacitor !o smooth output current @steady direct
current

:6. 'onsult and modi<ed the automatic switch light @diagram AA above which can switch on
at night and switch o) during morning to be automatic switch on <re alarm when there
are <re + eplain using diagram and the %unction o% component.
Suggestion Explanation
'hange 71 to termistor !hermistor can be detect heat %rom <re
'hange L$; with alarm(( siren Able to produce sound o% alarm i% <re is
detected
'hange L;7 with 71 ;uring <re+ 71 has greater resistance compare
to L;7 so+ no current 8ow
*hen the temperature is high+ the resistance o% thermistor is low. !his will increase the
voltage acroos 71. So+ currnt will 8ow to the base o% transistor + than the transistor is switch
on %ollowed by greater increase in collecter current. !he alarm will switch on.
::. Suggest the modi<cation need to be done to the circuit in ;iagram ' so that it can
%unction as automatically <re alarm switch that need high voltage.
Suggestion Explanation
7eplace L;7 with thermistor !o detect heat when temperature is high
7eplace bulb with siren(bell !o produce sound
'onnect relay switch to output transistor !o switch on the siren
.nterchange the position o% resistor 7 and
thermistor
!o increase base voltage((voltage across
7((base current
,se #10 G power supply Siren is %unction as high voltage
:=. Modi<ed the circuit #10G and 5p B 1000 turns circuit to switch on 1#G d.c radio.
Suggestion Explanation
StepCdown trans%ormer 'apable o% reducing potential di)erence (
voltage
7atio o% turns #0 D1 (( #10D1# 5p B 1000
turns and 5s B #00 turns
7educe potential di)erence #10G to 1#G
,sing %our diodes 4ull wave reti<cation
,sing a capacitor !o smooth out output current (( produce
output to steady direct current.
1#G+#1*
:?. Moving coil microphone
Suggestion Explanation
use thin diaphragm $asy to vibrate
,se strong material 5ot easy to brea"
More number o% turns o% coil .ncrease the rate o% change o% magnetic 8u lin"age ((
!he magnitude o% the induced current or is also
increased
!hic"er diameter o% wire o% coil reduce the resistance o% the coil
,sing more power%ul magnet to increase the strength o% the magnetic
<eld.((.ncrease the rate o% change o% magnetic 8u
lin"age((!he magnitude o% the induced current or
induced electromotive %orce is also increased
CHAPTER 1,
=0. $plain the suitability o% characteristic o% radioisotopes to be used as treatment in brain
tumor radiotherapyS
Suggestion Explanation
Short hal% li%e 7adioactive is dangerous substance+
short hal% l%e can decay %aster
>amma ray radiation >amma can "ill cancerous cell and can
penetrate s"in o% patient
Low ionozing power Minimum damage to tissue organ
Li&uid state o% matter $asy to dissolve
High penetrating power 'an penetrate easily
=1. Suggest and eplain the sa%ety ways+ which are re&uired when handling radioactive
substance.

