Thinking Like an Engineer

An Active Learning Approach 2e

Stephan, Bowman, Park, Sill, Ohland
Copyright 2013 Pearson Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Universal Units
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1
CIE 102
Engineering Concepts and Solutions
Thinking Like an Engineer
An Active Learning Approach 2e
Stephan, Bowman, Park, Sill, Ohland
Copyright 2013 Pearson Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Force and Weight
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Mass, Force and Weight
Mass
Dimension representing how
much
Units [=] grams

Force
Based on Newtons Second Law:
force = mass * acceleration
Units [=] newtons

Weight
weight = mass * gravity
Units [=] newtons

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3
w = m g
( )
|
|
.
|

\
|

2
s
m
1 kg 1 N 1
Forceville
lb
m
slug
ton
dyne
kip
Massland
lb
f
kg
N
w

=

m

g

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Welcome to
Units World!
Example Units_1
What is the weight of a 5 kilogram
bowling ball in units of newtons?

A. 0.5 N
B. 5 N
C. 50 N


Answer: C 50 N = 5.1 kg







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5
Example Units_1: Answer
What is the weight of a 5 kilogram
bowling ball in units of newtons?







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Method Steps
(1) Determine
equation



(2) Insert known
quantities



(3) Calculate,
reasonable
w = 49N
g m w=
2
s
m kg 2
1
N 1
s
m 8 . 9 kg 5
w |
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
Example Units_2
The weight of a TI-30 X calculator on
earth is 0.25 pounds-force.

What is the mass of the TI-30 X
calculator on the International
Space Station expressed in units of
grams?
(iClicker format: Xg)





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Example Units_2: Answer
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Method Steps
(1) Determine equation
w = m g so m =
w
g

(2) Insert known
quantities
m =
0.25 lb
f

N
0.225 lb
f

kg m
N s
2

1000 g
kg

s
2
9.8 m

(3) Calculate,
reasonable

m = 113 g
Thinking Like an Engineer
An Active Learning Approach 2e
Stephan, Bowman, Park, Sill, Ohland
Copyright 2013 Pearson Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Density
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9
Density is shown as Greek letter rho,

Density = mass (m) of an object divided
by the volume (V) the object occupies
Density ()
V
m
=
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Specific Gravity (SG)
Relation between density of object & density
of water




SG is dimensionless & unitless

Can be used in ANY unit system depending on
choice of density of water units




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11
Water of Density
Object the of Density
Gravity Specific =
Density Values to Know
Density of water:
1000 kg / m
3
1 g / cm
3
62.4 lbm / ft
3

1.94 slug / ft
3


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Example Units_3
What is the specific gravity of bromine
(Br
2
)?
(iClicker format: XX.XX)

The density of bromine is 3,120 kg / m
3
Assume density of water = 1000 kg / m
3

S G = density bromine / density water
= (3120 kg / m
3
) / (1000 kg / m
3
)
= 3.12
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Example Units_4
Which of the following quantities
has the highest density?

(A) Fluid A = SG of 0.787
(B) Fluid B = 1.025 g / cc
(C) Fluid C = 1,350 kg / m
3
(D) Fluid D = 75 lb
m
/ ft
3

Answer: C Fluid C (SG = 1.35)



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Example Units_5
Which is the mass of water in a
volume of one cubic foot?

(A) 62.4 kg
(B) 1.94 kg
(C) 28.3 g

(D) 28.3 kg


Answer: D 28.3 kg



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Example Units_6
How many newtons does two liters
of bromine (Br
2
) weigh?
(iClicker format: XXN)

Density of bromine (Br
2
) = 3,120 kg/m
3



Answer: 61 N



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Example Units_7
What is the mass of one gallon of
bromine (Br
2
) in units of pounds-
mass?
(iClicker format: XXlbm)