Suggestion Explanation
,se thic" lead bo 7adioactive rays evem gamma cannot pass
through
,se %orceps ( robotic hand Avoid direct touch
*ear photographic <lm Able to detect eposure radiations
*ear plumbum sa%ety suit !o protect the body %rom epose to radiation
,se siren 4aster warning when lea"age
Pac"ed into concrete drum and buried
underground
Prevent the radioactive waste discharge to
environment
Always place >M detector nearby !o detect the amount o% radioactive nearby+
%or sa%ety
Label the radioactive container with
symbol
$asy to detect radioactive substance
=#. $plain the suitability o% characteristic od% radioisotope to be use in controliing the
population o% pest
Suggestion Explanation
,se gamma ray Able to mutate the insect
Solid state o% matter $asy to handle
Long hal% li%e Last longer
High penetrating power Able to penetrate thic" ob/ect(material
High ionizing power Able to change(( mutate the biology o% insect
=0. . $plain the suitability o% characterisitc o% radioisotopes to be used in th trace o% water
pipeline.
Suggestion Explanation
Short lhal% li%e 7adioactive is dangerous substance+ short hal%
li%e can decay %aster
4ew hour hal% li%e C $nough time %or wor"er to detect the
pipe lea"age
C 7adioactive uis dangerous
-eta particle or >amma ray radiation 'an penetrate pipe and soil+ can be detected
Li&uid state 'an be in/ect and dissolve into water
=1. Suggest the design o% nuclear reactor.
Suggestion Explanation
,se uraniumC#03 ,se as nucler %uel
5uclear <ssion A lot o% heat will produce
-oron or 'admium rad use as control rods !o control the rate o% nuvlear <ssion and to stop
the radiation
,se moderator @graphitrA !o slow the motion o% neutron to the best reaction
rate. So the rate o% nuclear <ssion can be
controlled
-ulid thic" concrete wall Lead or thic" concrete wall can prevent the
escape o% radioactive rays+ "eep the radiation
inside the reactor
'oarbon dioide or water is use as coolong
agent
!o remove heat o% reaction %or turbine generator.
!his produce steam as heat carrier
,se steam !o turn the turbine and able to generate current
=3. $plain the suitability o% charactersitic o% radioisotopes to be used in sanitiza medical
e&uip+ent
Suggestion Explanation
>amma ray Able to "ill ant virus( bacteria
Longer hal% li%e 5o need to change radioactive %re&uently
Silid state o% matter $asy to handle
High penetrating power Able to penetrate any e&uipment to sanitize
=6. $plain the suitability o% characteristics o% radioisotope to be used in detecting the
position o% blood clot in veins @;eep vein thrombosisA
Suggestion Explanation
,se li&uid state o% matter Able to in/ect into patient body+ dissolve easily
Short hal% li%e Active in body in short time
,se beta ray Able to penetrate s"in
Low ionizing power Minimum damage to tissue organ
=:. $plain the suitability o% characteristics o% radioisotope to be use in the trace o% bloc"age
in the "idney patient.
Suggestion Explanation
,se .odineC1#0 ,sed as nuclear imaging tracers to evaluate
the anatomic and physiologyc %unction
>amma ray Able to penetrate trough body+ bones and be
detected
Low energy ;o not cause serious damage in cells
Li&uid state o% matter $asy to in/ect to patient body
Short hal% li%e Active in body in short time
==. $plain the suitability o% characteristics o% radioisotope to be use in control the thic"ness
o% paper in %actory
Suggestion Explanation
Long hal% li%e 'an be used %or long time+ no need to replace
%re&uently so+ it save cost
-eta ray 'an penetrate paper and be detected
Solid state o% matter $asy to handle
=?. $plain the suitability o% characteristics o% radioisotope to be use in control the thic"ness
o% aluminium sheet in %actory.
Suggestion Explanation
Long hal% li%e 'an be used %or long time+ no need to replace
%re&uently: so+ it save cost
>amma ray 'an be penetrate aluminium sheet and be
detected
Solid state o% matter $asy to handle+ does not spill
MA-IN. DECISION-SECTION C
Soalan ini berada di dalam Section C. Cadangan dan alasan dalam soalan ini juga boleh
menggunakan contoh jawapan dalam soalan Modifcation.
?0. !he transmission o% electricity over the 5ational >rid 5etwor" uses high voltage cables.
Rou are assigned to study the characteristics o% cables which could be used as
transmission cable. !able 1# shows the characteristics o% %our transmission cables.
;etermine the most suitable transmission cable to be used and give reasons %or your
choice.
'able 7esistivity (Tm
C
;ensity ( "g m
C0
'ost 7ate o% thermal epansion
1
P 0.0 l0
C:
3 l0
3
Low High
J 1.= l0
C=
# l0
0
Medium Low
7 :.3 l0
C:
= l0
#
High Medium
S :.0 l0
C=
1 l0
0
Medium High
awapan
Ca!a"te!isti" Explanation
Low resistivity !o reduce heat loss in the cables
Low density !he cables will be lighter
Low cost 'ost o% pro/ect will be lower
Low rate o% thermal epansion !he cables will not epand under hot weather
'able J Low resistivity+ low density+ medium cost+ low rate
o% thermal
epansion
?1. Rou are re&uired to build a hydrometer that can be used to measure densities o%
concentrated acids.!able 11.1 shows the characteristics o% 1 types o% hydrometers L+ M+ 5
and H. ;ecide which hydrometer is most suitable and give reasons.
Hydromet
er
!ype o%
material o%
hydrometer
;iameter o%
capillary tube(
cm
;ensity o%
shots( "gm
C!
;iameter o%
bottom bulb( cm
L Plastic("lastik 0.3 1000 1.0
M Plastic("lastik #.0 1000 0.0
5 >lass ( kaca 0.3 ?=00 0.0
H >lass( kaca #.0 =000 1.0
awapan
Ca!a"te!isti" Explanation
Material made %rom glass >lass does not corrode with acid
Small diameter o% capillary tube !o increase the sensitivity o% the hydrometer
High density o% shots Ma"es the hydrometer stays upright
-ig diameter o% bottom bulb !o obtaine a bigger upthrust.
'hoose 5 5 is made %rom glass+ has small diameter o%
capillary tube+ high density o% shots and a big
diameter o% bottom bulb
?#. As a researcher + your duty is to study the characteristics o% a material to ma"e a water
heater. Rou are given %our choices o% metal type !+ ,+G and *. !he table below shows
the characteristics o% the %our metals.;etermine the most suitable metal to be used as
the material to ma"e the heater and give your reasons.
awapan
Ca!a"te!isti" Explanation
Smaller sur%ace area the resistance is higher
High melting point not easy to melt
Low speci<c heat capacity the temperature arises shortly
Long @coiledA metal to increase the resistance
'hoose G because it has+smaller sur%ace area+ high melting
point+ low speci<c heat capacity and long metal
?0. Rou are given %our choices o% metals P+ J+ 7 and S. !he table below shows the
characteristics %or the %our metals. ;etermine the most suitable metal to be used as the
material to ma"e the boat and give your reasons.

Metal
Te "!oss se"tional
a!ea
Melting
Point
Spe"i$" Heat
Capa"it/
0engt
! Smaller Low High Long
, Larger High Low Short
G Smaller High Low Long
* Larger High Low Short
Metal Sape Densit/
Spe"i$" Heat
Capa"it/
St!engt
P Streamlined ?00 Low High
J Hval 13# High High
7 'ircle 0=: Low High
S Streamlined 300 High High
awapan
Ca!a"te!isti"1"i!!i Reason1Se2a2
Streamline ( larus reduce the resistance o% water(
;ensity ("etumpatan rendah higher buoyant %orce( daya apungan
tinggi
Speci<c heat capacity high ( absorbs heat slowly(serap haba dengan
perlahan
High strength ( Pe"uatan tinggi ;i9cult to damage ( su"ar rosa"
'hoose S because its streamline+low density+ high
speci<c heat capacity and high strength

?1. A student plans to < a lamp in his room. !able 1#.1 shows the %eatures o% 1 di)erent
types o% lamps. $plain the suitability o% ea" %eature in !able 1#.1 and then determine
the most suitable lamp to be used. >ive a reason %or your choice
!ype o% lamp Power $9ciency Li%e Span Price
'ompact 8uorescent
lamp
1= * 30 N :000 hours High
4ilament lamp :3 * 1# N 1000 hours Low
Long 8uorescent lamp #0 * 13 N 11000 hours Medium
7ound 8uorescent lamp #1 * 10 N 10000 hours High
awapan
Ca!a"te!isti" Explanation
Low power lamp Sa%e cost((electric bill
High e9ciency !he room loo"s brighter((high output power((less
power wastage
Long li%e span 5o need to replace o%ten
Low price Save money(cost
Long 8uorescent Low power with highest e9ciency+ long hours o%
li%e span and low price
?3. !able 11.1 shows 3 materials which can be used to ma"e an optical <bre. Rou are as"ed to
investigate the characteristics o% the materials in !able 11.1 which could be used to ma"e
the optical <bre.
$plain the suitability o% ea" characteristic and hence+ determine the most suitable
material to be used to ma"e the optical <bre. >ive a reason %or your choice.
Material 7e%ractive
inde
N o% light energy
absorbed
7igidity Strength
P 1.:3 # N Strong *ea"
J 1.=0 10 N *ea" Strong
7 1.:0 # N *ea" Strong
S 1.3# 0 N Strong Strong
! 1.1= 10 N *ea" *ea"
awapan
Ca!a"te!isti" Explanation
High re%ractive inde !otal internal re8ection can occur easily
Small amount o% light energy being
absorbed by the material
!he ob/ect under observation can be seen clearly ((
more light can be transmitted
Material with wea" rigidity !he optical <bre can be bent easily
Material with great strength !he optical <bre can last longer(not easily spoil
Material 7 High re%ractive inde+ low N o% light energy
absorbed+ wea" rigidity and great strength
?6. Rou are as"ed to investigate the characteristics o% hot air balloon as below. $plain the
suitability %or each characteristic %or the hot air balloons and then determine which
hot balloon will move up the %astest into the air. >ive a reason %or your choice
awapan
Ca!a"te!isti" Explaination
Golume o% the balloon is high ;isplace a larger amount o% air(
Produce a higher buoyant %orce.
;ensity o% the balloon material is
low
Lower mass(Light
>as temperature is high Produce a maimum epansion o% balloon.
!otal o% mass is low ,pwards resultant %orce is higher( -alloon move
upwards %aster.
'hoose J
-ecause it has a high volume+the density o% the balloon
material is low+the gas temperature is high and the
total mass is low.
?:. !able 11.1 shows the characteristics o% <ve types o% materials that can be used %or
ma"ing the soles o% the tre""ing shoes. Rou are as"ed to study the characteristics o% the
materials shown in !able 11.1. $plain the suitability o% each characteristics in !able 11.1
and then determine the most suitable material to be used. >ive a reason %or your choice.
!ype o%
material
;ensity
@Pg(m
C0
A
5umber o% studs Area
o% 1 stud
$pansion
e)ect
Ability to
stretch
P =#0 6 00 cm
#
Low >ood
J :00 = 00 cm
#
Low >ood
7 :#0 3 00 cm
#
Medium Average
S :30 1 00 cm
#
High Poor
! ==0 0 00 cm
#
High Poor