Density of bromine (Br
2
) = 3,120 kg/m
3


Answer: 26 lb
m



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17
Thinking Like an Engineer
An Active Learning Approach 2e
Stephan, Bowman, Park, Sill, Ohland
Copyright 2013 Pearson Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Temperature
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18
Temperature
Two Relative Scales
(SI) Celsius [C]
(AES, USCS) Fahrenheit [F]

Two Absolute Scales
(SI) Kelvin [K]
(AES, USCS) Rankine [R]
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Fahrenheit (1686 1736)
Converting Temperature
Relating K to C

T [K] = T [C] + 273
1 C 1 K
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Relating R to F

T [R] = T [F] + 460
1 F 1 R
Relating F to C

T [F] = 1.8 T [C] + 32
1 C 1.8 F



Temperature values to know
Boiling point of water 100 C = 212 F
Freezing point of water 0 C = 32 F

Room temperature 21 C = 70 F

Absolute zero 0 K = -273 C
0 R = -460 F



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Example Units_8
The Mars Phoenix lander touched down
in the Martian Arctic in 2008. The
lowest temperature recorded by
Phoenix is -97.7 degrees Celsius.

What is this temperature expressed in
units of degrees Rankine?
(iClicker format: XXR)

Answer: Range of 315.5 316.1 R


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Example Units_9
Which of the following quantities is the highest
temperature?

(A) -150 F (B) -150 C

(C) 150 K (D) 150 R


Answer: A = -150 F
-150 C = -238 F
150 K = -189.7 F
150 R = -309 F



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Example Units_10
Which of the following is the highest value?

(A) 5 kg / C (B) 5 lb
m
/ F

(C) 3 kg / K (D) 3 lb
m
/ R


Answer: A = 5 kg /C
3 kg /K = 3 kg /C
5 lb
m
/F = 4 kg /C
3 lb
m
/R = 2.45 kg /C



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24
Thinking Like an Engineer
An Active Learning Approach 2e
Stephan, Bowman, Park, Sill, Ohland
Copyright 2013 Pearson Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Pressure
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25
Pressure
Pressure is force distributed over an area.

In SI units [=] pascal






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26
2
m
N
1 Pa 1
Massland
Forceville
dyne
lb
f
N
kip
w

=

m

g

slug
ton
lb
m
kg
Pressure
Island
atm
psi
bar
mm Hg
in Hg
ft H
2
O
Pa
Pressure values to know
Standard atmospheric pressure = 1 atm

1 atm 14.7 lb
f
per square inch [psi]
101,325 pascals [Pa]
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Example Units_11
Which of the following is the highest value?

(A) 5 atm (B) 5 bar

(C) 50,000 Pa (D) 50 psi


Answer: A = 5 atm
5 bar = 4.93 atm
50,000 Pa = 0.493 atm
50 psi = 3.4 atm



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29
Hydrostatic Pressure
Weight of a fluid
pushing down on an
object.
Pascals Law


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30
H g P
hydro
=
Total Pressure



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31
Sum of:
Hydrostatic Pressure
Surface Pressure
P
total
= P
surface
+ P
hydro

= P
surface
+ g H
Example Units_12
The hull of seaQuest Deep Submergence Vehicle
(DSV) is rated to withstand a hydrostatic
pressure of 90 Megapascals.

If sea water has a specific gravity of 1.03, how
deep (in units of kilometers) can seaQuest DSV
descend before reaching this pressure limit??

(iClicker format: X.Xkm)

Answer: 8.9 km

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Example Units_12: Answer
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Example Units_13
In the year 2027, Titan Submersible Explorer (TSE) lands
on a lake of methane (specific gravity = 0.415) and
submerges to a depth of 40 meters to explore the
bottom of the lake.
The surface pressure on Titan is 21.3 pounds-force per
square inch (psi) and the acceleration due to gravity is
1.35 meters per second squared.
What is the total pressure on the TSE at that depth in
units of kilopascals?
(iClicker format: XkPa)

Answer: 169 kPa

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Example Units_13: Answer
Hydrostatic = (Density) (Gravity) (Height)
0.415