awapan
Ca!a"te!isti" Reasons
Low density Small mass(light
Many(%ewer(very %ew studs >ives etra(higher grip
$pansion e)ect is low Always <ts(;oes not loosen when hot.
Ability to stretch is good Less stress on the %eet('an be pushed in all directions(
'an wal" on uneven sur%ace.
!he most suitable material is J -ecause it has a low density+many studs+low
epansion e)ect and good ability to stretch.
?=. !able 1#.# shows the characteristics o% <ve radioisotopes P+ J+ 7+ S and !. As a %actory
engineer+ you are re&uired to determine the most suitable radioisotope that can be used
by the system to ensure the volume o% guava /uice is uni%orm.Study the characteristics o%
all 3 radioisotopes and eplain the suitability o% the aspects.;etermine the most suitable
radioisotope and give the reason %or your choice.

Ra#ioisoto
pe
Radioisoto
p
Hal3 li3e
Separuh
hayat
T/pes o3 !a/
Jenis sinar
State o3
4atte!
Keadaan
jirim
Ionising po5e!
Kuasa
pengionan
P : hours al%a solid high
J 10 days beta li&uid moderate
7 100 days gamma solid low
S 10 years gamma li&uid high
! 00 years beta solid low
awapan
??. R
o
u
are assigned to investigate the design %or the location to "eep the boats andthe
characteristics o% the retaining wall as shown in ;iagram 1#.# based on the %ollowing
aspectsD
C the location to "eep the boat
C material used %or the retaining wall
C the height o% retaining wall
C size o% slit
$plain the suitability o% the location and the characteristics o% the retaining wall and
determine the most suitable design to "eep the boat sa%ely.
Ca!a"te!isti"s Explanation
Has a long hal%Cli%e 'an be used %or a long time hence save cost
$mits beta 'an penetrate bo and li&uid and is less
dangerous than gamma
Solid %orm $asy to handle and contain.
Low ionising power ;oes not change the state and taste o% /uice.
7adioisotope ! .t has long hal% li%e+ emits beta+ in solid %orm and has low
ionising power.
awapan
Ca!a"te!isti" Reasons
-ay *ave is calmer
'oncrete retaining wall Stronger( ( lasting
High wall Prevent high wave
Smaller opening(aperture ( slit o%
retaining wall
;i)raction obvious ((low wave energy
'hoose P
At bay+ concrete retaining wall + high wall and smaller
slit
100. ;iagram 11.1 shows <ve designs o% #$ewton%s Cradle%+ P+ J+ 7+ S and !+ with di)erent
speci<cations. Rou are re&uired to determine the most suitable design to ma"e the ball at
the end swings up to higher level and at bigger speed. Study all the <ve designs %rom the
%ollowing aspectsD
U !he arrangement o% the balls U !he type o% material used to ma"e
the balls
U the number o% string used to hang the balls U the position o% the ball to start the
oscillation

awapan
Ca!a"te!isti" Reasons
!he balls touch each other !his will reduce losses o% energy which will reduce the
speed o% the
balls
!he type o% material used to
ma"e the
balls is steel
Steel balls are hard and produce highly elastic collision.
$nergy can
easily propagates through the intermediate balls.
!wo strings used to hang each
ball
!his string arrangement restricts the balls2 movements to
the same plane. the position o% the ball to start the
oscillation
High position o% the ball High potential energy and will change to high "inetic
energy. !he last end ball will swing at bigger speed.
!he most suitable design is J because the ball s touch each other+ made %rom steel+ use
two strings attached to each ball and the initial position o%
the ball is high