1000 kg
m
3

1.35 m
s
2

40 m

Pa m s
2
kg

1 kPa
1000 Pa
= 22.4 kPa

Surface Pressure
21.3 psi

101325 Pa
14.7 psi

1 kPa
1000 Pa
= 146.8 kPa

Total Pressure = Hydrostatic + Surface
P
Total
= 22.4 kPa +146.8 kPa = 169.2 kPa
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35
Thinking Like an Engineer
An Active Learning Approach 2e
Stephan, Bowman, Park, Sill, Ohland
Copyright 2013 Pearson Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Gas Pressure
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36
Ideal Gas Law
An ideal gas occupies a
volume of 22.4 L under
standard conditions
Pressure 1 atm
Temperature 273 K
Amount 1 mole

R = Ideal gas constant
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37
Temperature MUST
be in ABSOLUTE
units at all times!
T R n V P =
K mol
L Pa 8314
K mol
L atm 08206 . 0
R
=
=
Example Units_14
21 grams of nitrogen (N
2
) is placed in an 8 liter
container.
The pressure gauge on the container reads 2.25
atmospheres.
What is the temperature in units of kelvin in the
container?
(iClicker format: XXXK)

Answer: T = 292 K

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38
Example Units_14: Answer
P V = n R T or T = (P V) / (n R)





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39
( )( )
( )
K 292
K mol
L atm
08206 . 0 mol 75 . 0
L 8 atm 25 . 2
R n
V P
T =
|
|
.
|

\
|
= =
mol 75 . 0
N g 28
mol 1 g 21
n
2
= =
Example Units_15
An ideal gas, kept in a 5 liter container at 300 Kelvin,
exhibits a pressure of 2 atmospheres.
If the volume of the container is decreased to 2.5 liters,
but the temperature remains the same, what is the
pressure in the second container compared to the first
container?

(A) Higher (B) Lower (C) Same

Answer: A = Higher

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40
Thinking Like an Engineer
An Active Learning Approach 2e
Stephan, Bowman, Park, Sill, Ohland
Copyright 2013 Pearson Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Energy
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41
Energy
Abstract, conserved quantity; can shift forms
Study 4 types
Work: Energy of exerting a force over a distance
Potential: Energy of position
Kinetic: Energy of motion
Thermal: Energy of change in temperature

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42
Work = F x
KE = m v
2

PE = m g H
Q = m C
p
AT
Energy as
Work, Kinetic, Potential
SI units [=] joule


Heat
British Thermal Unit (BTU)
Heat to raise temp of 1 lb
m
water by 1 F
calorie
Heat to raise temp of 1 g water by 1 C

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1 J (1 N) (1 m)
Massland
Pressure
Island
Energy City
cal

N
w

=

m

g

P = F / A
kg
J
W

=

F

x

P
E

=

m

g

H

K
E

=

m

v
2

Pa
atm
BTU
44
Q

=

m

C
p

T

Example Units_16
Which of the following quantities has the
highest energy?

(A) 1 J (B) 1 BTU

(C) 1 cal (D) 1 ft lb
f


Answer: B = 1 BTU
1 BTU = 1,054 J = 252 cal = 777 ft lb
f

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Example Units_17
If it requires 5,650 joules of energy to lift a
mass 15 feet into the air, what is the weight
of that mass in units of newtons?

(iClicker format: XN)





Answer: w = 1,236.2 N


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Example Units_17: Answer
PE = m g H = w H
H =
15 ft

1 m
3.28 ft
= 4.57 m
m =
5650 kg m
2
s
2

s
2
9.8 m

4.57 m
= 126.16 kg
w = m g =
126.16 kg

9.8 m
s
2

1 N s
2
1 kg m

W = 1236.4 N
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Thinking Like an Engineer 2e
47
Example Units_18
In the Space Shuttle Columbia accident, it has been
estimated by the review board that a piece of foam
insulation, with a mass of 1.67 pounds-mass, caused the
damage to the shuttle tiles which caused the explosion upon
reentry.
It has been simulated that velocity of the piece of foam
relative to the shuttle was 545 miles per hour upon impact.
How much energy was transferred to the shuttle in the
impact, in units of joules, assuming all the energy is
transferred from the foam to the shuttle?
(iClicker format: XJ)

Answer: 22494 J
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Example Units_18: Answer
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Example Units_19
A cup of coffee with a mass of 58 grams is heated
from 70 degrees Fahrenheit to 125 degrees
Fahrenheit.

If coffee has a specific heat of 4 joules per gram
kelvin, how much energy in units of joules is
required to heat the coffee?

(iClicker format: XJ)

Answer: 7089 J
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Example Units_19: Answer
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Thinking Like an Engineer
An Active Learning Approach 2e
Stephan, Bowman, Park, Sill, Ohland
Copyright 2013 Pearson Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Power and Efficiency
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52
Power
Power is defined as energy per unit time
SI units [=] watt


In the AES system:
1 horsepower = 550 (ft lb
f
) / s






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53
1 W 1 J / s
Massland
Pressure
Island
Energy City
cal

N
w

=

m

g

P = F / A
kg
W

=

F

x

P
E

=

m

g

H

K
E

=

m

v
2

Pa
atm
BTU
54
Q

=

m

C
p

T

Power Town
P = E / t
hp
W

J
Efficiency
Efficiency shown by Greek letter eta (q)
0 < q < 1

Discuss power & efficiency together
Input power always > output power




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( )
input output
Power Power q =
Example Units_20
A 75 kilogram load was raised as high as
possible in 30 seconds by a 150 watt, 75%
efficient motor.

How high, in units of feet, was the load
raised?

(iClicker format: Xft)


Answer: 15 ft
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Example Units_20: Answer
Determine Power Input Required
P
out
= q P
in

Known parameters
Power Out: P
in
= 150 W
Efficiency: q = 0.75

P
out
= 112.5 W
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Example Units_20: Answer continued
Determine Energy Required P = E / t



Known parameters
Power: P = 112.5 W Time: t = 30 s

Insert into equations and calculate
PE = (112.5 W) (30 s) = 3375 W s
KNOW: 1 J / s = 1 W
PE = 3375 J
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Example Units_20: Answer continued
Determine Height PE = m g H
Known parameters
Mass: m = 75 kg
Height: H
Gravity: g = 9.8 m/s
2


Insert into equations and calculate
3375 J = (75 kg) (9.8 m/s
2
) (H) = 735 kg m / s
2

KNOW:1 kg m
2
/ s
2
= 1 J
H = 4.59 m = 15 ft

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Example Units_21
An 150 W motor (75% efficient) is used to
raise a 75 kilograms load 15 feet in 30
seconds.

If I double the distance I lift the load, how
long will it take the same motor to
accomplish the task?
(A) 60 s (B) 37.5 s (C) 30 s
(D) 34 s (E) 15 s

Answer: A = 60 seconds

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Example Units_22
A 5 horsepower, 75% efficient motor is
used to raise a container 10 meters.

If the container is full of bromine (Br
2
) and
has a total mass of 500 kilograms, how
long does it take the motor to accomplish
the task in units of seconds?

Density of bromine (Br
2
) = 3,120 kg/m
3


(iClicker format: X.Xs)

Answer: 17.5 s

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Example Units_23
A winch requires 2 minutes to raise a 55
kilogram trunk to a third floor window 8
meters above ground level.

If the winch is rated at 50 watts, what
is the efficiency of the winch?
(iClicker format: X.XX)

Answer: 0.72 or 72%

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Example Units_23: Answer
P
out
= P
in
so =
P
out
P
in


P
out
=
PE
t
=
m g H
t


P
out
=
55 kg

9.8 m
s
2

8 m

2 min

1 min
60 s

1 W
1
kg m
2
s
3


P
out
= 35.93 W

=
P
out
P
in
=
35.93
50
= 72%
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